'BRA 


I.  BEOWULF- 

AN  ANGLO-SAXON  POEM. 

II.    THE    FIGHT   AT    FINNSBURH: 

A    FRAGMENT. 

WITH   TEXT  AND   GLOSSARY  ON   THE 
BASIS   OF  M.  HEYNE. 

EDITED,    COKRKCTEI),    AND    ENLARGED.    BY 

JAMES  A.  HARRISON,   LL.D.,  Lirr.D., 


PROFESSOR    OF   ENGLISH    AND    MODEltN    LANGl'AfiES,    WASHINGTON    AND 

I.EE    UNIVERSITY, 


I    J    ?  3 


1     >    >  » 


ROBERT  SHARP  (Ph.D.  Lips.), 

PROFESSOR   OF   GREEK   AND   ENGLISH,  TCLANE    UNIVERSITY 
OF  LOUISIANA. 


FOURTH  EDITION.     REVISED,  WITH  NOTES. 


J    '    » 
J     >      « 
'J    »  .   * 

»    *  »  -        »  ' 

»     »      »  >  • 

>      ^ ,  • 

»    •    3       J  )  J  J 


GINN  &  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW  YORK  •  CHICAGO  •  LONDON 


119861 


...»     • '  J, 
»  *     .-» 


Kntored  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  In  the  year  188S,  by 

James  Albbrt  Harbison  and  Robeht  Shabf; 

in  the  Office  of  the  Ubrarian  of  Oongreae,  at  WoBhington. 

35.12 


..  ;;•• 


GINN    .V   CUiMl'ANV  •  PRO- 
PRIETORS •  BOSTON  •  U.S.A. 


DEDICATED 


TO 


PROFESSOR  F.  A.  MARCH, 

OF  LAFAYETTE  COLLEGE,   FA., 


FREDERICK  J.  FURNIVALL,  Esq. 

rOUNDEK  OF  THE  "NEW  8HAKSPERE  BOCIBTT," 
THE  "CHAUCEB  SOCIETT,"  ETC.,  ETC. 


PKEFACE  TO  THE  FOURTH  EDITION. 


The  favor  with  which  the  successive  editions  of  "Beo- 
wulf" have  been  received  during  the  past  thirteen  years 
emboldens  the  editors  to  continue   the  work   of   revision 
in  a  fourth  issue,  the  most  notic-eable  feature  of  which  is 
a   considerable   body  of  explanatory  Notes,  now   for   the 
^   first  time  added.     These  Notes  mainly  concern  themselves 
'^   with  new  textual  readings,  with  here  and  there  grammati- 
\  cal,    geographical,    and   archaeological   points   that   seemed 
worthy   of   explanation.       Parallelisms    and   parallel    pas- 
^   sages  are  constantly  compared,  with  the  view  of  making 
.^  the  poem  illustrate  and  explain   itself.      A  few  emenda- 
tions and  textual   changes   are   suggested   by  the   editors 
with   all   possible   diffidence ;    numerous   corrections   have 
I    been  made  in  the  Glossary  and  List  of  Names ;    and  the 
;!   valuable  parts  of  former  Appendices  have  been  embodied 
^    in  the  Notes. 

For  the  Notes,  the  editors  are  much  indebted  to  the 
various  German  periodicals  mentioned  on  page  116,  to  the 
recent  publications  of  Professors  Earle  and  J.  L.  Hall, 
to  Mr.  S.  A.  Brooke,  and  to  the  Heyne-Socin  edition 
of  "  Beowulf."  No  change  has  been  made  in  the  system  of 
accentuation,  though  a  few  errors  in  quantity  have  been 
corrected.  The  editors  are  looking  forward  to  an  event- 
ual fifth  edition,  in  which  an  entirely  new  text  will  be 
presented. 

October,  1893,  • 


NOTE  TO  THE  THIRD  EDITION. 


This  third  edition  of  the  American  issue  of  Beowulf  will,  the 
editors  hope,  be  found  more  accurate  and  useful  than  either  of  the 
preceding  editions.  Further  corrections  in  text  and  glossary  have 
been  made,  and  some  additional  new  readmgs  and  suggestions 
will  be  found  in  two  brief  appendices  at  the  back  of  the  book. 
Students  of  the  metrical  system  of  Beowulf  will  find  ample 
material  for  their  studies  in  Sievers'  exhaustive  essay  on  that  sub- 
ject (Beitrage,  X.  209-314). 

Socin's  edition  of  Heyne's  Beowulf  Ccalled  the  fifth  edition)  has 
been  utilized  to  some  extent  in  this  edition,  though  it  unfortu- 
nately came  too  late  to  be  freely  used.  While  it  repeats  many  of 
the  omissions  and  inaccuracies  of  Heyne's  fourth  edition,  it  con- 
tains much  that  is  valuable  to  the  student,  particularly  hi  the 
notes  and  connnentary.  Students  of  the  poem,  which  has  Ijeen 
subjected  to  much  searching  criticism  durmg  the  last  decade,  will 
also  derive  especial  help  from  the  contributions  of  Sievers  and 
Kluge  on  difficult  questions  appertauiing  to  it.  Wiilker's  new 
edition  (in  the  Grein  Bihliothek)  is  of  the  highest  value,  however 
one  may  dissent  from  particular  textual  views  laid  down  in  the 
'  Berichtigter  Text.'  Paul  and  Braune's  Beitrage  contain  a  varied 
miscellany  of  hints,  corrections,  and  suggestions  principally  embody- 
ing the  views  of  Kluge,  Cosijn,  Sievers,  and  Bugge,  some  of  the 
more  important  of  which  are  found  in  the  appendices  to  the  pres- 
ent and  the  preceding  edition.  Holder  and  Zupitza,  Sarrazin  and 
Hermann  Moller  (Kiel,  1883),  Heinzel  (Anzeiger  f.  d.  Alterthum, 
X.),  Gering  (Zacher's  Zeitschrift,  XH.),  Brenner  (Eng.  Studien, 
IX.),  and  the  contributors  to  Anglia,  have  assisted  materially  in 
the  textual  and  metrical  interpretation  of  the  poem. 

The  subject  of  Anglo-Saxon  quantity  has  been  discussed  in 
several  able  essays  by  Sievers,  Sweet,  Ten  Brink  (Anzeiger,  f.  d. 
Alterthum,  V.),  Kluge  (Beitrage,  XL),  and  others;  but  so  much  is 


\ 


i 


:n"ote  I. 


nnHE  present  work,  carefully  edited  from  Heyne's  fourth  edition, 
-*-  (Paderborn,  1879),  is  designed  primarily  for  college  classes  in 
Anglo-Saxon,  rather  than  for  independent  investigators  or  for 
seekers  after  a  restored  or  ideal  text.  The  need  of  an  American 
-  edition  of  "  Beowulf "  has  long  been  felt,  as,  hitherto,  students 
have  had  either  to  send  to  Germany  for  a  text,  or  secure,  with 
great  trouble,  one  of  the  scarce  and  expensive  English  editions. 
Heyne's  first  edition  came  out  in  1863,  and  was  followed  in  1867 
and  1873  by  a  second  and  a  third  edition,  all  three  having  essen- 
tially the  same  text. 

So  many  important  contributions  to  the  "  Beowulf "  literature 
were,  howevei-,  made  between  1873  and  1879  that  Heyne  found  it 
necessary  to  put  forth  a  new  edition  (1879).  In  this  new,  last  edi- 
tion, the  text  was  subjected  to  a  careful  revision,  and  was  fortified 
by  the  views,  contributions,  and  criticisms  of  other  zealous  scholars. 
In  it  the  collation  of  the  unique  "Beowulf"  Ms.  (Vitellius  a.  15  : 
Oottonian  Mss.  of  the  British  Museum),  as  made  by  E.  Kblbing  in 
Herrig's  Archir  (Bd.  5G ;  1876),  was  followed  wherever  the  present 
condition  of  the  Ms.  had  to  be  discussed;  and  the  researches  of 
Bugge,  Rieger,  and  others,  on  single  passages,  were  made  use  of. 
The  discussion  of  the  metrical  structure  of  the  poem,  as  occurring 
in  the  second  and  third  editions,  was  omitted  in  the  fourth,  owing 
to  the  many  controversies  in  which  the  subject  is  still  involved. 
The  present  editor  has  thought  it  best  to  do  the  same,  though, 
happily,  the  subject  of  Old  English  Metr'ik  is  undergoing  a  steads- 
illumination  through  the  labors  of  Schipper  and  others. 


Xll  NOTE  I. 

Some  errors  and  misplaced  accents  in  Heyne's  text  have  been 
corrected  in  the  present  edition,  in  which,  as  in  the  general  revision 
of  the  text,  the  editor  has  been  most  kindly  aided  by  Prof.  J.  M. 
Garnett,  late  Principal  of  St.  John's  College,  Maryland. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  present  school  edition  it  has  been 
thought  best  to  omit  Heyne's  notes,  as  they  concern  themselves 
principally  with  conjectural  emendations,  substitutions  of  one  read- 
ing for  another,  and  discussions  of  the  condition  of  the  jNIs.  Until 
Wiilker's  text  and  the  photographic  fac-simile  of  the  original  ]\Is. 
are  in  the  hands  of  all  scholars,  it  will  be  better  not  to  introduce 
such  matters  in  the  school  room,  where  they  would  puzzle  without 
instructing. 

For  convenience  of  reference,  the  editor  has  added  a  head-line  to 
each  "fit"  of  the  poem,  with  a  view  to  facilitate  a  knowledge  of  its 
episodes. 

Washington  and  Lee  University, 
Lexington,  Va.,  June,  1882. 


NOTE  II. 


-•©•- 


THE  editors  now  have  the  pleasure  of  presenting  to  the  public  & 
complete  text  and  a  tolerably  complete  glossary  of  "Bemvulf.'" 
The  edition  is  the  first  published  in  America,  and  the  first  of  its 
special  kind  presented  to  the  English  public,  and  it  is  the  initial 
volume  of  a  "  Library  of  Anglo-Saxon  Poetry,"  to  be  edited  under 
the  same  auspices  and  with  the  cooperation  of  distinguished  schol- 
ars in  this  country.  Among  these  scholars  may  be  mentioned 
Professors  F.  A.  March  of  Lafayette  College,  T.  R.  Price  of  Colum- 
bia College,  and  W.  M.  Baskervill  of  Vanderbilt  University. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  Glossary  the  editors  foimd  it  necessary 
to  abandon  a  literal  and  exact  translation  of  Heyne  for  several 
reasons,  and  among  others  from  the  fact  that  Heyne  seems  to  be 
wrong  in  the  translation  of  some  of  his  illustrative  quotations, 
and  even  translates  the  same  passage  in  two  or  three  different 
ways  under  different  headmgs.  The  orthography  of  his  glossary 
differs  considerably  from  the  orthography  of  his  text.  He  fails  to 
discriminate  with  due  nicety  the  meanings  of  many  of  the  words 
in  his  vocabulary,  while  criticism  more  recent  than  his  latest 
edition  (1879)  has  illustrated  or  overthrown  several  of  his  ren- 
derings. The  references  were  found  to  be  incorrect  in  innixmerable 
instances,  and  had  to  be  verified  in  every  individual  case  so  far  as 
this  was  possible,  a  few  only,  which  resisted  all  efforts  at  verifica- 
tion, having  to  be  indicated  by  an  interrogation  point  (?).  The 
references  are  exceedingly  numerous,  and  the  labor  of  verifying 
them  was  naturally  great.  To  many  passages  in  the  Glossary, 
where  Heyne's  translation  could  not  be  trusted  with  entire  cer- 
tainty, the  editors  have  added  other  translations  of  phrases  and 
sentences  or  of  special  words ;  and  in  this  they  have  been  aided 
by  a  careful  study  of  the  text  and  a  comparison  and  utilization 
of  the  views  of  Kemble  and  Professor  J.  M.  Gamett  (who  takes 
Grein  for  his  foundation).    Many  new  references  have  been  added ; 


xiv  NOTE  II. 

and  the  various  passages  in  which  Ileyne  fails  to  indicate  whether 
a  given  verb  is  weak  or  strong,  or  fails  to  point  out  the  number, 
etc.,  of  the  illustrative  form,  have  been  corrected  and  made  to 
harmonize  with  the  general  plan  of  the  work.  Numerous  misprints 
in  the  glossary  have  also  been  corrected,  and  a  brief  glossary  to 
the  Finnsburh-fragment,  prepared  by  Dr.  Wm.  Hand  Browne,  and 
supplemented  and  adapted  by  the  editor-in-chief,  has  been  added. 

The  editors  think  that  they  may  without  immodesty  put  forth 
for  themselves  something  more  than  the  claim  of  being  re-trans- 
lators of  a  translation  :  the  present  edition  is,  so  far  as  they  were 
able  to  make  it  so,  an  adaptation,  correction,  and  extension  of  the 
work  of  the  great  German  scholar  to  whose  loving  appreciation  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  epic  all  students  of  Old  English  owe  a  debt  of 
gratitude.  While  following  his  usually  sure  and  cautious  guidance, 
and  in  the  main  appropriating  his  results,  they  have  thought  it 
best  to  deviate  from  him  in  the  manner  above  indicated,  whenever 
it  seemed  that  he  was  wrong.  The  careful  reader  will  notice  at 
once  the  marks  of  interrogation  which  point  out  these  deviations, 
or  which  introduce  a  point  of  view  illustrative  of,  or  supplementary 
to,  the  one  given  by  the  German  editor.  No  doubt  the  editors  are 
wrong  themselves  in  many  places,  —  "  Beowulf  "  is  a  most  difficult 
poem,  —  but  their  view  may  at  least  be  defended  by  a  reference  to 
the  original  text,  which  they  have  faithfully  and  constantly  con- 
sulted. 

A  good  many  cognate  Modern  English  words  have  been  intro- 
duced here  and  there  in  the  Glossary  with  a  view  to  illustration, 
and  other  addenda  will  be  found  between  brackets  and  parentheti- 
cal marks. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  present  edition  of  the  most  famous  of  Old 
English  poems  will  do  something  to  promote  a  valuable  and 
interesting  study 

James  A.  Hahkison, 

Washington  and  Lee  University,  Lexington,  Fa. 


April,  1883. 


Robert  Sharp, 

University  of  Louisiana,  New  Orleana. 


The  responsibility  of  the  editors  is  as  follows  :  H.  is  responsible  for 
tlie  Text,  and  for  the  Glossary  from  hrinan  on ;  S.  for  the  List  of 
Names,  and  for  the  Glossary  as  far  as  hrinan. 


ARGUMENT. 


The  only  national  [Anglo-Saxon]  epic  which  has  been  preserved 
entire  is  Beowulf.  Its  argument  is  briefly  as  follows:  —  The  poem 
opens  with  a  few  verses  in  praise  of  the  Danish  Kings,  especially  IScild, 
the  son  of  Sceaf.  His  death  is  related,  and  his  descendants  briefly 
traced  down  to  HroSgar.  HroSgar,  elated  with  his  prosperity  and  suc- 
cess in  war,  builds  a  magnificent  hall,  which  he  calls  Heorot.  In  tills 
hall  HrotSgar  and  his  retainers  live  in  joy  and  festivity,  initil  a  malig- 
nant fiend,  called  Grendel,  jealous  of  their  happiness,  carries  off  by 
night  thirty  of  Hro'Sgar's  men,  and  devours  them  in  his  moorland  re- 
treat. Tliese  ravages  go  on  for  twelve  years.  Beowulf,  a  thane  of 
Hygelac,  King  of  the  Goths,  hearing  of  IlroSgar's  calamities,  sails  from 
Sweden  with  fourteen  warriors  to  help  him.  They  reach  the  Danish 
coast  in  safety;  and,  after  an  animated  parley  with  HroSgar's  coast- 
guard, who  at  first  takes  them  for  pirates,  they  are  allowed  to  proceed 
to  the  royal  hall,  where  they  are  well  received  by  HroSgar.  A  banquet 
ensues,  during  which  Beowulf  is  taunted  by  the  envious  Hunferh'5  about 
his  swimming-match  with  Breca,  King  of  the  Brondings.  Beowulf  gives 
the  true  account  of  the  contest,  and  silences  Hunferh'5.  At  night-fall 
the  King  departs,  leaving  Beinvulf  in  charge  of  the  hall.  Grendel  soon 
breaks  in,  seizes  and  devours  one  of  Beiiwulf's  companions  ;  is  attacked 
by  Beowulf,  and,  after  losing  an  arm,  which  is  torn  off  by  Beo'wulf, 
escapes  to  the  fens.  The  joy  of  HroSgar  and  the  Danes,  and  their  fes- 
tivities, are  described,  various  episodes  are  introduced,  and  Beowulf 
and  his  comjianions  receive  splendid  gifts.  The  next  night  Grendel's 
mother  revenges  her  son  by  carrying  off  ^schere,  the  friend  and  coun- 
cillor of  HroNgar,  during  the  absence  of  Beowulf.  Hrotigar  appeals  to 
Beowulf  for  vengeance,  and  describes  the  haunts  of  Grendel  and  his 
mother.  They  all  proceed  thither ;  the  scenery  of  the  lake,  and  the  mon- 
sters that  dwell  in  it,  are  described.  Beowulf  plunges  into  the  water, 
and  attacks  Grendel's  mother  in  her  dwelling  at  the  bottom  of  the  lake. 
He  at  length  overcomes  her,  and  cuts  off  her  head,  together  with  that 
of  Grendel,  and  brings  the  heads  to  HroSgar.  He  then  takes  leave  of 
HrcSgar,  sails  back  to  Sweden,  and  relates  his  adventures  to  Hygelac. 


xvi  ARGUMENT. 

Here  the  first  liali'  of  tlie  poem  ends.  Tlie  seeoyd  begins  with  the 
accession  of  BeiJwulf  to  the  throne,  after  tlie  fall  of  Hygelac  and  his 
son  Heardred.  He  rules  prosperously  for  fifty  years,  till  a  dragon, 
brooding  owu^a  hidden  trea.suro,  l)egins  to  ravage  the  country,  and  des- 
troys Beowulf's  palace  with  fire.  Beowulf  sets  out  in  quest  of  its  hiding- 
place)  with  twelve  men.  Having  a\presentiment  of  his  approaching  end, 
he  pauses  ancFrecals  to  minil  his  pasttrf«juid  exploits.  He  then  takes 
leave  of  his  followers,  one  by  one,  and  advances  alone  to  attack  the 
dragon.  UiKil)le,  fron)  the  heat,  to  enter  the  cavern,  he  shouts  aloud, 
and  the  dragon  xxijnes  forth.  The  dragon's  scaly  hide  is  proof  against 
Beowulf's  sworcL  £Kid  he  is  reduced  to  great  straits.  Then  Wiglaf,  one 
of  his  followers,  advances  to  help  him.  Wiglaf's  shield  is  consumed  by 
the  dragon's  fiery  breath,  and  he  is  compelled  to  seek  shelter  under  Beo- 
wulf's shield  of  iron.  Beowulf's  sword  snaps  asunder,  and  he  is  seized 
by  the  dragon.  Wiglnf  stabs  the  dragon  from  underneath,  and  Bedwulf 
cuts  it  in  two  with  his  dagger.  Feeling  that  his  end  is  near,  he  bids 
Wiglaf  bring  out  the  treasures  irom  the  cavern,  that  he  may  sec  them 
before  he  dies.  Wiglaf  enters  the  dragon's  den,  which  is  described, 
returns  to  Bedwulf,  and  receives  his  last  conuuands.  Be(iwulf  dies,  and 
Wiglaf  bitterly  reproaches  his  companions  for  their  cowardice.  The 
disastrous  consequences  of  Beo'wulf's  death  are  then  foretold,  and  the 
poem  ends  with  Ids  funeral.  —  H.  Sweet,  in  Warton's  History  of  Emjlish 
PoptTji,  Vol.  IT.  (ed.  1871).  Cf.  also  Ten  Brink's  Ilistori/  of  Knyllsh 
Literature. 


60-94.]  BEOWULF. 

60  in  worold  wAcun,        weoroda  rseswan, 
Heorogdr  and  Hr6t5gdr       and  Hdlga  til ; 
hyrde  ic,  j'at  Elan  cwen        Ongen]>e6wes  was 
Hea6oscilfinges       heals-gebedde. 
pa  was  HrdSgdre       here-spSd  gj^en, 

65  wiges  weorS-mynd,        )'at  him  his  wine-m4gas 
georne  hyrdon,       66  piit  se6  geogoS  gewedx, 
mago-driht  mi  eel.        Him  on  m6d  beam, 
|7at  heal-reced       hitan  wolde, 
medo-arn  micel       men  gewyrcean, 

70  |7one  yldo  beam       sefre  gefrunon, 
and  faer  on  innan       eall  gedaelan 
geongum  and  ealdum,        s\v3'lc  him  god  sealde, 
bfiton  folc-scare       and  feorum  gumena. 
pa  ic  wide  gefriign       weorc  gebannan 

75  manigre  maegSe       geond  ]>isne  middan-geard, 
folc-stede  friitwan.        Him  on  fyrste  gelomp 
adre  mid  3'ldum,       J^at  hit  wearS  eal  gearo, 
heal-tirna  maest ;        sc6p  him  Heort  naman, 
se  fe  his  wordes  geweald       wide  hafde. 

80  He  be6t  ne  &leh,        beilgas  daelde, 
sine  at  symle.        Sale  hlifade 
hedh  and  horu-gedp  :        heaSo-wylma  bM, 
latSan  llges ;       ne  was  hit  lenge  ]>Sl  gen 
})at  se  ecg-hete       aSum-swerian 

85  after  wiil-nlSe       wilcnan  seolde. 
pa  se  ellen-goest       earfoSllee 
prage  gefolode,        se  \>e  in  ])5'strum  bdd, 
j'at  he  ddgora  gehwdm       dredm  gehyrde 
hlAdne  in  healle ;       )?aer  was  hearpan  8w6g, 

90  swutol  sang  sc6pes.       Sagde  se  ]>e  cftSe 
frum-seeaft  fira       feorran  reccan, 
cwa3  fat  se  almihtiga       eorSan  worhfe, 
wlite-beorhtne  wang,        swd  water  beb(lge8, 
gesette  sige-hr6(5ig       sunnan  and  m6nan 


4  BE6wULP.  [9fr-123 

95  le6man  td  le6hte       land-bfiendum, 

and  gefratwade       foldan  scedtas 

leomum  and  ledfum ;       lif  edc  ges<jedp 

cynna  gehwj-lcum,       fdra  ]>e  cwice  hw)Tfa5. 

Sw4  pa  driht-guman       dredmum  lifdon 
100  eddiglice,        6S  ))at  kn  ongan 

fyTene  fremman,        fe6nd  on  helle : 

was  se  gi-imma  gast       Grendel  hdten, 

maere  mearc-stapa,       se  ]>e  m6ras  he61d, 

fen  and  fasten ;       fifel-cynnes  card 
105  won-saelig  wer       weardode  hwUe, 

siStSan  him  scyppend       forscrifen  hiifde. 

In  Caines  cynne       fone  ewealm  gewrac, 

6ce  drihten,        J)as  pe  he  Abel  sl6g; 

ne  gefeah  he  paere  fsehSe,       ac  he  hiue  feor  forwriic, 
110  metod  for  py  mdne       man-cyune  fram. 

panon  untydras       ealle  onwdeon, 

eotenas  and  ylfe       and  orcnfias, 

swylce  gigantas,        pd  wi6  gode  wunnon 

lange  prage;       he  him  pas  ledn  forgeald. 


III.    Grendel's  Visits. 

115  Gewat  pd  ne6sian,       sjiSSan  niht  becom, 
hedn  hftses,        hfl  hit  Hring-Dene 
after  be6r-pege       gebftn  hiifdon. 
Fand  )>d  paer  inne       a^elinga  gedriht 
swefan  after  symble ;       sorge  no  cAtSon, 

120  won-sceaft  wera.        Wiht  unhaelo 
grim  and  grsedig       gearo  s6na  was, 
re6c  and  r66e,        and  on  raste  genam 
pritig  pegna:        panon  eft  gewdt 
httSe  hr6mig       td  hdm  faran, 

125  mid  pare  wal-fylle       wlca  ne6san. 


126-160.]  BEOWULF. 

p4  was  on  uhtan       mid  aer-dage 
Grendles  gd^-crMt       gumum  undyme: 
pSi  was  after  wiste       w6p  up  dhafen, 
micel  morgen-sw6g.        Maere  J)e6den, 

130  aSeling  8er-g6d,       unbliSe  sat, 

polode  J'ry5-swyt5,       pegn-sorge  di-edh, 
sytSSan  hie  pas  U5an       l^st  seedwedon, 
wergan  g^stes ;       was  pat  gewin  t6  Strang, 
las  and  longsum.        Nas  hit  lengra  lyrst, 

135  ac  ymb  fine  niht       eft  gefremede 

morS-beala  mdre       and  n6  mearn  fore 
faehSe  and  fyrene;       was  td  fast  on  p4m. 
p4  was  edtS-fynde,       pe  him  elles  hwser 
gerdmlicor       raste  sdJite, 

140  bed  after  bflrum,       pa  him  gebedcnod  was* 
gesagd  s6t511ce       sweotolan  tacne 
heal-pegnes  hete;       he61d  hine  s^iSSan 
fyr  and  fastor,       se  pam  fe6nde  atwand. 
Swa  rixode       and  wi5  rihte  wan 

145  ana  wi8  eallum,       6t>  pat  idel  8t6d 
hftsa  shiest.       Was  se6  hwil  micel: 
twelf  wintra  tld       toru  gepolode 
wine  Scyldinga,       we^na  gehwelcne, 
sldra  sorga ;       forpam  sy66an  wearS 

150  ylda  bearnum       und3Tne  cft6, 

gyddum  gedmore,       patte  Grendel  wan 
hwile  wits  HrdSgar; —       hete-ni(5as  wag, 
fyrene  and  fsehSe       fela  missera, 
singale  sace,       sibbe  ne  wolde 

155  wis  manna  hwone        magenes  Deniga 
feorh-bealo  feorran,       fe6  pingian, 
ne  paer  nsenig  witena       wfinan  porfte 
beorhtre  b6te       t6  banan  folmum; 
atol  aglseca       6htende  was, 
]60  deorc  dedS-scfta       duguSe  and  geogo?5e 


6  BE6WULF.  [161-192. 

seomade  and  sj^ede.       Sin-nihte  he6Id 

mistige  m6ras ;       men  ne  cunnon, 

hwyder  hel-rftnan       hwjTftum  scrlSaS. 

Sw4  fela  fjTena       fe6nd  man-cj'nnes, 
165  atol  dn-gengea,       oft  gefremede 

heardra  hyntSa  ;        Heorot  eardode, 

sinc-fSge  sel       sweartum  nihtum 

(nd  he  J'one  gif-st61       gr6tan  m^ste, 

mat5(5um  for  metode,        ne  his  m3'ne'wi88e); 
170  fat  was  wraec  micel       wine  Scj'ldinga, 

mddes  brecSa.       Monig-offc  gesat 

rice  t6  rftne ;       raed  eahtedon, 

hwat  swi5-ferh(5um       shiest  waere 

wis  fser-gryrum       t6  gefremmanne. 
175  Hwllum  hie  geh^tou       at  harg-trafum 

wig-weor6unga,        wordum  baedon, 

fat  him  gdst-bona       ge6ce  gefremede 

wis  pe6d-]5redum.        Swj-lc  was  fedw  hyrti, 

haeSenra  hyht ;        helle  gemundon 
180  in  m6d-sefan,        metod  hie  ne  cASon, 

daeda  dfimend,        ne  wiston  hie  drihten  god, 

ne  hie  hftru  heofena  helm       h^rian  ne  cA5on, 

wuldres  waldend.        Wd  biS  pam  fe  sceal 

purh  pltSne  ni3       sdwle  besedfan 
185  in  fyres  faSm,        frdfre  ne  w^nan, 

wihte  gewendan ;       wel  biS  |)am  f  e  m6t 

Sfter  ded(S-dage        drihten  sficean 

and  t6  fader  faSmum       freoSo  wilnian. 

Tv.    Kygelao's  Thane. 

SwA  ])&  mael-ceare       maga  Healfdenes 
190  singala  sed6 ;        ne  mihte  snotor  haleS 

wedn  onwendan :        was  fat  gewin  t6  sw^, 
IAS  and  longaum,       fe  on  ]>&  le6de  becom, 


I93-2J7.]  BEdwULF. 

nyd-wracu  nl5-grim,       niht-bealwa  msest. 
pat  fram  hAm  gefragn       Higeiaces  fegn, 

195  g6d  mid  Gedtum,        Grendles  dseda: 
se  was  mon-cynnes       magenes  strengest 
on  pam  dage       )>ysses  llfes, 
atSele  and  edcen.        H6t  him  5'5-lidan 
gddne  gegyrwan ;       cwa5  he  gflS-cyning 

200  ofer  swan-rdde       sficean  wolde, 

maerne  )ie6den,        ]^^  him  was  manna  j^earf. 
pone  slS-fat  him       snotere  ceorlas 
lyt-hw6n  Idgon,        pedh  he  him  le6f  wtere ; 
hwetton  higerdfue,        hael  scedwedon. 

205  Hafde  se  gdda       Gedta  le6da 

cempan  gecorone,       pAra  pe  he  cfinoste 
findan  mihte  ;        fiftena  sum 
sund-wudu  s6hte  ;        secg  wtsade, 
lagu-criiftig  mon,       land-gemjTcu. 

210  Fyrst  forS  gewdt:        Acta  was  on  yt5um, 
bdt  under  beorge.        Beornas  gearwe 
on  stefn  stigon ;        stredmas  wundon 
sund  wis  sande ;        secgas  bseron 
on  bearm  nacan       beorhte  fratwe, 

215  g66-searo  geatolic ;       guman  At  scufon, 
weras  on  wil-sl8       wudu  bundenne. 
Gewdt  ]>d  ofer  wseg-hobn       winde  gefysed 
flota  fdmig-heals       fugle  gellcost, 
66  pat  ymb  dn-tid       6t5res  ddgores 

220  wunden-stefna       gewaden  hafde, 
fat  I'd  liSende       land  gesdwon, 
brim-clifu  blican,       beorgas  stedpe, 
side  sae-nassas :        ]?d  was  sund  Men, 
eoletes  at  ende.       panon  up  hrat5e 

225  Wedera  Ie6de       on  wang  stigon, 
sae-wudu  saeldon       (syrcan  hrysedon, 
gftS-gewsedo) ;       gode  pancedon, 


I  BEOWULF.  £228-^57 

fas  J>e  him  yi5-14de       e&6e  wurdon. 
pA  of  wealle  geseah       weard  Scildinga, 
230  se  )>e  holm-clifu       healdan  scolde, 
beran  ofer  bolcan       beorhte  randas, 
fjTd-searu  f&slicu  ;       bine  fyrw3't  .brae 
mdd-gebygdum,        bwat  \>k  men  wseron. 
Gewdt  him  ))4  td  waroSe       wicge  rldan 
235  fegn  Hr66g^res,        juymumm  cwehte 

miigen-wudu  mundum,        me(5el-wordum  fragn: 
' '  Hwiit  S3-udou  ge       searo-hiibbendra 
'*b3'rnum  werede,        pe  |'us  brontne  ce61 
"ofer  lagu-straete       laedan  cw6mon, 
240  "  hider  ofer  holmas       helmas  boeron? 
"  Ic  was  ende-saeta,        aeg-wearde  he61d, 
"  fat  on  land  Dena       IdSra  nsenig 
"mid  scip-herge       sceSSan  ne  meahte. 
"  N6  her  cfiSlicor       cuman  ongunnon 
245  "  lind-habbende  ;        ne  ge  ledfnes-word 
"  gft(5-fremmendra       gearwe  ne  wisson, 
"  m^ga  gem^du.        Naefre  ic  mdran  geseah 
eorla  ofer  eorSan,        j^onne  is  e6wer  sum, 
secg  on  searwum ;        nis  j'iit  seld-guma 
250  "  waapnum  geweorcSad,        nafne  him  his  wlite  le6ge, 
'  aenllc  an-syn.        Nu  ic  e6wer  sceal 
'  frum-cyn  witan,        aer  ge  fyr  heonan 
'  ledse  scedweras       on  land  Dena 
'  furfiur  fSran.        Nu  ge  feor-bflend, 
255  "  mere-116ende,      minne  geh5'ra6 

'  &n-fealdne  gej'Aht :        6fest  is  sfilest 

't6  gec5'^anne,       hwanan  e6wre  cyme  sj-ndon.'* 


258-289.]  BEOWULF.  9 


V.    The  Errand. 

Him  se  yldesta       andswarode, 
werodes  wisa,      word-hord  onledc: 

260  "We  synt  gum-cynnes       Gedta  le6de 
"  and  Higel^ces       heorS-genedtas. 
"Was  mill  fader       folcum  gecji^ed, 
"  a(5ele  ord-fruma       Ecg];e6w  hdten; 
"  gebdd  wintra  worn,        aer  he  on  weg  hwiirfe, 

265  "  gamol  of  geardum ;        hine  gearwe  geman 
"witena  wel-hwj'lc       wide  geond  eorSan. — 
"We  Jmrh  holdne  hige       hldford  ])inne, 
"  sunu  Healfdenes,        s^cean  cwdmon, 
"  le6d-gebyrgean  :        wes  ]m  As  Idrena  g6d! 

270  "HabbaS  we  t6  l^am  mseran       micel  serende 
"  Deniga  fredn ;       ne  sceal  )>aer  dyrne  sum 
"wesan,  })as  ic  w6ne.        pu  w^st,  gif  hit  is, 
"  swA  we  s6(5lice       secgan  hyrdon, 
"  fat  raid  Scyldingum       sceaSa  ic  ndt  hwylc, 

275  "  de6gol  daed-hata,        deorcum  nihtum 
"  edweS  j'urh  egsan       unctiSne  nl(5, 
"hynSu  and  hr^-fyl.        Ic  J^as  HrdSgAr  mag 
"furh  rftmne  sefan       raed  gelseran, 
"hA  he  fr6d  and  gdd       fe6nd  oferswySeS, 

280  "gyf  him  ed-wendan       aefre  scolde 
"bealuwa  bisigu,       b6t  eft  cuman 
"  and  ]>&.  cear-wylmas       cdlran  wurSatS ; 
"o6Se  k  S5i5t5an       earfotS-prage, 
"  pred-nyd  polaS,        fenden  ]jser  wunatJ 

285  "on  hedh-stede       hftsa  shiest." 

Weard  maSelode,       faer  on  wicge  sat 
ombeht  unforht:        "^ghwaSres  sceal 
"  scearp  scyld-wlga       gescM  witan, 
"worda  and  worca,       se  J^e  wel  tjence*. 


10  BEOWULF.  [290-319 

290  "  Ic  |)iit  gehyre,       J>at  }>is  is  hold  weorod 
"  frein  Scyldinga.        GewltatJ  forS  beran 
"  waepen  and  gewaedu,       ic  e6w  wlsige: 
"  swylce  ic  magu-fegnas       mlue  h^te 
"  vn6  fe6nda  gehwone       flotan  e6weme, 

295  "  niw-tyrwedne       nacati  on  sande 
"  4rum  healdan,        66  pat  eft  byreS 
"  ofer  lagu-stredmas       le6fne  mannan 
"  wudu  wunden-hals       t6  Weder-mearce. 
"  GftS-fremmendra       swj'lcum  gife(5e  bi'5, 

300  "fat  fone  hilde-raes       Ml  gedigeC." 

Gewiton  him  \>k  fSran        (flota  stille  bAd, 
seomode  on  sMe       sld-faSmed  scyp, 
on  ancre  fast) ;        eofor-llc  sci6non 
ofer  hle6r-beran       gehroden  golde 

305  f;a,h  and  fyr-heard,        ferh  wearde  he61d. 
GASmdde  grummon,        guman  onetton, 
sigon  atsomne,        6(5  J)at  hy  slil  timbred 
geatollc  and  gold-fdh        ongytan  mihton ; 
pat  was  fore-maerost       fold-bdendum 

310  receda  under  roderum,        on  pam  se  rlca  bftd; 
lixte  se  le6ma       ofer  landa  fela. 
Him  I'd  hilde-de6r       hof  m6digra 
torht  getaehte,        pat  hie  him  t6  mihton 
gegnum  gangan  ;       gftS-beorna  sum 

815  wicg  gewende,        word  after  cwaS : 

' '  Mael  is  me  t6  fSran  ;       fader  alwalda 
"  mid  fl,r-stafum       e6wic  gehealde 
"  8l6a  gesunde !       ic  t6  sse  wille, 
"  wis  wrAt5  werod       wearde  healdan.** 


82(^-361.]  BEOWULF.  U 


VI.    Be6wulf's  Speech. 

320  Strjet  was  stdn-fdh,        stlg  wlsode 
gumum  atgadere.        Gft6-b3Tne  scdn 
heard  hond-locen,        hring-iren  sctr 
song  in  searwum,        pt,  hie  t6  sele  furSum 
in  hjTa  gr^'re-geatwum       gangan  cw6mon. 

325  Setton  sse-mSSe       side  scj'Idas, 

rondas  regn-hearde        wi5  )'as  recedes  weal, 
bugon  ]>k  t6  bence ;       byruan  hringdon, 
gfttS-searo  gumena ;       gdras  st6don, 
sae-manna  searo,        samod  atgadere, 

330  asc-holt  ufan  graeg :       was  se  Iren-predt 
wsepnum  gewurcSad.        pd  }'aer  wlonc  haleS 
oret-mecgas       after  iitSelum  fragn  : 
"  Hwanon  ferigeaS  ge       fatte  scyldas, 
"  gi-aege  s^'rcan       and  grim-helmas, 

335  "  here-seeafta  hedp? —       Ic  eom  Hrd^g^res 
"  dr  and  ombiht.        Ne  seah  ic  el-)ie6dige 
"  fus  mauige  men       m6digllcran. 
"W6n'  ic  pat  ge  for  wlenco,      nalles  for  wrac-stSiim, 
"  ac  for  hige-]5rymmum       Hr6Sgdr  s6htou." 

340  Him  ]>t  ellen-r6f       andswarode, 

wlanc  Wedera  le6d       word  after  sprac, 
heard  under  helme :        "We  synt  HigelAces 
"  be6d-gene^tas  ;        Be6wull  is  mln  nama. 
"  Wille  ic  dsecgan       suna  Healfdenes, 

345  "  maerum  )je6dne       min  aerende, 

"  aldre  )'lnum,        gif  he  As  geunnan  wile, 
"  Jjat  we  hine  sw^  g6dne       grStan  m6ton." 
"Wulfgdr  maSelode        (pat  was  Wendla  le6d, 
was  his  m6d-sefa       manegum  gecj'^ed, 

350  wig  and  wls-d6m):       "  ic  pas  wine  Deniga, 
"fredn  Scildinga       frinan  wille, 


12  BEOWULF.  [86»-88a 

"  be&ga  bryttan,       swft  ]>u  bfina  eart, 
"  |)e6den  maerne       ymb  |)lnne  sl5  ; 
"and  \>e  ]>Si  andsware       adre  gecySan, 

855  "  l^e  me  se  gdda       dgifan  penceS." 

Hwearf  I'd  hriidlice,        j'aer  HrdSgAr  sat, 
eald  and  unbdr       mid  his  eorla  gedriht ; 
eode  ellen-rdf,        J'iit  he  for  eaxlum  gest6d 
Deniga  fredn,        cASe  he  duguSe  j'edw. 

360  "Wulfgdr  maSelode       td  his  wine-drihtne: 
"  Her  s3'ndon  geferede       feorran  cumene 
"  ofer  geofenes  begang       Gedta  le6de : 
"  fone  yldestan       oret-mecgas 
"  Be6wulf  nemnaS.        H}'  b6nan  S3^nt, 

365  "  J>at  hie,  J)e6den  min,        wiS  J'e  mdton 

"  wordum  wrixlan  ;       nd  |>u  him  wearne  gete6h, 
"  flnra  gegn-cwida       gladniau,  Hr65gdr ! 
"  Hj^  on  wig-geatwum        vvjxSe  )'inceat5 
"eorla  gesehtlan;       hAru  se  aldor  dedh, 

370  "  se  paem  heaSo-rincum       hider  wlsade." 


VII.    Hrothgar's  Welcome. 

Hr6Sgar  ma(5elode,        helm  Sc^idinga: 
"  Ic  bine  cftSe       cniht-wesende. 
"Was  his  eald-fader       Eeg|5e6  hdten, 
"])am  t6  ham  forgeaf       Hr65el  Gedta 

375  "  dngan  d61itor;        is  his  eafora  nu 

"  heard  her  cumeu,        s6hte  holdne  wine. 
"  ponne  sagdon  |'at       sae-llSende, 
"  J)A  pe  gif-sceattas       Gedta  fyredon 
"  })yder  t6  ))ance,        Tp'sit  he  j'rittiges 

380  "manna  miigen-craft       on  his  muud-gripe 
"  hea(5o-r6f  habbe.        Hine  hdlig  god 
"for  &r-8tafura       fts  onsende, 


a63  4ir.]  BEOWULF.  18 


(( 


td  West-Denum,       ]>as  ic  w6n  habbe, 
*'wi8  Grendles  gryre:       ic  ]>dm  gddan  sceal 

385  "  for  liis  m6d-])race        mMmas  be6dan. 
"  Be6  pu  on  6feste,       hdt  hig  in  gan, 
"  se6n  sibbe-gedriht       samod  atgadere  ; 
"  gesaga  him  edc  -vvordum,        j'iit  hie  sint  wil-cuman 
"  Deniga  le6dum."       pd  wi^  duru  healle 

390  Wulfgdr  eode,       word  inne  dbedd : 
"  E6w  h6t  secgan       sige-drihten  mln, 
"aldor  Edst-Dena,        }'at  he  e6wer  aSelu  can 
"and  ge  him  syndon       ofer  sae-wylmas, 
"  heard-hicgende,       hider  wil-cuman. 

395  "  Nu  ge  m6ton  gangan        in  e6wrum  gAS-geatawum, 
"under  here-griman,        HrdSgdr  gese6n  ; 
"laetaS  hilde-bord       her  onbidian, 
"wudu  wal-sceaftas,        worda  gejnnges." 
Ards  ]y§L  SB  rica,        ymb  hine  rinc  manig, 

400  )>ry61ic  j^egna  hedp ;        sume  j'aer  bidon, 

heaSo-redf  he61don,       swd  him  se  hearda  bebedd. 

SnjTedon  atsomne,        I'd  secg  wisode 

under  Heorotes  hrdf ;       hyge-rdf  eode, 

heard  under  helme,        ]>at  he  on  heo6e  gestdd. 

405  Be6wulf  maSelode        (on  him  b3'rne  scdn, 
searo-net  se6wed       smiSes  or-))ancum)  : 
"Wes  ]>n  HrdSgdr  hdl!        ic  eom  Higeldces 
"maeg  and  mago-pegn  ;       habbe  ic  maerSa  fela 
"  ongunnen  on  geogoSe.        Me  wearS  Grendles  ping 

410  "on  mlnre  66el-t3'rf       undyrne  cAS : 

"  secgaS  sae-116end,        )'at  )'es  sele  stande, 
"  reced  selesta,       rinca  gehwylcum 
"Idel  and  unnyt,        siSSan  8efen-le6ht 
"under  heofenes  hddor       beholen  weorSett. 

415  "  pd  me  pat  gelaerdon       le6de  mine, 
"  pd  sfilestan,        snotere  ceorlas, 
"pe6den  Hr66gdr,       pat  ic  pe  s6bte: 


14 


BEOWULF. 


[41&-452. 


420 


425 


430 


i35 


440 


44^ 


450 


for))an  hie  mSgenes  craft       mlnne  cftSon : 

selfe  ofersdwon,       ))d  ic  of  searwum  cwom, 

fail  from  fe6ndum,        J'aer  ic  fife  geband, 

5't5de  eotena  cj'n,        and  on  yiSnm  sldg 

niceras  nihtes,        nearo-J'earfe  dredli, 

wrac  "Wedera  nl6        (wedn  aiisodon) 

forgi'and  gramum ;        and  nu  wi6  Greudel  sceal, 

wis  pain  aglaecau,        Ana  geliegan 

{jing  wis  |)yrse.        Ic  J'e  nu  ])d, 

brego,  Beorht-Dena,        biddan  wille, 

eodor  Sc3-ldinga,        dnre  bSne  ; 

))at  ]m  me  ne  forw3'rne,        wigendra  lile6, 

fre6-wine  folca,        nu  ic  |'us  feorran  com, 

)?at  ic  m6te  dna       and  minra  eorla  gedryht, 

fes  hearda  hedp,        Heorot  fselsian. 

Habbe  ic  edc  gedhsod,        pat  se  aglaeca 

for  his  won-hjdum       wsepna  ne  rficeS ; 

ic  pat  ponne  forhicge,        swil  me  Higeldc  sle, 

min  mon-drihten,        mddes  bliSe, 

pat  ic  sweord  bere       o56e  sidne  sc^'ld 

geolo-rand  t6  gftSe ;        ac  ic  mid  grdpe  sceal 

f6n  wis  ft'6nde       and  j'mb  feorh  sacan, 

Ids  wis  IdSum ;        pasr  gelj-fan  sceal 

dryhtnes  d6me       se  pe  hine  dedS  nimeS. 

W6n'  ic  piit  he  wille,        gif  he  wealdan  mdt, 

in  pam  gAS-sele       Gedtena  le6de 

etan  unforhte,        swd  he  oft  d3'de 

magen  HrfiSmanna.        Nd  pu  mlnne  pearft 

hafalan  hydan,        ac  he  me  habban  wile 

dre6re  fdhne,       gif  mec  dedS  nimeS  ; 

b3'reS  blddig  wal,        b3Tgean  penceS, 

eteS  dn-genga       uumurnllce, 

mearcaS  m6r-hopu :        nd  pu  3'mb  mines  ne  pearft 

llces  feorme       leng  sorgian. 

Ousend  Higeldce,       gif  mec  hild  nime, 


46»-«83.]  Be6wULF.  15 

"  beadu-scrAda  betst,       fat  mine  bre6st  weret5, 
"  hragla  sfilest;       fat  is  Hr651an  Idf, 
455  "  W61andes  geweorc.       GaeS  &  Wyrd  8w4  hi6  seel !  " 


VIII.    Hkothgar  tells  of  Gkendel. 

HrASgar  mat5elode,        hebu  Scj'ldinga: 
'  for  were-fyhtum  J)U,        wine  min  Be6wulf, 
'  and  for  dr-stafum       fisic  sdhtest. 
'  Gesldh  fin  fader       faehSe  maeste, 

460  "wear6  he  HeaSoldfe       t6  hand-bonan 
'  mid  Wilfingum  ;        f  A  hine  Wedera  cyn 
'  for  here-br6gan       habban  ne  mihte. 
'  panon  he  ges6hte       SAS-Dena  folc 
'  ofer  ySa  gewealc,       Ar-Scyldinga ; 

465  "  fd  ic  furSum  we61d       folce  Deninga, 
'  and  on  geogoSe  he61d       gimme-rice 
'  hord-burh  halet5a  :       f  4  was  HeregAr  dedd, 
'  mln  yldra  maeg       unlifigende, 
'  beam  Healfdenes.        Se  was  betera  fonne  ic  I 

470  "Si66an  fa  faehSe        fe6  f ingode  ; 

'  sende  ic  Wylfingum       ofer  wateres  hrycg 
'  ealde  mMmas  :       he  me  dSas  sw6r. 
'  Sorh  is  me  td  secganne       on  sefan  mlnum 
'  gumena  aengum,        hwat  me  Grendel  hafaS 

475  "  h^TiSo  on  Heorote       mid  his  hete-fancum, 
'  faer-nlSa  gefremed.         Is  min  flet-werod, 
'  wlg-hedp  gewanod  ;       hie  Wyrd  forswe6p 
'  on  Grendles  gryre.        God  edc5e  mag 
'  f  one  dol-scaSan       daeda  getwaefan ! 

480  "  Ful  oft  gebe6tedon       be6re  druncne 
'  ofer  ealo-waege       oret-mecgas, 
*fat  hie  in  be6r-sele       bidan  woldon 
'  Grendles  gCtSe       mid  gryrum  ecga. 


16  BEOWULF.  [48+-514. 

"  poikne  was  pe63  medo-heal       on  morgen-tld, 
485  "  driht-sele  dre6r-fah,        l>onne  diig  lixte, 

"  eal  benc-J'clu       bl6de  best5'med, 

"  heall  heoru-dre6re :        dhte  ic  holdra  \>y  las, 

"  dc6rre  dugu6e,        ]>e  j'd  dedS  fornara. 

"Site  nu  td  symle       and  onsael  raeoto, 
490  "  sige-hr65  secgum,        swd  pin  sefa  liwette !  ** 

p4  was  Gedt-macgum       geador  atsomue 

on  be6r-sele       bene  gerymed  ; 

))aer  swi6-ferh(5e       sittan  eodon 

j?ry3um  dealle.        pegn  nytte  behe61d, 
495  se  |)e  on  handa  bar       hroden  ealo-woege, 

scencte  scir  wered.        Scop  hwilum  sang 

hMor  on  Heorote ;        paer  was  hale^a  dredm, 

duguS  unlytel       Dena  and  Wedera. 


IX.    HuNFERTH  Objects  to  Be6wulf. 

tTNFEU^  maSelode,        EcglAfes  beam, 

500  )'e  at  fdtum  siit       fredn  Sc3idinga ; 

onband  beadu-rftne        (was  him  Be6wulfes  stS, 
m6dges  raere-faran,        micel  tif-jamca, 
for)>on  ]'e  he  ne  <16e,        I'iit  jenig  66er  man 
aefre  maerSa  j'on  md       middan-geardes 

505  gehfidde  under  lieofenum        j'onne  he  sylfa) : 

"  Eart  ))u  se  Be6wulf,        se  |)e  wi5  Brecan  wunne, 

"  on  si(bie  sae       ymb  sund  flite, 

"  I'aer  git  for  wlence       wada  cunnedon 

"  and  for  dol-gilpe       on  de6p  water 

510  "  aldrum  n66don?        Ne  inc  aenig  mon, 
"  ne  lc6f  ne  ld8,        beledn  mihte 
"  sorh-fuUne  siS ;        ]>d  git  on  sund  re6n, 
"  )jser  git  edgor-stredm        earmum  l>ehton, 
"  msetoQ  mere-straeta,       mundum  brugdon, 


616-649.]  BEOWULF.  17 

515  "glidon  ofer  gdr-secg;       geofon  yt^um  we61, 
"wintres  W3'lme.        Git  on  wiiteres  aeht 
"  seofon  niht  swuucon ;       he  )'e  at  sunde  oferflat, 
"hafde  mdre  miigen.        pA  hine  on  morgen-tld 
"  on  HeaSo-rsemas       holm  up  atbar, 

62C  "  ]?onon  he  ges6hte       swaesne  eSel 
"  le6f  his  le6dum       lond  Brondinga, 
"  freoSo-hurh  fagere,        ]'8er  he  folc  dhte, 
"burg  and  bedgas.        Be6t  eal  wiS  pe 
"  sunu  Bednstdncs        s65e  gelaeste. 

525  "  ponne  w6ne  Ic  td  \>e       wyrsan  ge))inge8, 
"  l>edh  I'u  heaSo-raesa       gehwaer  dohte, 
"  grimre  gft5e,        gif  ]m  Grendles  dearst 
"  niht-longne  fyTst       nedn  bidan  !  " 
Be6wulf  ma(5elode,        beam  Ecg]'e6wes : 

530  "Hwat  ]>u  worn  fela,        wine  min  tTnferS^ 
"be6re  druneen       ^Tub  Brecan  spraece, 
"  sagdest  from  his  siSe !        S66  ic  taUge, 
"fat  ic  mere-strengo       mdran  dhte, 
"  earfeSo  on  jfium,       jonne  ffiiiig  66er  man. 

535  "Wit  pat  gecwaedon       cniht-wesende 

"  and  gebe6tedon        (waeron  begen  )>d  git 
"on  geogoS-feore)        j'dt  wit  on  gdr-secg  At 
"  aldrum  nfiSdon  ;        and  pat  geafudon  swd. 
"  Hafdon  swurd  nacod,        ]>t  wit  on  sund  re6n, 

540  ' '  heard  on  handa,       wit  unc  wi5  hron-fixas 
"  werian  ])61iton.        N6  he  wiht  fram  me 
"  fl6d-5'^um  feor       fle6tan  meahte, 
"hracSor  on  holme,        nd  ic  fram  him  wolde. 
"  pd  wit  iitsomne       on  sae  waeron 

545  "  fif  nihta  fyrst,        63  pat  unc  fl6d  t6drdf, 
"  wado  weallende,       wedera  cealdost, 
"  nlpende  niht       and  norSan  wind 
"heaSo-grim  andhwearf;       hre6  waeron  yiJa, 
' '  Was  mere-fixa       m6d  onhrfired : 


18  BEOWULF.  [550-680. 

550  "  paer  me  wi5  IdtSum        ltc-S3Tce  mln, 
"heard  honil-locen,        helpe  gefremede  ; 
"  beado-hriigl  broden       on  bre6stum  lag, 
"  golde  gegyrwed.        Me  t6  grunde  tedh 
"  fah  fe6nd-sca3a,        fiiste  biifde 

555  "  grim  on  grApe :        hwiiSre  me  gyfe^e  wear5, 
"  I'iit  ic  agl£ecan       orde  geraehte, 
"  hilde-bille  ;       heat5o-raes  fornam 
"mihtig  mere-de6r       J»urh  mine  hand. 


X.   Beowulf's  Contest  with  Breca. — The  Feast 


560 


565 


670 


675 


680 


'  SwA  mec  gel6me       iaS-gete6nan 

'  I'redtedon  j'carle.        Ic  him  ])Snode 

'  de6ran  sweorde,        swd  hit  gedfife  was ; 

'  uas  hie  j'aere  fylle       gefedn  hiifdon, 

'  mdn-fordaedlan,        pat  hie  me  I'^gon, 

'  symbol  3'mb-sseton       sae-grunde  nedh, 

'  ac  on  mergenne       m6cum  wunde 

'  be  yt5-ldfe       uppe  laegon, 

'  sweordum  Aswefede,       ))at  sj'SSan  nft 

'3'mb  brontne  ford        brim-llSende 

'  Idde  ne  letton.       Le6ht  edstan  com, 

'  beorht  bedcen  godes  ;       brimu  swaSredon, 

'  pat  ic  sae-niissas       gese6n  mihte, 

'  windige  weallas.        Wyrd  oft  nereS 

'  unfaegne  eorl,        Sonne  his  ellen  dedh ! 

'  HwaSere  me  gesffilde,        J)at  ic  mid  sweorde  ofsldh 

'  niceras  nigene.        N6  ic  on  niht  gefragn 

'  under  heofones  hwealf       heardran  feohtan, 

'  ne  on  6g-stredraum       earmran  mannan  ; 

'  hwaSere  ic  fdra  feng       fcore  gedigde, 

'  8l(Ses  w^rig.         pa  mec  sae  65bar, 

'  fl6d  after  faro6e,        on  Finna  land, 


581-615.  J  BEOWULF.  19 

"  wadu  weallendu.        NA  ic  wiht  fram  pe 
"  swylcra  searo-nl?ia        secgan  hj'rde, 
"  bilia  brdgan:        Breca  nsefre  git 
"  at  heaSo-ldce,        ne  gehwatSer  incer 
585  ' '  swd  de6rlice       daed  gefremede 


' '  f^gum  sweordum 


nd  ic  yds  gylpe ; 

"  ])edh  ]m  l)inum  br65rum       td  banan  wurde, 
"  hedfod-maegum  ;        ]'as  fu  in  helle  scealt 

590  "  werh6o  dre6gan,        \>eih.  ]An  wit  duge. 
"  Secge  ic  pe  td  s6t5e,        sunu  EcgUfes, 
"pat  naefre  Grendel  swA  fela       gryva.  gefremede, 
"  atol  aglaeca       ealdre  J^lnum, 
"  hj'nSo  on  Heoi'ote,        gif  |)in  hige  woere, 

595  "  sefa  swA  searo-gi-im,        swd  \>\i  self  talast. 

"Ac  he  hafaS  onfunden,       j'iit  he  ]?d  faehSe  ne  fearf, 
' '  atole  ecg-prace       e6wer  le6de 
"  swiSe  onsittan,        Sige-Scyldinga ; 
"  nymeS  nj'd-bMe,        naenegum  draS 

600  "  le6de  Deniga,        ac  he  on  lust  wlgetS, 
"  swefeS  ond  sendeS,        secce  ne  w6ne6 
"  td  Gdr-Denum.        Ac  him  Gedta  sceal 
"  eafoS  and  ellen       unge^ra  nu 
"gA6e  gebe6dan.       GaeS  eft  se  ]>e  m6t 

605  "  td  medo  mddig,        siSSan  morgen-le6ht 
"  ofer  5'lda  beam       63res  ddgores, 
'  '•  sunne  swegl-wered       s<15au  sclneS  ! " 
p4  was  on  sdlum       sinces  brytta 
gamol-feax  and  gAS-r6f,       ge6ce  gelyfde 

610  brego  Beorht-Dena ;       gehyrde  on  Bedwulfe 
folces  h}Tde       fast-rsedne  ge|'6ht. 
paer  was  haleSa  hleahtor;        hlyn  swynsode, 
word  waeron  wynsume.        Eode  Wealhpedw  forS, 
cw6n  HrdSgdres,        cynna  gemyndig, 

615  grdtte  gold-hroden       guman  on  healle, 


20  BEOWULF.  [616-650, 

and  ]>k  frc611c  wif       ful  gesealde 
aerest  Edst-Dena       6(^el-wearde, 
bad  hine  bliSne       at  paere  be6r-))ege, 
le6dum  le6fne ;       he  on  lust  gej'eah 

62i3  S3Tnbel  and  sele-ful,        sige-r6f  kj'ning. 
Ymb-eode  ))4       ides  Helminga 
dugu8e  and  geogot5e       dael  aeghwjlcne; 
sinc-fato  sealde,        65  pat  sael  dlamp, 
fat  hi6  Be6wulfe,        bedg-hroden  cw6n, 

625  mdde  ge]>ungen,        medo-M  iltbar ; 
grfitte  Gedta  le6d,        gode  |>aucode 
wts-fast  wordum,        pas  ]>e  hire  se  willa  gelamp, 
fat  heo  on  aenigne       eorl  gelyfde 
fyrena  fr6fre.        He  ))at  ful  gefeah, 

630  wal-re6w  wiga       at  Wealh]5e6n, 
and  ]>k  g3'ddode       gftSe  gefysed, 
Be6wulf  maSelode,        beam  Ecgpe6wes : 
"  Ic  pat  hogode,        ))&  ic  on  holm  gestdh, 
"  sae-bit  gesat       mid  minra  secga  gedriht, 

635  ' '  )>at  ic  Anunga       G6wTa  le6da 

"willan  geworhte,       ot5Se  on  wal  crunge, 
"  fe6nd-gi-Apum  fast,       Ic  gefremman  sceal 
"eorllc  ellen,        ot5tSe  ende-diig 
"  on  pisse  meodu-healle       mlnne  gebldan." 

6i0  pam  wife  ]yk  word       wel  licodon, 

gilp-cwide  Gedtes  ;        eode  gold-hroden 
fre61icu  folc-cwSn       td  hire  fredn  sittan. 
pA  was  eft  swd  aer       inne  on  healle 
pr}i5-word  sprecen,        ))e6d  on  saelum, 

645  sige-folca  sw6g,       6(S  pat  semninga 
sunu  Healfdenea       sficean  wolde 
aefen-raste ;       wiste  at  pam  ahlaecan 
t6  pam  hedh-sele        hilde  ge])inged, 
8i36an  hie  sunnan  le6ht       gese6n  ne  meahton, 

650  oHe  nlpende       niht  ofer  ealle, 


fi61-681.]  BEOWULF.  21 

scadu-helma  gesceapu       scrtSan  cw6man, 
wan  under  wolcnum.        Werod  eall  ^rds. 
Grdtte  pd  giddxtm        guma  66erne, 
HrdSgdr  Bc6wulf,        and  him  hael  fibedd, 

655  win-arnes  geweald        and  pat  word  d,cwa5 : 
"  Naefre  ic  aenegum  men       aer  dlf'fde, 
"  siSSan  ic  hond  and  rond       hebban  mihte, 
"  pryS-arn  Dena       bftton  J'e  nn  \h. 
"Hafa  nu  and  geheald       hAsa  shiest; 

560  "  gemyne  mserSo,       miigen-ellen  cy5, 

"waca  wi6  wraSum!        Ne  biS  pe  wilna  g^d, 
"gif  pu  pat  ellen-wcorc       aldre  gedlgest." 


XI.    The  Watoh  for  Grendel. 

pi  him  Hr«38gdr  gewAt       mid  his  haleSa  gedrj^ht, 
eodur  Scyldinga       At  of  heallt ; 

665  wolde  wig-frmna       Wealh))e6  s^cau, 

cw6n  t6  gebeddan         Hilfde  kyningd  w^uldor 
Grendle  t6-ge4nes,        sw^  guman  getrungon, 
sele-weard  dseted  .        sundor-nytte  behe61d 
jTnb  aldor  Dena,        eoton  weard  dbedd; 

670  h<!lru  Gedta  le6d       gcorne  trAwode 
m6dgan  magnes,        metodes  h3'ldo. 
pa  he  him  of  dyde       Isern-byrnan, 
helm  of  hafelan,        sealde  his  hyrsted  sweord, 
irena  cyst        ombiht-j'egne, 

675  and  gehealdan  h6t       hilde-geatwe. 

Gespriic  ]>t  se  g6da       g3'lp-worda  sum 
Be6wulf  Gedta,        aer  he  on  bed  stige : 
"  Nd  ic  me  an  here-waesmum       hndgran  talige 
"  gdS-geweorca,       ponne  Grendel  hine  ; 

680  "forpan  i;  hint  sweorde       swebban  nelle, 
"  aldre  bene6tan,        pedh  ic  eal  maege. 


22  BEOWULF.  [682-710. 

"NAt  he  ^ra  gdda,       pat  he  me  on-gedn  sled, 
"rand  gehedwe,       pedh  }>e  he  r6f  s!e 
"  ntS-geweorca ;        ac  wit  on  niht  sculon 

685  "  secge  ofersittan,       gif  he  ges6cean  dear 
"wig  ofer  waepen,        and  si6Sau  witig  god 
"  on  sw^  hwaSere  hond       hftlig  dr3-hten 
"maerSo  dSme,        swd  him  gemet  jnnce." 
H3'lde  hine  pa  heaSo-de6r,        hle6r-bolster  onffing 

690  eorles  andwlitan ;        and  hine  ymb  monig 
snelllc  sae-rinc       sele-reste  gebedh. 
Naenig  heora  ])6hte        pat  he  panon  scolde 
eft  eard-lufan       aefre  gesScean, 
folc  o66e  fre6-burh,        ))aer  he  Affided  waa 

695  ac  hie  hiifdon  gefrunen,        pat  hie  aer  t6  fsla  micles 
in  pam  win-sele       wal-deiiS  fornam, 
Denigea  le6de.        Ac  him  dryliten  forgeaf 
wig-sp6da  gewiofu,        Wedera  le6dum 
frdfor  and  fultum,        pat  hie  fe6nd  heora 

700  purh  anes  craft       ealle  oferc6mon, 
selfes  mihtum :        s65  is  gecj'Sed, 
pat  mihtig  god        manna  cynnes 
we61d  wide-ferh6.        Com  on  wanre  niht 
scctSan  sceadu-genga.        Sce6tend  swaefon, 

705  pa  pat  horn-reced        healdan  scoldon, 

ealle  buton  Anum.        pat  was  yldum  cAt$, 
pat  hie  ne  mdste.        pA  metod  nolde, 
se  s^-n-scafta        under  sceadu  bregdan ; 
ac  he  waccende        wrd6um  on  andan 

» 

710  b&d  bolgen-m6d       beadwa  gepinges. 


711-748.1  BEOWULF.  28 


XII.    Gkendel's  Raid. 

pi  com  of  mdre       under  mist-hleotSum 
Grendel  gongan,       godes  yrre  bar. 
Mynte  se  man-scaSa       manna  cynne8 
sumne  besjTwan       in  sele  }>am  he^n ; 

715  w6d  under  wolcnum,       t6  pas  J'e  he  win-reced, 
gold-sele  gumena,       gearwost  wisse 
fattum  fdhne.        Ne  was  ]>at  forma  slS, 
fat  he  Hr6t5gares       hdm  ges6hte : 
naefre  he  on  aldor-dagum       aer  ne  sitSt5an 

720  heardran  hale,       heal-J^egnas  fand ! 
Com  )'d  t6  recede       rinc  siSian 
dredmum  bedffiled.        Dm-u  s6na  onarn 
fyr-bendum  fast,        sji5San  he  hire  folmum  hrAn  | 
onbrad  ]>^  bealo-hydig,        )'^  he  4bolgen  was, 

725  recedes  mASan.        RaSe  after  |ion 
on  fagne  fl6r       fe6nd  treddode, 
eode  yrre-m6d ;       him  of  edgum  8t6d 
l!ge  gellcost       le6ht  unfiiger. 
Geseah  he  in  recede       rinca  manige, 

730  swefan  sibbe-gedriht       samod  atgadere, 
mago-rinca  hedp :        j'a  his  m6d  dhl6g, 
mynte  ]'at  he  gedaelde,       aer  pon  dag  cwAme, 
atol  aglaeca,       dnra  gehwylces 
llf  wis  lice,        j'^  him  Mumpen  was 

735  wist-fylle  w^n.       Ne  was  fat  wyrd  pa  gen, 
fat  he  md  m6ste       manna  cynnes 
ficgean  ofer  ]>&.  niht.       prjiS-swy6  behedld 
maeg  Higellces,       hA  se  mdn-scaf5a 
under  faer-gripum       gefaran  wolde. 

740  Ne  fat  se  aglaeca       yldan  f6hte, 
ac  he  gef^ng  hraSe       forman  stt5e 
slaependne  rinc,       sldt  unwearnum, 


24  BEOWULF.  [743-777 

bAt  bdn-locan,        bldd  Cdrum  dranc, 

syn-snaedum  swealh :        s6na  Mfde 
745  unlyfigendes       eal  gefeormod 

f6t  and  folma.        ForS  nedr  atstdp, 

nam  ))d  mid  hauda       hige-jnhtigne 

rinc  on  raste ;        raehte  ongedn 

fe6nd  mid  folme,       he  oufdng  hratSe 
750  Inwit-fancum       and  wiS  earm  gesat. 

S6na  pat  onfunde       fyrena  h3Tde, 

fat  he  ne  m6tte       middan-geardes 

eorSan  scedta       on  elran  men 

mund-gripe  mdran :       he  on  m6de  wearS 
755  forht  on  ferhSe,        n6  \>^  aer  fram  meahte ; 

hyge  was  him  hin-fCls,        wokle  on  heolster  fle6n, 

s6can  de6fla  gedrag :        ne  was  his  drohtotJ  Jjaer, 

swylce  he  on  ealder-dagum       aer  gemStte. 

Gemunde  fd  se  g6da       maeg  Higeldces 
760  aefen-spraece,        up-lang  dst6d 

and  him  f  aste  wi(5f6ng.        Fingras  burston  ; 

eoten  was  At-weard,        eorl  fui-Sur  st6p. 

Mynte  se  maera,        paer  he  meahte  swd, 

wldre  gewindan       and  on  weg  )ianon 
765  fle6n  on  fen-hopu ;       wiste  his  fingra  geweald 

on  grames  grdpiim.        piit  was  ge6cor  stS, 

fat  se  hearm-sca6a       t6  Heorute  dtedh: 

drj'ht-sele  dj'nede,        Denum  eallum  wear6, 

ceaster-bflendum,        cfinra  gehwylcum, 
770  eorhim  eahi-scerwen.        Yrre  waeron  begen, 

rfiSe  rfin-weardas.        Reced  hlj-nsode ; 

]>&  was  wundor  micel,        fat  se  win-sele 

wi^hafde  hea(5o-de6rum,        )>at  he  on  hrusan  ne  fe6!, 

f ager  fold-bold  ;       ac  he  fas  f aste  was 
775  innan  and  Atan       Iren-bendimi 

searo-foneum  besmiSod.        paer  fram  sylle  Abedg 

medu-benc  monig       mine  gefraege, 


r78-S08.]  BEOWULF.  25 

golde  geregnad,        J^aer  ]'&  graman  wunnon; 

yds  ne  w6ndon  ser       witan  Scyldinga, 
780  fat  hit  d  mid  gemete       manua  aenig 

betlic  and  bdn-fdg        tdbrecan  meahte, 

listum  tdlAcan,        nymSe  liges  fa6m 

swulge  on  swaSule.        Sw^g  up  dstdg 

niwe  genealihe  ;       NorS-Denum  stdd 
785  atellc  egesa       dnra  gehwylcum 

p4ra  I'e  of  wealle       w6p  gehyrdon, 

gryre-le65  galan       godes  andsacan, 

sige-ledsne  sang,        sAr  wdnigean 

helle  haftan.        He61d  hine  td  faste 
790  se  ]>e  manna  was       magene  strengest 

on  pam  dage       Jjysses  llfes. 


XIII.    Be6wulf  Teaks  off  Geendel's  Arm. 

NoLDE  eorla  lile6       aenige  l?inga 

fone  cwealm-cuman       cwicne  forlaetan, 

ne  his  lif-dagas       le6da  aenigum 
795  nj'tte  tealde.        paer  genehost  bragd 

eorl  Be6wulfes       ealde  Idfe, 

wolde  fred-drihtnes       feorh  ealgian 

maeres  pe6dnes,        paer  hie  meahton  sw&; 

hie  fat  ne  wiston,       \>k  hie  gewin  drugon, 
800  heard-hicgende       hilde-mecgas, 

and  on  healfa  gehwone       hedwan  fdhton, 

sdwle  s6can,       Pat  fone  syn-scaSan 

aenig  ofer  eorSan       li'enna  cyst, 

g<it5-billa  ndn       grfitan  nolde  ; 
805  ac  he  sige-waepnum       forsworen  hafde, 

ecga  gehwylcre.        Scolde  his  aldor-geddl 

on  fam  dage       jjysses  lifes 

earmlic  wurSan       and  se  ellor-gdst 


26  BEOWULF.  [809-887 

on  fe6nda  geweald       feor  stSian. 

810  p4  |)at  onfunde       se  I'e  fela  seror 
mddes  mjTSe       manna  cj'nne 
fyTcne  gefremede        (he  wcis  fdg  wi'S  god) 
fat  him  se  llc-homa       laestan  nolde, 
ac  hine  se  m6dega       maeg  Hygeldees 

815  hafde  be  honda;       was  gehwiiSer  6Srum 
lifigende  1^5.        Lic-sdr  gebdd 
atol  aglaeca,       him  on  eaxle  wearS 
s3'n-dolh  sweotol,        seonowe  onsprungon 
burston  bdn-locan.        Be6wulfe  wearS 

820  gft(5-hr^5  g3-feSe ;        scolde  Grendel  fonan 
feorh-se6c  fle6n       under  fen-hleo6u, 
s6cean  wyn-leds  wlc ;        wiste  p6  geornor, 
|)at  his  aldres  was       ende  gegongen, 
ddffera  dao;-rim.        Dcnura  eaUum  wearS 

825  after  yam  wal-raese       willa  gelumpen. 

Hafde  ]>h  gefjelsod,       se  J'e  aer  feorran  com, 
snotor  and  sw^'S-ferhti       sele  HrdSgdres, 
genered  wi6  nl5e.        Niht-weorce  gefeh, 
ellen-mserSum ;        hafde  Edst-Denmn 

830  Gedt-mecga  le6d       gilp  gelaested, 
sw^'lce  oncySSe       ealle  gebfitte, 
inwid-sorge,        ]>e  hie  aer  drugon 
and  for  fred-nydum        j'olian  scoldon, 
torn  unlytel.        pat  was  tdcen  sweotol, 

835  sySSan  hilde-de6r       hond  dlegde, 

earm  and  eaxle        (]>iBr  was  eal  geadoi 
Grendles  grdpe)       under  gedpne  hi6f. 


838-869.1  BEOWULF.  27 


XrV.    The  Joy  at  Heorot. 

pi  was  on  morgen       mine  gefrsege 
ymb  J)d  gif-healle       gfttS-rinc  monig: 

840  fgrdon  folc-togan        feorran  and  nedn 
geond  wid-wegas       wundor  scedwian, 
iat5es  Idstas.        N6  his  llf-geddl 
sdrllc  j'Ahte       secga  aenegum, 
pdra  ]>e  tlr-ledses       trode  scedwode, 

845  ht  he  wSrig-m6d       on  weg  )'anon, 
ni6a  ofercumen,       on  nicera  mere 
faege  and  geflymed       feoi'h-ldstas  bar. 
pser  was  on  bl6de       brim  weallende, 
atol  y'Sa  geswing       eal  gemenged 

850  hdtan  heolfre,       heoro-dre6re  we61; 
dedS-faege  de6g,        si66an  dredma  leds 
in  fen-freoSo       feorh  diegde 
haeSene  sdwle,        paer  him  hel  onffing. 
panon  eft  gewiton       eald-gesl6as, 

855  sw^'lce  geong  manig       of  gomen-wd3e, 
fram  mere  m6dge,       me  arum  rid  an, 
beornas  on  blancum.        paer  was  Be6wulfes 
maerSo  maened ;       monig  oft  gecwaS, 
ydtte  sAS  ne  norS       be  saem  tweonum 

860  ofer  eormen-grund       6(5er  naenig 
under  swegles  begong       sSlra  naere 
rond-habbendra,        rices  wj^r^ra. 
Ne  hie  hAru  wine-drihten       wiht  ne  16gon, 
gladne  HrdSgdr,        ac  j'dt  was  g6d  ejning. 

865  Hwilum  hea6o-r6fe       hledpan  l^ton, 
on  geflit  faran       fealwe  mearas, 
])8er  him  fold-wegas       fagere  ]j<ihton, 
cystum  cASe ;       hwilum  cyningcs  ]'egn, 
guma  gilp-hladen       gidda  gemyndig, 


28  BEOWULF  [870-904, 

870  se  ]>e  eal-fela       eald-gesegena 

worn  gemunde,        word  65er  fand 

863e  gebunden :        secg  eft  ongan 

sl6  Be6wulfes       snyttrum  st3'rian 

and  on  sp6d  wrecan       spel  gerdde, 
875  wordum  wrixlan,        wel-hwylc  gecwa3, 

yat  he  fram  Sigemunde       secgan  hj^de, 

ellen-daedum,       uncflSes  fela, 

Walsinges  gewin,        wide  stSas, 

fAra  ])e  gumena  beam       gearwe  ne  wiston, 
880  faeMe  and  fyrene,       bAton  Fitela  mid  bine, 

Jjonne  he  swylees  hwat       secgan  wolde 

eAm  his  nefan,        sw4  hie  A  waeron 

at  nl6a  gehwAm       nyd-gesteallan  : 

hafdon  eal-fela       eotena  C3'nnes 
885  sweordum  gesaeged.        Sigemunde  gesprong 

after  dedS-diige       d6m  unlj'tel, 

S}i56an  wiges  heard       w}Tm  dcwealde, 

hordes  hyrde ;       he  under  hftrne  stAn, 

aSelinges  beam,        dna  gen65de 
890  frficne  daede ;       ne  was  him  Fitela  mid. 

HwaSre  him  gesaelde,        pat  Jjjit  swurd  )jurhw6d 

wriitliene  wyrm,        pat  hit  on  wealle  fit8t6d, 

drjhtllc  Iren ;       draea  morSre  swealt. 

Hafde  aglaeca       elne  gegongen, 
895  pat  he  bedh-hordes       brAcan  m6ste 

selfes  d6me  :        sae-bdt  gehl6d, 

bar  on  bearm  scipes       beorhte  fratwa, 

Walses  eafera ;       w}Tm  hdt  gemealt. 

Se  was  wreceena       wide  mserost 
900  ofer  wer-pe6de,        wlgendra  hle6 

ellen-daedum  :        he  pas  dron  pdh. 

SiScSan  HeremAdes        hild  sweSrode 

eafo(5  and  ellen.        He  mid  eotenum  weaiU 

on  fe6nda  ge weald       forS  forldeen. 


•06-934.]  BEOWULF.  29 

905  snAde  forsended.       Hine  sorh-w}imas 

lemede  t6  lange,       he  his  le6dum  wear8, 

eallum  aSelingum       td  aldor-ceare; 

swylce  oft  bemearn       aerran  mselum 

swl3-ferh5es  sit5       snotor  ceorl  monig, 
910  se  fe  him  bealwa  td       b6te  gelyfde, 

ydt  \>&t  ]5e6dnes  beam        ge]'e6n  scolde, 

fader-aSelum  onfdn,        folc  gehealdan, 

hord  and  hle6-burh,       hale^a  rice, 

66el  Scyldinga.        He  J'ser  eallum  wear8, 
915  mseg  Higel^ces       manna  cj'nne, 

fre6ndum  gefagi'a ;        hine  fyren  onwdd. 

Hwllum  flitende       fealwe  straete 
mearum  maeton.        pd  was  morgen-le6ht 
scofen  and  scynded.        Eode  sceale  monig 

920  swlt5-hicgende       td  sele  ))am  hedn, 

searo-wundor  se6n,        sw3'lce  self  cyning, 
of  bryd-bfli'e       bedh-horda  weard, 
tryddode  tir-fast       getrume  micle, 
cj'Stum  gecy^ed,       and  his  cw6n  mid  him 

925  medo-stlg  gemat       magSa  h6se. 


XV.    Hrothgar's  Gratulation. 

HR6t5GAR  ma^elode        (he  t6  healle  ge6ng, 
st6d  on  stapole,       geseah  stedpne  hrdf 
golde  fdhne       and  Grendles  bond): 
"  )>isse  ansyne       al-wealdan  ]'anc 
930  "lungre  gelimpe !        Fela  ic  IdtSes  gebM, 
"grynna  at  Grendle:        k  mag  god  w3Tcan 
"  wunder  after  wundre,        wuldres  hyrde  I 
"  pat  was  ungedra,       fat  ic  aenigra  me 
"wedna  ne  wAnde       td  wldan  feore 


30  BE(JWULF.  [935-960 

935  "bdte  gebldan       ))onne  blMe  f4h 
hftsa  shiest       heoro-dre6rig  st6d ; 
wed  wid-scofen       witena  gehw\-lcne 
f^ra  )'e  ne  w6ndon,        |)iit  hie  wide-ferhS 
le6da  land-geweorc       146uin  beweredon 
940  "  scuccum  and  scinnum.        Nu  scealc  hafatJ 

'  |)urh  drihtnes  tniht       daed  gefremede, 

'  fe  we  ealle       aer  ne  meahton 

'  snj'tti'um  besyrwan.        Hwiit !    )>at  secgan  mag 

'  efne  sw4  hwylc  magSa,        swd  ))one  magan  cendt 
945  "after  gum-cj'nnum,       gyf  he6  gyt  lyfaS, 

'  ydt  h3're  eald-metod       6ste  wgere 

'  bearn-gebyrdo.        Nu  ic  Be6wulf 

'  fee,  secg  betsta,        me  for  sunu  wylle 

'  fre6gan  on  ferhSe  ;       heald  forS  tela 
950  "  niwe  sibbe.        Ne  biS  ]>e  naenigra  gM 

'  worolde  wilna,        ]>e  ic  geweald  habbe. 

•  Ful-oft  ic  for  lassan       ledn  teohhode 

'  hord-weorSunge        hndhran  rince, 

'  saemran  at  sacce.        pu  pe  self  hafast 
955  "  daedum  gefremed,        )'at  ]>\n  ddm  lyfaS 

'  4wd  td  aldre,        Alwalda  )'ec 

'  g6de  forgylde,       swd  he  nu  gyt  dyde  ! " 
Be6wulf  macSelode,       beam  Ecg}'e6we8  : 
We  j'Jit  ellen-weorc       6stura  miclum, 
960  "  feohtan  frcmedon,       frficne  gen6Moii 

'  eafo(5  uncftSes  ;       dSe  ic  swiSor, 

'  ]>'Sit  ]m  hine  selfne        gese6n  mdste, 

'  fe6nd  on  friitewum       fyl-w6rigne  ! 

'  Ic  hine  hriidlice       heardan  clammum 
965  "on  wal-bedde       wrlSan  )'6hte, 

'  jjat  he  for  raund-gripe       minum  scolde 

'  licgoan  lif-b3'sig,        bAtan  his  lie  swice ; 

'  ic  hine  ne  mihte,        )'&  metod  nolde, 

'ganges  getwi^man.       n6  ic  him  y&s  georne  fitfealh. 


970-1000.]  BEOWULF.  31 

970  "  feorh-genlSlan  ;       was  td  fore-mihtig 

"  fe6nd  on  ffeSe.        HwaSere  he  his  fohne  forl6t 

"t6  lif-wraSe       Idst  weardian, 

' '  earm  and  eaxle  ;       nd  ]>ier  lenige  sw4  pe&h 

"  fed-sceaft  guma       fr6fre  gebohte: 
975  "  nd  ]>y  leng  leofaS       ldS-gete6na 

"  synnum  geswenced,        ac  hyne  sdr  hafa8 

"in  nyd-gripe       nearwe  befongen, 

"balwon  bendum:       peer  dbidan  sceal 

"  maga  mdne  f^h       miclan  d6mes, 
980  "hft  him  sclr  metod       scrifan  wille." 

pd  was  swlgra  secg,       sunu  Ecgl4fe8, 

on  gylp-sprcece       gtiS-geweorca, 

siSSan  iiSelingas       eorles  crafte 

ofer  hedhne  hi'6f       hand  scedwedon, 
985  fe6ndes  fingras,        forau  seghwj'lc ; 

was  stfide  nagla  gehwylc,        st^'le  gellcost, 

haet5enes  hand-sporu       hilde-rinces 

egle  unhe6ru ;       £eg-hwylc  gecwaS, 

))at  him  heardra  ndn       hrlnan  wolde 
990  Iren  ser-gdd,        pat  pas  ahlaecan 

blddge  beadu-folme       onberan  wolde. 


XVI.    The  Banquet  and  the  Gifts 

pA  was  hdten  hretSe       Heort  innan-weard 
folmum  gefratwod :        fela  pEera  was 
wera  and  wtfa,        ]>e  pat  win-reced, 

995  gest-sele  gyredon.        Gold-fdg  scinon 
web  after  wagum,        wundor-si6na  fela 
secga  gehwylcum       pdra  ]>e  on  swylc  starafi 
Was  pat  beorhte  bold       t6brocen  swlSe 
eal  inne-weard       Iren-bendum  fast, 

1000  heorras  tdlilidene ;       hr6f  dna  genas 


32  •  BEOWULF.  [1001-1036 

ealles  ansund,       pa  se  aglaeca 

fyren-daedum  fAg       on  fledm  gewand* 

aldres  or-w6na.        Nd  j^at  y6e  bytS 

tA  befle6nne       (fremme  se  J>e  wille  1) 
1005  ac  gesacan  sceal       sdwl-berendra 

n^de  genydde       niSSa  bearna 

grund-bftendra       gearwe  st6we, 

faer  his  lic-homa       leger-bedde  fast 

swefeS  after  sjonle,        pd  was  ssel  and  mael, 
1010  fat  t6  healle  gang       Healfdenes  sunu; 

wolde  self  cyning       symbel  }>icgan. 

Ne  gefragen  ic  ]>&.  vasegSc       mdran  weorode 

ymb  hyra  sinc-gyfan       s61  gebaeran. 

Bugon  ))&  t6  bence       blsed-dgende, 
1015  fj'lle  gefaegon.        Fagere  gepaegon 

medo-ful  manig       mdgas  f  J^Ara 

swl5-hicgende       on  sele  pam  hedn, 

HrdtSgAr  and  Hr65ulf.        Heorot  innan  was 

fre6ndum  Afylled  ;        nalles  fdcen-stafas 
1020  pe6d-Seyldmgas       })enden  fremedon. 

Forgeaf  ]>&  Be6wulfe       beam  Healfdenes 

segen  g3'ldenne       sigores  td  ledne, 

hroden  hllte-eumbor,       helm  and  byrnan; 

maere  mA(53um-sweord       manige  gesdwon 
1025  beforan  beorn  beran.        Be6wulf  ge)'ah 

ful  on  flette ;       n6  he  l^aere  feoh-gyfte 

for  sce6tendum       scamigan  })orfte, 

ne  gefragn  ic  fre6ndllcor       fe6wer  m^dmas 

golde  geg3Tede       gum-manna  fela 
1030  in  ealo-bence       6t5rum  gesellan. 

Ymb  I'as  helmes  hr6f      hedfod-beorge 

wlrum  bewunden       walan  fttan  he61d, 

fat  him  ffila  Idfe       frficne  ne  meahton 

scilr-heard  8ceSt5an,        fonne  scj'ld-freca 
1035  onge&n  gramum       gangan  scolde. 


103<'-1064.]  BEOWULF.  33 

H61it  \>Si  eorla  hle6       eahta  mearas, 

fated-hle6re,       on  flet  te6n 

in  under  eoderas ;       ]'dra  ^num  stdd 

sadol  searwura  fdh       since  gewurSad, 
1040  ))at  was  liilde-setl       hedh-C3-ninges, 

j)onne  sweorda  geldc       sunu  Healfdenes 

efnan  wolde  ;        naefre  on  6re  lag 

wld-c<i8es  wig,        ponne  walu  fe611on. 

And  I'd  Be6wulfe       bega  geliwiiSres 
1045  eodor  Ingwina       onweald  getedh, 

wiega  and  waepna ;       hfit  liiue  wel  brftcan. 

Swd  manlice       maere  ]'e6den, 

hord-weard  liiileSa       hea(5o-roesas  geald 

mearum  and  mMmum,        swd  hy  nfefre  man  lyh8, 
1050  86  })e  secgan  wile       sd5  after  rihte. 


XVII.    Song  of  Heothgar's  Poet  —  The  Lay  of 
Hnaef  and  Hengest. 

pA  gyt  aeghwylcum       eorla  drihten 
para  ]>e  mid  Be6wulfe       brim-lMe  te4h, 
on  j'sere  medu-bence       mdSSum  gesealde, 
yrfe-ldfe,        and  j'one  aenne  Mht 

1055  golde  forgyldan,        pone  pe  Grendel  aer 

mdne  dcwealde,        swd  he  liyra  md  wolde, 
nefne  him  witig  god       wj'rd  forst6de 
and  pas  mannes  m6d :        metod  eallum  we61d 
gumena  C3'nnes,        sw^  he  nu  git  d6(5 ; 

1060  for]'an  biS  andgit       seghwaer  s61est, 

ferhSes  fore-]'anc !       fela  seeal  gebldan 
le6fes  and  IdSes,        se  pe  longe  her 
on  p3'ssum  win-dagum       worolde  brftce^. 
paer  was  sang  and  sw6g       samod  atgadere 


84  Be6wULF.  [106^-1099 

1065  fore  Healfdenes       hilde-wlsan, 

gomen-wudu  grated,       gid  oft  wrecen, 
ponne  heal-gamen       Hr6?5gdre8  scdp 
after  medo-bence       maeuan  scolde 
Finnes  eaferum,        j^d  hie  se  faer  begeat: 

1070  "HaleS  Healfdenes,        Hniif  Scyldinga, 
"in  Fr . .  es  wale       feallan  scolde. 
"Ne  hdru  Hildeburh       h6rian  porfte 
"  Eoteua  treowe  :       unsynnum  wearS 
"beloren  le6funi       at  J>am  lind-plegan 

1075  "bearnum  and  brdSrum;        hie  on  gebjrd  hruron 
"  g4re  wunde  ;        }?at  was  gedmuru  ides. 
"  Nalles  h61inga       Hdces  d6htor 
"  meotod-sceaft  bemearn,       sy66an  morgen  com, 
"  ]>Sl  he6  under  swegle       gese6n  meahte 

1080  "  morSor-bealo  rndga,       paer  he6  aer  maeste  he61d 
"  worolde  wynne:        w!g  ealle  fornam 
"  Finnes  ])egnas,        nemne  fedum  dnum, 
"  t'at  he  ne  mehte       on  ])am  me^el-stede 
"  wig  Hengeste       wiht  gefeohtan, 

1085  "  ne  J)^  wed-ldfe       wlge  for|>ringan 

"))e6dnes  pegne;        ac  hig  him  gepingo  budon, 
"fat  hie  him  dSer  flet       eal  gerymdon, 
"  healle  and  hedh-setl,        |)at  hie  healfire  geweald 
"'  wis  Eotena  beam      dgan  mdston, 

1 090  ' '  and  at  feoh-gyftum       Folcwaldan  sunu 
"  ddgra  gehwylce       Dene  weorSode, 
"  Hengestes  hedp       hringum  wenede, 
"efne  swd  swlSe       sinc-gestre6num 
"fiittan  goldes,        swd  he  Fresena  cjni 

1095  "on  be6r-sele       byldan  wolde. 

"  p&  hie  getrAwedon       on  twd  healfa 
"  f aste  frioSu-waere  ;       Fin  Hengeste 
"  elne  unflitme       dSum  benemde, 
• "  p&t  he  ])&  wed-lAfe       weotcna  d6me 


1100-iioO.]  BEOWULF.  85 

1100  "Arum  heolde,       fat  ]>ser  senig  mon 

*'wordum  ne  worcum       wsere  ne  braece, 
"ne  purh  inwit-searo       aefre  gemaenden, 
"  ]>eAh.  hie  hira  beiig-gyfan       banan  folgedon 
"  )>e6den-le4se,        ]>k  him  swd  ge]>earfod  was: 

1105  "g3'f  ponne  Frysna  hwylc       frScuan  spraece 
"pas  morSor-hetes       myndgiend  -wsere, 
"Jjonne  hit  sweordes  ecg       sySSan  scolde. 
"AtS  was  geafned       and  icge  gold 
"  dhafen  of  horde.        Here-Scyldinga 

1110  "betst  beado-rinca       was  on  bsel  gearu; 
"  at  pam  Me  was       6S-gesyne 
"  swdt-fah  syrce,        swyn  eal-gylden, 
"eofer  iren-heard,        aSeling  manig 
"  wundum  dwyrded;        sume  on  wale  crungon. 

1115  "H6t  pa  Hildebm-h       at  Hnafes  dde 
"hu'e  selfre  sunu       sweolo(5e  befastan, 
"ban-fatu  barnan       and  on  bsel  ddn. 
"  Earme  on  eaxle       ides  gnornode, 
"  gedmrode  giddum  ;       gAS-rinc  astah. 

1120  "Wand  t6  wolcnum       wal-fyra  moest, 
"  hlj-node  for  hiawe  ;       hafelan  multon, 
"  ben-geato  burston,        ponne  bldd  iitspranc 
"laS-bite  liees.     Llg  ealle  forswealg, 
"gaesta  gtfrost,       para  pe  paer  gftS  fornam 

ll2o   "bega  folces ;       was  hira  blaed  scacen. 


XVIII.    The  Gleeman's  Tale  is  Ended. 

"Gewiton  him  pa  wlgend       wlca  ne6sian, 
"fre6ndum  befeallen       Frysland  gese6n, 
"hamas  and  hed-burh.        Hengest  pa  gyt 
"wal-fagne  winter       wunode  mid  Finne 
1130  '■'•  ealles  unhhtme  ;       eard  gemunde, 


8g  BEOWULF.  [1131-1166, 

"  \>ekh  pe  he  we  meahte       on  mere  drifan 
"  hringed-stefnan  ;       'lolra  storme  we6l, 
"  won  wis  winde  ;        winter  ySe  beledc 
"  Is-gebinde       68  I'iit  dSer  com 

1135  "gedr  in  geardas,        swA  nu  gyt  d6t5, 
"  J)^  )'e  syngales       s61e  bcwitiaS, 
"  wuldor-torhtan  weder.        pd  was  winter  scacen, 
"  fager  foldan  bearm  ;        fundode  wreeca, 
"gist  of  geardum;        he  td  gj-rn-wrace 

1140  "swtt5or  ]'6hte,        j'onne  t6  sae-ldde, 
"  gif  he  torn-gem6t       J)urhte6n  mihte, 
'•  I'jit  he  Eotcna  beam       inne  gemunde. 
"  Swd  he  ne  forw^Tnde       worold-raedenne, 
"  fonne  him  Hftniafmg       hilde-le6man, 

1145  "billa  sfelest,       on  bearm  d^'de: 

''jms  waeron  mid  Eotenum       ecge  cft6e. 
"  Swylce  ferhS-frecan       Fin  eft  begeat 
"  sweord-bealo  sllSen       at  his  selfes  hdm, 
"siS(5an  grimne  gripe       GfiSldf  ond  OsMf 

1150  '^lifter  sae-stSe       sorge  maendon, 

"  atwiton  wedna  dael ;       ne  meahte  wiifre  m6d 
"forhabban  in  hreSre.        pd  was  heal  hroden 
"  fe6nda  feorum,        swilce  Fin  sliigen, 
"  cj'ning  on  corSre,        and  se6  cw6n  numen. 

1155  "  Sce6tend  t5cyldinga      t6  scypum  feredon 
"  eal  in-gesteald       eorS-cyninges, 
"  swylce  hie  at  Finnes  hdm       findan  meahton 
"  sigla  searo-gimma.        Hie  on  sne-ldde 
"  drihtlice  wif       t6  Denum  feredon, 

1160  '^lifiddon  td  le6dura."        Le66  was  dsungen, 
gle6-mannes  gyd.        Gamen  eft  dstdh, 
beorhtode  benc-sw6g,       b3Telas  sealdon 
win  of  wunder-fatum.         pd  cwom  Wealh))e6  foi^ 
gdn  under  gyldnum  hedge,       I'aer  ))d  g6dan  twegen 

1165  sieton  suhter-gefaderan  ;     I'd  gyt  was  hiera  sib  atgadere 


1166-1192.]  BEOWULF.  37 

aeghw^^lc  65rum  trywe.        Swylce  Jjser  Tjnferti  j'vle 
at  fdtum  sat  fredn  Scyldinga  :    gehwylc  hiora  his  ferhSe 

tre6wde, 
fat  he  hafde  m6d  micel,      ]>e&h.  ]>e  he  his  magum  naere 
arfast  at  ecga  geMcum.        Sprac  ]>^  ides  Scyldinga : 

1170  "Onf6h  pissum  fuUe,        fre6-drihten  mln, 
"  sinees  brj'tta  ;        ]m  on  saelum  wes, 
"  gold- wine  gumena,        and  td  Gedtum  spree 
"  mildum  wordum!        Sw4  sceal  man  d6n. 
"  Be6  wi(5  Gedtas  glad,       geofena  gemjmdig ; 

1175  "  nedn  and  feorran       ])U  nu  fri'6u  hafast. 

"  Me  man  sagde,        pat  ]'u  ]>e  for  sunu  wolde 
"  here-rinc  habban.        Heorot  is  gefaelsod, 
"bedh-sele  beorhta ;       brflc  penden  ])u  m6te 
"manigra  mfeda       and  pinum  m^gum  laef 

1180  "folc  and  rice,        ponne  ]m  forS  scyle 
"  metod-sceaft  se6n.  Ic  mlnne  can 

"gladne  Hr66ulf,        pat  he  pa  geogoSe  wile 
"  arum  healdan,        gyf  pu  aer  ponne  he, 
"wine  Scildinga,       worold  oflaetest; 

1185  "  w6ne  ic,  pat  he  mid  g6de       gyldan  wille 
"  uncran  eaferan,        gif  he  pat  eal  gemon, 
"hwat  wit  t6  willan       and  td  worS-myndum 
"umbor  wesendum  aer       drna  gefremedon." 
Hwearf  ]>k  bi  bence,       paer  hjTe  byre  waeron, 

1190  Hi'^Srlc  and  Hr6(5mund,        and  haletSa  beam, 
giogO(5  atgadere ;       paer  se  g6da  sat 
Be6wulf  GeAta       be  paem  gebr6t5nun  twaem. 


11986  1 


S8  Be6wULF.  [I19a-1222 

XIX. 

Be6wulf'8  Jewelled  Collar.    The  Heroes  Rest. 

Him  was  ful  boren       and  fre6nd-la6u 

wordum  bewagned       and  wunden  gold 
1195  6stum  geedwed,        earm-hredde  twd, 

hragl  and  hringas,        heals-bed,ga  maest 

jj^ra  pe  ic  on  foldan        gefragen  habbe. 

Naenigne  ie  under  swegle       selran  hjTde 

hord-maSSum  hale(5a,        sj'SSan  Hdma  atwag 
1200  td  J>aere  bj'rhtan  byrig       Brosinga  mene, 

sigle  and  sine-fat,        searo-ntSas  fealh 

Eormenrices,        geceds  6cne  raed. 

pone  bring  hafde       Higeldc  Gedta, 

nefa  Swertinges,        nyhstan  sl6e, 
1205  siSSan  be  under  segue       sine  ealgode, 

wal-redf  werede  ;       hj-ne  Wyrd  fornam, 

sj^San  be  for  wlenco       wedn  dbsode, 

fsehSe  td  Frysum ;       be  ))d  fratwe  wag, 

eorclan-stduas       ofer  y6a  ful, 
1210  rice  )'e6den,        be  under  rande  gecranc; 

gebwearf  pd  in  Francna  fiiSm       feorh  cyninges, 

bre6st-gewaedu       and  se  bedb  somod : 

wjTsan  wig-frecan       wal  redfedon 

after  g<iS-sceare,        Gedta  le6de 
1215  bred-wie  be61don.        Heal  sw^ge  onffing. 

Wealb]>e6  mat5elode,        be6  fore  j'am  werede  sprac: 

"  Brdc  I'isses  bedges,        Be6wulf,  Ie6fa 

"  hyse,  mid  bale,        and  j'isses  hriigles  ne6t 

"  })e6d-gestre6na,        and  gepe6b  tela, 
1220  "  cen  pee  mid  criifte       and  Jjj'ssum  cnj'htum  wes 

*'  Idra  ItSc  !        ic  pe  J'iis  ledn  geman. 

"  Hafast  })u  gefered,        |'at  pe  feor  and  ne&h 


1223-1261.]  BEOWULF.  89 

"ealne  wtde-ferht5       weras  ehtigatJ, 
"efne  sw^  side       swA  sse  bebAgeS 

1225  "windige  weallas.        Wes,  fenden  \>i\  lifige, 
"aSeling  eMig!        ic  ]>e  an  tela 
"  sinc-gestre6na.        Be6  }'u  suna  mlnum 
"  daedum  gedSfe       dredm  healdende! 
"  Her  is  aeghwylc  eorl       65rum  getrywe, 

1230  "mddes  milde,        man-drihtne  hold, 

"  f egnas  s^'ndon  gefwaere,        pe6d  eal  gearo: 
"druncne  dryht-guman,       d6S  sw^  ic  bidde!" 
Eode  ]>Si  t6  setle.        paer  was  S3Tnbla  cyst, 
druncon  win  weras :       wjTd  ne  c(i(5on, 

1235  ge6-sceaft  grimme,        sw^  hit  ^gangen  wear5 
eorla  manegum,        sy88an  aefen  cwom 
and  him  HrdSgdr  gew^t       td  hofe  slnum, 
rice  t6  raste.        Reced  weardode 
unrlm  eorla,       sw^  hie  oft  aer  dydon: 

1240  benc-)7elu  beredon,       hit  geond-braeded  wear* 
beddum  and  bolstrum.        Be6r-scealca  sum 
ffts  and  fsege       flet-raste  gebedg. 
Setton  him  t6  hedfdum       hilde-randas, 
bord-wudu  beorhtan ;       paer  on  bence  was 

1245  ofer  aSelinge       y^-ges6ne 

hea^o-stedpa  helm,       hringed  byrue, 
frec-wudu  pr^onlic.        Was  fedw  hyra, 
|)at  hie  oft  waeron       an  wig  gearwe, 
ge  at  hdm  ge  on  herge,       ge  gehwa^er  fAra 

1250  efne  swylce  raaela,        swylce  hira  man-dryhtne 
pearf  gesselde;       was  se6  ]>e6d  tilu. 


40  BEOWULF.  [1262-1282 

XX. 

Grendel's  Mother  Attacks  the  Ring-Danes. 

SiGON  ])k  td  slsepe.        Sum  sAre  angeald 

aefen-riiste,        sw4  him  fiil-oft  gelamp, 

siSSan  gold-sele       Grendel  warode, 
1255  unriht  iifnde,        68  ))at  ende  becwom, 

swj'lt  after  sj'nuura.        piit  ges^'ne  wearS, 

wld-cftS  werum,        J'atte  wi'ecend  ]>Sl  gyt 

lifde  after  IdSum,        lange  J'rage 

after  gAS-ceare  ;       Grendles  mddor, 
1260  ides  aglrec-wif       ^TmSe  gemunde, 

se  ))e  water-egesan       wunian  scolde, 

cealde  stredmas,        si66an  Cain  wearS 

td  ecg-banan       dngan  br6Ser, 

faderen-mjBge ;       he  j'd  fdg  gew4t, 
1265  morSre  gemearcod       man-dredm  fle6n, 

w^sten  warode.        panon  wdc  fela 

ge6sceaft-gd,sta ;        was  l)aera  Grendel  sum, 

heoro-wearh  hetellc,        se  at  Heorote  fand 

waccendne  wer       wlges  bldan, 
1270  paer  him  aglaeca       at-graepe  wearS ; 

hwaSre  he  gemunde       miigenes  strenge, 

gim-fiiste  gife,        J'e  him  god  sealde, 

and  him  id  anwaldan       dre  gelyfde, 

fr6fre  and  fultum :        j'}''  he  j'one  fe6nd  ofercwom, 
127f  gehnaegde  helle  gdst:        |>d  he  hedn  gewAt, 

dredme  bedaeled       dedS-wlc  se6n, 

man-C3'nnes  fe6nd.        And  his  m6dor  )>d  gyt 

glfre  and  galg-m6d       gegdn  wolde 

sorh-fulne  sl6,        suna  dedS  wrecan. 
1280  Com  )'d  16  Heorote,        ]>iBT  Hring-Dene 

geond  j'iit  said  swaefun.        ])d  j'aer  s6na  wearS 

ed-hwjTft  eorlum,        8it5t5an  inne  fealh 


1283-1317.]  BEOWULF.  41 

Grendles  mddor;       was  se  gryre  lassa 

efne  swd  micle,        swA  bitS  magSa  craft, 
1285  wlg-gr3Te  wlfes       be  waepned-men, 

fonne  heoru  bunden,        hamere  gepureu, 

sweord  sw^te  fdh       swin  ofer  helme, 

ecgum  dj'htig       andweard  sciret5. 

pd  wiis  on  healle       heard-ecg  togen, 
1290  sweord  ofer  setlum,        sid-rand  manig 

hafen  handa  fast ;        helm  ne  gemunde, 

byrnan  side,        J?e  hine  se  brdga  angeat. 

He6  was  on  Afste,        wolde  At  panon 

feore  beorgan,        )>§,  he6  onfunden  was ; 
1295  hraSe  he6  aSelinga       dnne  hiifde 

faste  befangen,        pa,  he6  td  fenne  gang; 

se  was  Hr65gdre       hiileSa  le6fost 

on  geslSes  hdd       be  ssem  tweonum, 

rice  rand-wiga,        pone  pe  he6  on  raste  dbredt, 
1300  blaed-fastne  beorn.        Nas  Be6wulf  paer, 

ac  was  66er  in       aer  geteohliod 

after  m^StSum-gife       mrerum  Gedte. 

Hredm  wear6  on  Heorote.       He6  under  heolfre  genant 

ctSe  folme ;  cearu  was  geniwod 
1305  geworden  in  wieum :        ne  was  pat  gewrixle  til, 

pat  hie  on  b^  healfa       biegan  scoldon 

&e6nda  feorum.        pd  was  fr6d  cyning, 

hdr  hilde-rinc,        on  hre6n  m6de, 

sySSan  he  aldor-pegn       unl^-figendne, 
1310  pone  de6restan       deddne  wisse. 

HraSe  was  t6  b^e       Be6wulf  fetod, 

sigor-eddig  secg.        Saraod  aer-dage 

eode  eorla  sum,        aSele  cempa 

self  mid  gesiSum,        paer  se  snottra  Md, 
1315  hwaSre  him  al-walda       £efre  wille 

after  wed-spelle       wyipe  gefremman. 

Gang  ]>k  after  fldre       fjTd-wyrSe  man 


(( 
(( 


42  BEOWULF.  [1818-1348 

mid  his  hand-scale        (heal-wudu  dynede) 
]>2it  he  pone  wlsan       wordiim  hnaegde 
1320  fredn  Ingwina;        fragn  gif  him  waere 
after  ne6d-la'5u       niht  getaese. 


XXI.    Sorrow  at  Heorot  :   ^schere's  Death. 

HR6t5GAR  mat5elode,        helm  Scildinga  : 

"  Ne  frin  ]m  after  saelum !        Sorh  is  geniwod 

"  Denigea  le6dum.        Dedd  is  Ase-here, 

i325  "  Yrmenldfes       yldra  br6t)or, 

"min  rftn-wita       and  mln  raed-bora, 
eaxl-gestealla,        fonne  we  on  oiiege 
hafelan  weredon,        fonne  hniton  f66an, 
"  eoferas  cnysedan  ;        sw3'lc  scolde  eorl  wesan 

1330  '•'■  dueling  ser-gM,       swylc  Asc-here  was. 
' '  WearS  him  on  Heorote       t6  hand-banan 
"wal-goest  wafre ;       ic  ne  wdt  hwader 
"  atol  sese  wlanc       eft-sl5as  tedh, 
"  fylle  gefraegnod.        He6  \)t,  faehSe  wrac, 

1335  "  )7e  J'U  g3'stran  niht       Grendel  cwealdest 
"  )jurh  haestne  hM       heardum  clammum, 
' '  forfan  he  td  lange       le6de  mine 
"  wanode  and  wjTde.        He  at  wige  gecrang 
' '  ealdres  scyldig,        and  nu  6(5er  cwom 

1340  "  mihtig  mdn-sca8a,        wolde  hyre  maeg  wrecan^ 
"  ge  feor  hafaS       faeh^e  gestaeled, 
"  pas  pe  j'incean  miig       ])egne  monegum, 
"  se  pe  after  sinc-gyfan       on  sefan  gre6tetS, 
"  hreSer-bealo  hearde;        nu  se6  hand  ligeS, 

1345  "  se  pe  e6w  wel-hwylera       wilna  dohte. 
"  Ic  J'at  lond-bftend       le6de  mine 
"  sele-raedende       secgan  hyrde, 
"  pat  hie  gesAwon        swylce  twegen 


1349-1383.]  BEOWULF.  43 

"micle  mearc-stapan       mdras  healdan, 

1350  "  ellor-gaestas :       faera  66er  was, 

"fas  fe  hie  gewislicost       gewitan  mealiton. 
"idese  onlicnes,        66er  earm-sceapen 
"on  weres  wastmum       wrac-ldstas  trad, 
"  nafne  he  was  mdra       )ionne  aenig  man  d'Ser, 

1355  "  fone  on  gear-dagum       Grendel  nemdon 
"  fold-bAende  :        nd  hie  fader  cunnon, 
"  hwaSer  him  aenig  was       aer  dcenned 
"  djTnra  g^sta.        Hie  dygel  lond 
"  warigeat5,  wulf-hleo(5u,       windige  nassas, 

1360  "Mcne  fen-gelM,       J^aer  fyrgen-stredm 
"under  nassa  genipu       nitSer  gewiteS, 
"fl6d  under  foldan;       nis  pat  feor  heonon 
"  mll-gemearces,        fat  se  mere  standee, 
"ofer  ]>'dm  hongiaS       hvimge  bearwas, 

1365  "wudu  wjTtum  fast,       water  oferhelmatS. 

"paer  miig  nihta  gehwaem      ni8-wundor  sedn, 
"fyr  on  fl6de;        n6  fas  fr6d  leofaS 
"gumena  bearna,        fat  fone  grund  wite ; 
"  fedh  ])e  haeS-stapa       hundum  geswenced, 

1370  "heorot  hornum  trum       holt- wudu  s6ce, 
"  feorran  geflymed,        aer  he  feorh  sele«, 
"aldor  on  6fre,        aer  he  in  wille, 
"hafelan  hydan.        Nis  fat  he6ru  stdw: 
"fonon  y6-geblond        up  ^stigetS 

1375  "won  td  wolcnum,       fonne  wind  styre* 
"146  gewidru,        66  fat  lyft  drysmatS, 
"roderas  re6tat5.        Nu  is  raed  gelang 
"eft  at  fe  4num!        Eard  git  ne  const, 
"  frfecne  st6we,       faer  fu  findan  miht 
1380  "sinnigne  secg:       s6c  gif  fu  djTrel 
"Ic  fe  ]>k  faehtSe       fe6  lednige, 
"  eald-gestre6num,       sw^  ic  aer  dyde, 
"  wundnum  golde,       gyf  fu  on  weg  cymest.'* 


44  BEOWULF.  [1884-U13 

XXII. 

Beowttlf  Seeks  the  Monster  in  the  Haunts  of 

THE  Nixies. 

Be6wulf  ma^elode,       beam  Ecg))e6wes  : 
1385  "  Ne  sorga,  snotor  guma!        sfilre  bi6  aeghwaem, 

"fat  he  his  fre6nd  wrece,        J>onne  he  fela  murne ; 

"  Are  aeghwylc  sceal       ende  gebidan 

' '  worolde  lifes  ;        wyrce  se  pe  m6te 

"  ddmes  aer  dedcSe  !        piit  biS  driht-guman 
1390  "  unlifgendiim       after  sfilest. 

"  Arls,  rices  weard  ;        uton  hraSe  fSran, 

"  Grendles  m^gan       gang  scedwigan  ! 

"  Ic  hit  ]>e  gehdte:        nd  he  on  helm  losaS, 

"  ne  on  foldan  fa6m,        ne  on  fjTgen-holt, 
1395  "  ne  on  g3'fenes  grund,        gt  j'ser  he  wiilt. 

"  p3's  d6gor  I'u       ge)>yld  hafa 

"  wedna  geliwj'lces,        swd  ic  J?e  w6ne  td!" 

Ahle6p  j^d  se  gomela,        gode  j^ancode, 

mihtigan  drihtne,        pas  se  man  gespriic. 
1400  pd  was  Hr65gdre       hors  gebaeted, 

wicg  wunden-feax.        "Wisa  fengel 

geatollc  gengde  ; '      gum-fS6a  st6p 

lind-habbendra.        Ldstas  waeron 

after  wald-swaSura       wide  gesyne, 
1405  gang  ofer  grundas ;        gegnum  t'dr  pd 

ofer  mjTcan  m6r,        mago-J'egna  bar 

pone  sClestan       sdwol-ledsne, 

pdra  pe  mid  Hr6(5gdre       hdm  eahtode. 

Ofer-eode  pd       aSehnga  beam 
1410  stedp  stdn-hli(So,        stlge  nearwe, 

enge  dn-pat5as,       un-cftS  geldd, 

neowle  nassas,       nicor-hftsa  fela; 

he  fedra  sum       beforan  gengde 


1414-1448.]  BEOWULF.  45 

wtsra  monna,        wong  scedwian, 
1415  66  pat  he  fseringa       fyrgen-bedmas 

ofer  hdrne  stdn       hleonian  funde, 

wyn-ledsne  wudu ;       water  under  stdd 

dre6rig  and  gedr^fed.        Denum  eallum  was, 

winum  Scyldinga,       weorce  on  m6de, 
1420  td  gepolianne       pegne  monegum, 

oncyS  eorla  gehwa^n,       sySSan  Asc-heres 

on  pam  holm-elife        hafelan  mutton. 

F16d  bldde  we6l        (folc  td  saegon) 

hdtan  heolfre.         Horn  stundum  song 
1425  mslic  f?/rcZ-le6t5.        F6Sa  eal  gesiit; 

gesdwon  )'d  after  watere       wyrm-cynnes  fela, 

selliee  sse-dracan       sund  cunnian, 

sw^'lce  on  nas-hleotSum       nicras  licgean, 

pa  on  undern-mael       oft  bewitigatS 
1430  sorh-fulne  sl6       on  segl-rdde, 

wyrmas  and  wil-de6r ;        hie  on  weg  hruron 

bitere  and  gebolgne,        bearhtm  ongedton, 

g66-horn  galan.        Sumne  Gedta  le6d 

of  fldn-bogan       feores  getwsefde, 
1435  yS-gewinnes,        pat  him  on  aldre  st6d 

here-stral  hearda ;       he  on  holme  was 

sundes  pe  stenra,        pe  h3'ne  swylt  fornam. 

HraSe  wearS  on  5"5um       mid  eofer-spre6tiiin 

heoro-h6cyhtum       hearde  genearwod, 
1440  niSa  genseged       and  on  nas  togen 

wundorlic  waeg-bora  ;       weras  scedwedon 

gr3Telicne  gist.        G3'rede  hine  Be6wulf 

eorl-gewsedum,        nalles  for  ealdre  mearn: 

scolde  here-byrne       hondum  gebroden, 
1445  sld  and  searo-fdh,        sund  cunnian, 

se6  pe  ban-c6fan       beorgan  cftSe, 

pat  him  hilde-grdp       hreSre  ne  mihte, 

eorres  inwit-feng,        aldre  gesceSSan; 


46  BEOWULF.  [H49-U79, 

ac  se  hwita  helm       hafelan  werede, 

1450  se  pe  mere-grundas       mengan  scolde, 
sfican  sund-gebland       since  geweorSad, 
befongen  fre^-wrdsnum,        swd  bine  fyTn-dagum 
worhte  waepna  smi(5,        wundrura  te6de, 
besette  swin-licum,        ))at  hine  s^-SSan  nd 

1455  brond  ne  beado-mdcas       bltan  ne  meahton. 
Nas  ydt  J'onne  maetost       magen-fultuma, 
yat  him  on  ]»earfe  Idh       )>yle  Hr65gdres ; 
was  J'iim  haft-m6ce       Hrunting  nama, 
pat  was  dn  foran       eald-gestre6na ; 

14G0  ecg  wiis  iren        ater-tedrum  fdli, 

dh^-rded  heaSo-swdte ;        naefre  hit  at  hilde  ne  swdc 
manna  aengum       j'dra  pe  hit  mid  mundum  bewand, 
se  pe  gr^Te-siSas       geg^n  dorste, 
folc-stede  fdra;        nas  Jnit  forma  st3, 

1465  pat  hit  ellen-weorc       afnan  scolde. 
Hdru  ne  gemunde       mago  Ecgldfes 
eafoSes  craftig,        piit  he  aer  gesprac 
wine  di'unceii,        pSi  he  j'iis  waepnes  onl4h 
s61ran  sweord-frecan  :        selfa  ne  dorste 

1470  under  ySa  gewin       aldre  genfiSan, 

drilit-sc3^pe  di'e6gan  ;        j'ier  he  d6me  forleds, 
ellen-maerSum.        Ne  was  pam  6Srum  sw&, 
sySSan  he  hine  td  gftSe       gegjTcd  hiifde. 


XXI 11.    The  Battle  with  the  Water-Drake, 

Be6wulf  ma(5elode,        beam  Ecg)'e6wes : 
1475  "  gepenc  nu,  se  maera       maga  Healfdenes, 
"  snottra  fengel,        nu  ic  eom  sl6es  ffts, 
'•gold-wine  gumena,        hwat  wit  ge6  spraecon, 
"gif  ic  at  pearfe       plnre  scolde 
"aldre  linnan,        I'iit  pn  me  &  wsere 


1480-1514.]  BEOWULS".  47 

1480  "  forS-gewitfcnum       on  fader  stale; 

'  •  wes  ]>u  mund-bora  mlnum       mago-fegnum, 

"  hond-gesellum,       gif  mec  hild  nime: 

"swylce  ]>n  pd  mddmas,       ]>e  fu  me  sealdest, 

"  HrdSgdr  le6fa,       Higeldce  onsend. 
1485  "Mag  fonne  on  pam  golde  ongitan       Gedta  dryhten, 

"  gese6n  sunu  Hr^Sles,       ponne  he  on  ]>at  sine  staraS, 

"  J)at  ic  gum-cystum       g6dne  funde 

"  bedga  bryttan,        bredc  J'onne  m6ste. 

"And  pu  tTuferS  Iset       ealde  lafe, 
1490  "  wratllc  waeg-sweord       wid-cft6ne  man 

"heard-ecg  habban;       ic  me  mid  Hruntinge 

"  ddm  gewyrce,       oS6e  mec  dedS  nimeS." 

After  J>aem  wordum       Weder-Gedta  le6d 

6fste  mid  elne,        nalas  andsware 
1495  bidan  wolde ;       brim-wylm  onffeng 

hilde-rince.        pd  was  hwil  dages, 

aer  he  pone  grund-wong       ongytan  mehte. 

Sdna  pat  onfunde,        se  pe  fl6da  begong 

heoro-glfre  behe61d       hand  missera, 
1500  grim  and  graedig,        pat  paer  gumena  sum 

al-wihta  eard       ufan  cunnode. 

Grdp  pd  t6gednes,       gftS-rinc  gefSng 

atolan  clommum ;       nd  py  aer  in  gescdd 

hdlan  lice :       bring  titan  j'mb-bearh, 
1505  pat  he6  pone  fyrd-hom       purh-f6n  ne  mihte, 

locene  leoSo-syrcan       IdSan  fingi-um. 

Bar  pd  se6  brim-wylf,        pd  he6  td  botme  com, 

hringa  pengel       td  hofe  slnum, 

swd  he  ne  mihte  nd        (he  pas  m6dig  was) 
1510  waepna  gewealdan,        ac  hine  wundra  pas  fela 

swencte  on  sunde,        sae-deor  monig 

hilde-tuxum       here-syrcan  brae, 

6hton  aglaecan.        pd  se  eorl  ongeat, 

pat  he  in  niS-sele       ndt-hwylcum  was, 


48  BEOWULF.  [1515-1549. 

1515  faer  him  naenig  water       wihte  ne  8cet5ede, 

ne  him  for  hr6f-sele       hrtnan  ne  mehte 

faer-gripe  fl6des  :        fyr-le6ht  geseah, 

bl^cne  le6man       beorbte  scinan. 

Ougeat  ))d  se  g6da       griincl-wyrgenne, 
1520  mere-wif  mihtig ;        miigen-raes  forgeaf 

hilde-bille,        bond  swenge  ne  oftedh, 

pat  hire  on  hafelan        hring-mffil  Agdl 

graedig  gfi6-le65.        pd  se  gist  onfand, 

I'iit  se  beado-le6ma       bttan  nolde, 
1525  aldre  sce66an,        ac  se6  ecg  geswdc 

}'e6dne  at  J^earfe :        polode  aer  fela 

hond-gem6ta,        hebn  oft  gescar, 

faeges  fj'rd-briigl :        ])at  was  forma  slS 

de6rum  mA6me,        \>Sit  his  d6m  Alag. 
1530  Eft  was  dn-raed,        nalas  elnes  lat, 

maerSa  gemj'ndig       maeg  Hj'geldces  ; 

wearp  ]>§i  wunden-msel       wriittum  gebunden 

3Tre  oretta,        pat  hit  on  eor5an  lag, 

stl5  and  st^i-ecg ;        strenge  getrflwode, 
1535  mund-gi'ipe  magenes.        Swd  sceal  man  ddn, 

))onne  he  iit  gflSe        geg^n  J'enceS 

longsumne  lof,        nd  3-mb  his  llf  cearaS. 

Gefeng  ])§i  be  eaxle        (nalas  for  ftehSe  mearn) 

GftS-Gedta  le6d       Grendles  m6dor ; 
1540  bragd  )>d  beadwe  heard,        I'd  he  gebolgen  was, 

feorh-geniSlan,        J'jit  be6  on  flet  gebedh. 

He6  him  eft  hra15c       and-ledn  forgeald 

grimman  grdpum        and  him  t6gednes  ffeng; 

oferwearp  )'d  w6rig-m6d       wtgena  strengest, 
1545  f(65e-cempa,        )>at  he  on  fylle  wearS. 

Ofsiit  I'd  J'one  sele-gyst       and  byre  seaxe  getedh, 

brdd  and  briin-ecg       wolde  hire  beam  wrecan, 

dngan  eaferan.        Him  on  eaxle  lag 

bre6st-net  broden ;       piit  gebearh  feore, 


1650-1579.]  BEOWULF.  49 

1550  wis  ord  and  wiS  ecge       ingang  forstdd. 

Hafcle  ]jSl  forslSod       sunu  Ecg}>e6wes 

under  gj'nne  grund,        Gedta  cempa, 

nemne  him  heaSo-bp-ne       heipe  gefremede, 

here-net  hearde,        and  hdlig  god 
555  gewe61d  wig-sigor,        witig  drihten ; 

rod  era  rsedend       hit  on  ryht  gescfid, 

^elice       sySSan  he  eft  dstdd. 


XXIV.     Beowulf  Slays  the  SpRiTis. 

Geseah  ]j4  on  searwum       sige-eddig  bil, 
eald  sweord  eotenisc       ecgum  fyhtig, 

1560  wigena  weorS-mj-nd :  pat  was  waspna  cyst, 
bftton  hit  was  mdre       fonne  senig  mon  66er 
td  beadu-ldce       atberan  meahte 
g6d  and  geatolic       giganta  geweorc. 
He  gefiSng  ]^k  fetel-hilt,        freca  Scildinga, 

1565  hre6h  and  heoro-grim       hring-mael  gebragd, 
aldres  orwfina,       }Tringa  sl6h, 
))at  hire  wi6  halse       heard  grdpode, 
bdn-hringas  brae,       bil  eal  ]>urh-w6d 
faegne  flajsc-homan,       he6  on  flet  gecrong ; 

1570  sweord  was  swdtig,        secg  weoree  gefeh. 
Lixte  se  le6ma,       le6ht  inne  st6d, 
efne  swd  of  hefene       hddre  seined 
rodores  candel.        He  after  recede  wldt, 
hwearf  )>d  be  wealle,        waepen  hafenade 

(575  heard  be  hiltum       Higeldces  I'egn, 

}TTe  and  dn-rsed.        Nas  se6-  ecg  fracod 
hilde-rince,       ac  he  hraSe  wolde 
Grendle  forgyldan       gft6-raesa  fela 
pdra  \>e  he  geworhte       td  West-Denum 


50  BE6wULF.  [1580-1614. 

1580  oftor  micle       ponne  on  aenne  st5, 

|)onne  he  HrdSgdres       heorS-genedtas 

sl6h  on  sweofote,        slaepende  frat 

folces  Denigea       fyf-tyne  men 

and  65er  swylc       ftt  of-ferede, 
1585  ia(5licu  Idc.        He  him  )'as  ledn  forgeald, 

r66e  cempa,       tA  )>as  ))e  he  on  raste  geseah 

gClS-w6rigne       Grendel  licgan, 

aldor-ledsne,        sw^  him  aer  gesc6d 

hild  at  Heorote ;       hrd  wide  sprong, 
1590  sySSan  he  after  dedSe       drepe  prowade, 

heoro-sweng  heardne,        and  hine  ]>&  heAfde  becearf. 

S6na  j'iit  gesdwon       snottre  ceorlas, 

|>a  J'e  mid  Hr6{5gdre       on  holm  wliton, 

l^at  was  y"5-geblond       eal  gemenged, 
1595  brim  bl6de  fdh :       blonden-feaxe 

gomele  ymb  gddne       ongeador  spraseon, 

))at  hig  J'iis  aSelinges       eft  ne  w6ndon, 

))at  he  sige-hr68ig       s6cean  edme 

maerne  ))e6den ;        ]>&.  yds  monige  geweai^, 
1600  pjit  hine  se6  brim-wylf       Abroten  hafde. 

pa,  com  n6n  dages.        Nas  ofgedfon 

hwate  Scyldingas ;  gewdt  him  hdm  ponon 

gold-wine  gnmena.        Gistas  s6tan, 

mddes  se6ce,        and  on  mere  staredon, 
1605  wiston  and  ne  w6ndon,        j'iit  hie  heora  wine-drihten 

selfne  gesAwon,        pd  ))at  sweord  ongan 

after  heaSo-swAte       hilde-gicelum 

wig-bil  wanian ;        pat  was  wuudra  sum, 

pat  hit  eal  gemealt       Ise  gelicost, 
1610  ponne  forstes  bend        fader  onlaete5, 

onwindeS  wal-rdpas,     se  )»e  geweald  hafaS 

saela  and  maela ;        pat  is  866  metod. 

Ne  nom  he  in  )'aem  wlcum,        "Weder-Gedta  le6d, 

maSm-aehta  m&,       p6h  he  paer  monige  geseah, 


1615-1G49.]  BEOWULF.  61 

1615  bdton  l>one  hafelan        and  ]>&  hilt  somod. 

since  fdge ;  sweord  ser  gemealt, 

forbarn  broden  mael:       was  fat  bI6d  td  pas  hdt, 

Eettren  ellor-gsest,        se  paer  inne  swealt. 

S6ua  was  on  sunde,      se  ]>e  aer  at  sacce  gebM 
1620  wig-hr^Te  wrASra,       water  up  ]mrh-dedf; 

waeron  y^-gebland       eal  gefelsod, 

edcne  tardas,        )>^  se  ellor-g^st 

ofl^t  lif-dagas       and  pds  laenan  gesceaft. 

Com  ]>k  td  lande       lid-manna  helm 
1625  swl6-m6d  swymman,        sae-lAce  gefeah, 

magen-byrSenne       )'dra  |>e  he  him  mid  hafde. 

Eodon  him  ]>&.  tdgednes,        gode  pancodon, 

prySllc  pegna  hedp,        |)e6dues  gefSgon, 

]>as  I'e  hi  h3nie  gesundne       gese6n  mdston. 
1630  pd  was  of  ydm  hr6ran       helm  and  bjTne 

lungre  Mysed:       lagu  drusade, 

water  under  wolenum,       wal-dre6re  fdg. 

F^rdon  forS  ponon       f6t5e-iastum 

ferhSum  fagne,        fold-weg  mseton, 
1635  c65e  straete ;        cyning-balde  men 

from  pam  holm-clife       hafelan  baeron 

earfo^lice       heora  seghwaSrum 

fela-m6digra :        fe6wer  scoldon 

on  6am  wal-stenge       weorcum  geferian 
1640  t6  piim  gold-sele       Grendles  hedfod, 

dS  l^at  semninga       t6  sele  c6mon 

frome  f;yTd-hwate       fedwer-tyne 

Gedta  gongan;        gum-dryhten  mid 

m6dig  on  gemonge       meodo-wongas  trad. 
1645  pd  com  in  gdn       ealdor  pegna, 

dsed-cSne  mon       d6me  gewurSad, 
hale  hilde-de6r,        E[r66gdr  gr6tan  : 
pd  was  be  feaxe       on  flet  boren 
Grendles  hedfod,       paer  guman  druncon, 


62  Be6wULF.  [1650-1680. 

1650  egesllc  for  eorlum       and  \>iBre  idese  mid: 
wlite-se6n  wratllc       weras  ons&won. 


XXV.    Heothgar's  Gratitude  :  He  Discoueses. 

Be6wulf  matSelode,       beam  Ecgpedwes: 

"Hwat!   we  pe  ]>&s  sae-lAc,       sunu  Healfdenes, 

"le6d  Scyldinga,      lustum  br6hton, 
1655  "tires  td  tdcne,        pe  ]>n  her  t6  16cast. 

"le  })at  unsdfte       ealdre  gedlgde: 

"  wige  under  watere       weorc  gen63de 

"earfoSlice,        at-rihte  was 

"gd^  getwaefed,        nym^e  mec  god  scj^lde. 
1660  "  Ne  meahte  ic  at  hilde       mid  Hruntinge 

"wiht  gewyrean,        ))edh  pat  waepen  duge, 

"  ac  me  gedSe       ylda  waldend, 

"  fat  ic  on  wage  geseah       wlitig  hangian 

"  eald  sweord  edcen        (oftost  wisode 
1665  "  winigea  ledsum)        pat  ic  py  waepne  gebrad. 

"  Ofsl6h  I'd  at  paere  sacce        ()'d  me  sael  dgeald) 

"hftses  hyrdas.        pd  pat  liilde-bil 

"  forbarn,  brogden  mael,        sw4  piit  bl6d  gesprang, 

"  hdtost  hea^o-swAta:       ic  pat  hilt  panan 
1670  "  fe6ndum  atferede  ;        fjTcn-daeda  wriic, 

"  ded(5-cwealm  Denigea,        swd  hit  gedSfe  wiis, 

"  Ic  hit  pe  ponne  gehdte,        pat  pu  on  Heorote  m6st 

*'  sorh-leds  swefan       mid  j'lnra  secga  gedryht, 

"  and  pegna  gehwylc       plnra  le6da, 
1675  "  duguSe  and  iogofie,      pat  ]'U  him  ondraedan  ne  pearft, 

"  pe6den  Scyldinga,      on  pd  healfe, 

"  aldor-bealu  eorlum,        sw4  pu  aer  dydest." 

pft  was  gylden  hilt       gamelum  rince. 

hdrum  hild-fruraan,        on  hand  gyfen, 
1680  eutA  aer-geweorc,        hit  on  aeht  gehwearf 


1681-1714.]  BEOWULF.  53 

after  de6fla  hryre       Denigea  fredn, 

wundor-smiSa  geweorc,        and  \>Si  f>As  worold  ofgeaf 

grom-heort  guma,        godes  andsaca, 

morSres  scyldig,        and  his  m6dor  edc; 
1685  on  geweald  gehwearf       worold-cyninga 

)?am  s^lestan       be  saem  twe6num 

f&ra  ])e  on  Sceden-igge       sceattas  daelde. 

HrOSgdr  maSelode,       hylt  scedwode, 

ealde  IMe,       on  fam  was  6r  wi-iten 
1690  fyTn-gewinnes :        sySSan  fl6d  ofsldh, 

gifen  ge6tende,       giganta  cjn, 

frScne  gef&rdon :        )>at  was  fremde  \>e6d 

6cean  drj'htne,        him  )'as  ende-ledn 

furh  wateres  wj^m       waldend  sealde. 
1695  Swd  was  on  j^aem  scennum       sctran  goldes 

furh  rAn-stafas       rihte  gemearcod, 

geseted  and  gesaed,       hwam  pat  sweord  geworht, 

irena  cyst       aerest  wsere, 

wreoSen-hilt  and  wjTm-fdh.        p^  se  wlsa  sprSc 
1700  sunu  Healfdenes        (swigedon  ealle) : 

"  pat  la  mag  secgan,        se  pe  s65  and  riht 

"  fremeS  on  folce,        (feor  eal  gemon 

"eald  66el-weard),       }'at  ])es  eorl  waere 

"  geboren  betera!        Blaed  is  trsered 
1705  "geond  wid-wegas,       wine  min  Be6wulf, 

' '  })ln  ofer  ]'e6da  gehwylce.    Eal  )m  hit  gepyldum  healdest, 

' '  magen  mid  m6des  snyttrum,    Ic  ]>e  sceal  mine  geloestan 

"  fre6de,  sw§,  wit  furSum  sprsecon ;     ]>u  scealt  td  frdfro 

weoi'San 

''  eal  lang-twidig       le6dum  ))lnum, 
1710  "haleSum  t6  helpe.        Ne  wearS  Heremdd  swA 

"eaforum  Ecgwelan,       Ar-Scyldingum ; 

"ne  gewe6x  he  him  t6  willan,        ac  tA  wal-fealle 

"  and  t6  dedS-cwalum       Deniga  le6dum  ; 

"bredt  bolgen-m6d       be6d-genedta8, 


54  BEOWULF.  [1716-1746 

1715  "  eaxl-gesteallan,       65  J)at  he  S,na  hwearf, 
'  maere  ]>e6den.        mon-dredmum  from : 
'  \>e&.h.  ye  hine  mihtig  god       miigenes  W3'nnum, 
'  eafeSum  st6pte,        ofer  ealle  men 
'  forS  gefremede,        hwiicSere  him  on  ferhSe  gre6w 

1720  "bre6st-hord  blM-re6w :        nallas  bedgas  geaf 
'  Denum  after  ddme ;       dredm-leds  gebftd, 
'  fat  he  pjis  gewinnes       weorc  prowade, 
'  le6d-bealo  longsum.        pu  ]>e  laer  be  fon, 
'  gum-cyste  ongit !        ic  }'is  gid  be  ]>e 

1725  "  dwriic  wintrum  fr6d.        Wundor  is  t6  secganne. 
'  hft  mihtig  god       manna  c^'nne 
*  furh  sldne  sefan       sn^-ttru  bryttat5, 
'  eard  and  eorl-scipe,        he  dh  ealra  geweald. 
'  Hwilum  he  on  lufan       IseteS  hworfan 

1730  "  monnes  m6d-ge]'onc       maeran  cynnes, 
'  sele6  him  on  6(5le       eorfian  wj'nne, 
'  t6  healdanne       hle6-burh  wera, 
'  ged6S  him  swd  gewealdene       worolde  daelas, 
'  side  rice,        pat  he  his  selfa  ne  miig 

1735  "  for  his  un-sn^'ttrum       ende  gepeneean  ; 

'  wunaS  he  on  wiste,        nd  hine  wiht  dweleS, 
'  ddl  ne  yldo,        ne  him  inwit-sorh 
'  on  sefan  sweorceS,       ne  gesacu  6hwaer, 
'  ecg-hete  e6weS,        ac  him  eal  worold 

1740  "  wendetS  on  willan ;        he  )>at  w3Tse  ne  con, 
'  6S  pat  him  on  innan       ofer-hygda  dsel 
'weaxeS  and  wridacS,        ponne  se  weard  suofc's, 
'  sdwele  hyrde :        bi(5  se  slsep  t6  fast. 
'  bisgum  gebunden,        bona  swtSe  tk  dli. 

1745  "86  pe  of  fldn-bogan       fyrenuni  sct'dteft. 


1746-1774.1  BEOWULF.  56 


XXVL 

The  Discour'Se  is  Ended.  —  Be6wulf  PREPAREa 

TO  Leave. 

"  pONNE  bis  on  hret5re       under  helm  di'epen 
"  biteran  strale  :        him  bebeorgan  ne  con 
"  worn  wundor-bebodum       wergan  gdstes  ; 
"]nnceS  him  td  lytel,        l^at  he  td  lange  he61d, 

1750  "gytsaS  grom-hydig,        nallas  on  gylp  seleS 
"fatte  bedgas       and  he  ]>^  forS-gesceaft 
"  forgyteS  and  forgymeS,       I'iis  ]'e  him  ser  god  sealde. 
"wuldres  waldend,       weoi-S-mynda  dael. 
"Hit  on  ende-staf       eft  gelimpeS, 

1755  "fat  se  llc-homa       laene  gedre6set5, 
"faege  gefealleS ;       f6h(S  6«er  td, 
"  se  pe  unmurnlice       mMmas  dseletS, 
"  eorles  aer-gestre6n,        egesan  ne  gymeS. 
"  Bebeorh  ])e  j^one  bealo-nl5,        Be6wulf  le6fa, 

1760  "secg  se  betsta,        and  pe  J)at  seke  gece6s, 
"6ce  raedas;       oferhj'da  ne  gym, 
"maere  cempa!        Nu  is  );ines  magnes  blaed 
"  kne  hwile  ;       eft  s6na  biS, 
"fat  fee  Ml  0(5 ($e  ecg       eafoSes  getwaefetS, 

1765  "o6(5e  fyres  feng       ot56e  fl6des  wylm, 
"  o56e  gripe  mfices       o6Se  gdres  fliht, 
"oS6e  atol  yldo,        o56e  edgena  bearbtm 
"forsiteb  and  forsworceS  ;        semninga  bi6, 
"  fat  )'ec,  dryht-guma,        dedt5  oferswySeS. 

1770  "  Swd  ic  Hring-Dena       hund  missera 

"  we61d  under  wolcnum,        and  hig  wige  beledc 
"manigum  msegSa       geond  fysne  middan-geard, 
"  ascum  and  ecgum,        fat  ic  me  senigne 
"under  swegles  begong       gesacan  ne  tealde. 


56  BEdWULF.  [1776- 18C9 

177i  "Hwat!   me  J^as  on  651e       edwenden  cwom, 

•'g3Tu  after  gomene,        seoSSan  Grendel  wearS, 

"  eald-gewinna,        in-genga  mln  : 

' '  ic  )>aere  s6cne       singales  wiig 

"  mdd-ceaie  raicle.        piis  sig  metode  J^anc, 
1780  "  6cean  diihtne,        Jias  J^e  ic  on  aldre  gebM, 

"  jjat  ic  on  fone  hafelan       heoro-dre6rigne 

"  ofer  eald  gewin       edgum  starige  ! 

"  G^  nu  td  setle,        S3"mbel-w3-nne  dre6h 

"  wigge  weorSad  :       unc  sceal  worn  fela 
1785  "  mdSma  gemaenra,        siSSan  morgen  h\6." 

Gedt  was  glad-mdd,       ge6ng  s6na  td, 

setles  ne6san,        swd  se  snottra  hfiht. 

pd  was  eft  swA  aer       ellen-rdfum, 

flet-sittendum       fagere  gereorded 
1790  ni6wan  stefne.        Niht-helm  geswearc 

deorc  ofer  drjht-guraura.        DuguS  eal  drds ; 

wolde  blonden-feax       beddes  ne6san, 

gamela  Scylding.       Gedt  ungemetes  wel, 

r6fne  rand-wlgan       restan  l^ste  : 
1795  s6na  him  sele-]'egn       slSes  w^rgum, 

feorran-cundum        forS  wlsade, 

se  for  andrysnum       oalle  beweotede 

jiegnes  j'earfe,        swylce  \>y  d6gore 

bedfio-llfiende        habban  scoldon. 
1800  Reste  hine  1)^,  rflm-lieort;       reced  hlifade 

gedp  and  gold-fdh,        giist  inne  swiif, 

66  pat  hrefn  blaca       lieofones  wj'nne 

bllfi-heort  bodode.        ]U  com  beorht  sunne 

scacan  ofer  grundas;       scaSan  onetton, 
1805  waeron  afielingas       eft  t6  lc6dum 

fftse  td  farenne,        wolde  feor  ))anon 

cuma  collcn-ferhfi        ce61es  ne6san. 

HCht  I'd  se  hearda       Hrunting  beran, 

sunu  Ecgldfes,        h6ht  his  sweord  niman. 


1810-1840.]  BEOWULF.  57 

1810  le6flic  Iren  ;       sagde  him  )'as  lednes  jianc, 

cwaS  he  fone  gtiS-wine       gddne  tealde, 

wlg-craftigne,        nales  wordum  Idg 

m6ces  ecge :        J'iit  was  m6dig  secg. 

And  ]>Si  siS-frome       searwum  gearwe 
1815  wlgeud  wseron,        eode  weorS  Denum 

aSeling  t6  yppan,        paer  se  6Ser  was 

hale  hilde-de6r,        Hr6t5gar  gr^tte. 


XXVII.     The  Paktinq  Words. 

Be6wulf  maSelode,       beam  Ecg})e6wes : 
"  Nu  we  S8e-li(5end       secgan  w^'llaS 

1820  "  feon'an  cumene,        jmt  we  fundiaS 
"  Higelic  sScan.        Waeron  her  tela 
' '  willum  bewenede  ;       |ju  As  wel  dohtest. 
"  Gif  ic  j'onne  on  eorSan       6wihte  mag 
"  jiinre  m6d-lufan       mfiran  tilian, 

1825  "gumena  diyhten,        ponne  ic  g3't  d^'de, 
"  gftS-geweorca       ic  be6  gearo  s6na. 
"  Gif  ic  ydt  gefricge       ofer  fldda  begang, 
"  pat  )'ec  ymbe-sittend       egesan  ))ywa5, 
"  sw4  ]>ec  hetende       hwilum  djdon, 

1830  "  ic  ])e  fftsenda       fegna  bringe, 

"  haleSa  td  helpe.        Ic  on  Higeldce  wdt, 
"  Gedta  dryhten,        |'edh  ])e  he  geong  sy, 
"  folces  h3Tde,        ])at  he  mec  fremman  wile 
"wordum  and  worcum,       yat  ic  ]>e  wel  herige, 

1835  "  and  ]'e  td  ge6ce       gdr-holt  here 

"  magenes  fultum,        )>aer  ])e  biS  manna  fearf; 
"gif  him  I'onne  HrfrSric       td  hofum  Gedta 
"ge]'inge^,  j^eddnes  beam,       he  mag  fger  fela 
"  fre6nda  findan  :        feor-cySSe  be66 

1840  "  sMran  gesdhte       i?am  ]>e  him  selfa  dedh." 


58  BEOWULF.  [1841-1876 

Hrd(5gAr  ma^elode       him  on  andsware : 
"  pe  ]>&,  word-cw3-das       wittig  drihten 
"on  sefan  sende !        ne  hyrde  ic  snotorltcor 
"on  swd  geongum  feore       guman  j>ingian : 

1845  "  J'u  eart  magenes  Strang       and  on  m6de  fr6d, 
"  wis  word-cwida.        W6n  ic  talige, 
"  gif  J^at  gegange^,        ]>'dt  \>e  gdr  n3'met5, 
"  hild  heoru-grirame       HrfeSles  eaferan, 
"  ddl  otS6e  Iren       ealdor  ]'lnne, 

1850  "  folces  h3Tde,        and  fu  pin  feorh  hafast, 
' '  J^at  ]>e  SjB-Gedtas       s61ran  nabben 
"  td  gece6senne       cyning  aenigne, 
"  hord-weard  hiileSa,        gif  |'u  healdan  wylt 
"  mAga  rice.        Me  j'ln  m6d-sefa 

1855  "licaS  long  swA  wel,       le6fa  Be6walf: 

"hafast  )m  geffired,        )'at  j'dm  folcura  sceal, 
"  Gedta  lc6dum       and  Gdr-Denum 
"sib  gem.ienum       and  sacu  restan, 
"  inwit-nlcSas,        J'e  hie  ser  dragon; 

1860  "  wesan,  J'enden  ic  wealde       widan  ilces, 
"  mAcSmas  gemaene,        manig  65erne 
' '  g6dum  gegrfitan        ofer  ganotes  ba6  ; 
' '  sceal  hring-naca       ofer  hedftn  bringan 
"lAc  and  hif-tdcen.        Ic  ]>&.  Ie6de  wdt 

1865  "ge  wi6  fe6nd  ge  wiS  fre6nd        faste  geworhte 
"  seghwas  untaele        ealdo  wtsan." 
pd  git  him  eorla  hle6       inne  gesealde, 
macro  Healfdenes       mdSmas  twelfe, 
h6t  hine  mid  |'aem  Idcum       le6dc  swaese 

1870  s6cean  on  gesyntum,        snAde  eft  cuman. 
Gecyste  |>d       cyning  aSehim  g6d, 
)7e6den  Scildinga,      pegen  betstan 
and  be  healse  gcnam  ;       hruron  him  teiras, 
blonden-feaxum :       him  was  bega  w6n, 

1875  ealdum  infr6dum,       6t5res  swlSor, 


1876-1903.]  BEOWULF.  59 

pat  hi  seot56an       gese6n  m6ston 
ra6clige  on  meSle.        "Was  him  se  man  td  fon  le6f, 
pat  he  pone  bre6st-w3'lm       forberan  ne  mehte, 
ac  him  on  hreSre       hyge-bendum  fast 

1880  after  de6rum  men       d^Tne  langaS 

beorn  wi5  bl6de.        Him  Be6wulf  panan, 
gftS-rinc  gold-wlanc       griis-moldan  trad, 
since  hr^mig:        sse-genga  bdd 
dgend-fredn,        se  pe  on  ancre  rM. 

1885  pd  was  on  gange       gifu  Hr65gdres 
oft  geaehted :        pat  was  dn  cyning 
jeghwas  orleahtre,       dS  pat  hine  yldo  benam 
magenes  wynnum,       se  pe  oft  manegum  scdd. 


XXVIII. 

Beowulf  Returns  to  Geatland. — The  Queens 
Hygd  and  Thrytho. 

CwoM  pa  td  fl6de       fela-mddigra 
1890  hag-stealdra  liedp;       hring-net  baeron, 

locene  leoSo-s^Tcan.        Land-weard  onfand 

eft-slS  eorla,        sw^  he  aer  dyde ; 

nd  he  mid  hearme       of  hliSes  nosan 

gastos  grfitte,        ac  him  tdgednes  rM ; 
1895  cwaS  ])at  wilcuman       Wedera  le6dum 

scawan  sclr-hame       td  scipe  fdron. 

pA  was  on  sande       sae-gedp  naca 

hladen  here-wsedum,       hringed-stefna 

mearum  and  md^mum :       mast  hlifade 
1900  ofer  HrdSg^res       hord-gestre6num. 

He  ]'am  bdt-wearde       bundeu  golde 

swurd  gesealde,       pat  he  sySSan  was 

on  meodu-bence       nid(5me  py  weorSra, 


HO  BE(5WULF.  [1904- n)38 

yrfe-ldfe.         Gewdt  him  on  ^9"-nacan, 
1905  drefan  de6p  water,        Dena  land  ofgeaf. 

pd  was  be  maste        mere-hiiigla  sura, 

segl  sdle  fast.        Sund-wudu  |'uncde, 

r\6  I'fier  \v6g-flotan        wind  ofcr  y(^nm 

siSes  getwiBfde  ;        sae-genga  f6r, 
1910  fledt  ffimig-heals       forS  ofer  jiJe, 

bnnden-stefna       ofer  brim-stredmas, 

fat  hie  Gedta  clifu       ongitan  meahton, 

cASe  nassas.        Ce61  np  geprang, 

h-ft-geswenced       on  lande  st6d. 
1915  HraSe  wiis  iit  holme       hyS-weard  gearo, 

se  pe  ser  lange  tld,        le6fra  manna 

ffts,  at  faro6e       feor  wlAtode ; 

Sffilde  t6  sande       sld-HiSme  scip 

oiieer-bendnm  fiist,        ]>y  las  hjTn  ^a  I'ryra 
1920  wudu  wj'nsuman       forwrecan  meahte. 

Hfit  ]'A  np  beran        aSelinga  gestreOn, 

friitwe  and  fat-gold ;        nils  him  feor  ))anon 

t6  gesecanne        sinces  br^-ttan  : 

Higeldc  HrSSling       ))8er  at  hdm  wunaS, 
1925  selfa  mid  geslSum       sae-wealle  nedh; 

bold  was  betlic,        brego-r6f  cyning, 

bed  071  healle,        Hj'gd  swlSe  geong, 

wis,  wel-]nmgen,        J^edh  ))e  wintra  l3i; 

under  burh-locan       gebiden  hiibbe 
1930  HareSes  debtor:        nas  hi6  hndh  swd  J'edh, 

ne  t6  gnedS  gifa       Gedta  le6dura, 

md6m-gestre6na.        M6d  pry6o  wag, 

fremu  folces  cw6n,        firen  ondrysne : 

nrenig  pat  dorste       de6r  gen65an 
1935  swaesra  geslSa,        nefne  sin-fred, 

ydt  hire  an  diiges       edgum  starede ; 

ac  him  wal-bende       weotode  tealde, 

hand-gewri(5ene  :        hraSe  seo^^an  was 


1939-1968.]  BEOWULF.  61 

after  mund-gripe       mfice  gej'inged, 
1940  pat  hit  scea3en-mael       sc3Tan  mdste, 

cwealm-bealu  cy(5an.        Ne  bit5  swylc  cwfinhi  peiw 

idese  td  efnanne,        J>edh  ]>e  hi6  senllcu  sf, 

Jjatte  freotSu-webbe       feores  onsace 

after  llge-torne       le6fue  mannan. 
1945  Hftru  ])at  onh6hsnode       Heminges  maeg; 

ealo  drineende       6Ser  saedan, 

pat  hi6  le6d-bealewa       las  gefremede, 

inwit-nlSa,        sySSan  aerest  wear5 

g3'fen  gold-hroden       geongum  cempan, 
1950  aSelum  di6re,        sySSan    hi6  Offan  flet 

ofer  fealone  Add       be  fader  Idre 

slt5e  gesdhte,        paer  hi6  syt56an  wel 

in  gum-st61e,       g6de  maere, 

llf-gesceafta       lifigende  bredc, 
1955  hi61d  hedh-lufan       wiS  hale'Sa  brego, 

ealles  mon-cynnes       mine  gefraege 

pone  s61estan       bl  saem  twe6num 

eormen-e^'nnes  ;        forpam  Offa  was 

geofum  and  g<i(5um       gdr-c6ne  man, 
i960  wide  geweorSod  ;        wisd6me  he61d 

6Sel  sinne,       ponon  E6maer  wdc 

haleSum  t6  Iielpe,       Heminges  maeg, 

nefa  Gdrmundes,        nlSa  craftig. 


XXIX.     His  Aerival.     Hygelac's  Reception, 

Gewat  him  p4  se  hearda       mid  hia  hond-scole 
1965  sylf  after  sande       sae-wong  tredan, 
wide  waroSas.        Woruld-candel  sc4a, 
sigel  sft(5an  fds:       hi  stS  dragon, 
elne  geeodon,        td  pas  pe  eorla  hied, 


62  BEOWULF.  [196^-2003. 

bonan  Ongen))e6wes       burgum  on  innan, 
1970  geongne  gtiS-cyning       g6dne  gefrunon 

hringas  daelan.        Higeldce  was 

stS  Be6wulfes       snftde  gecySed, 

fat  )»aer  on  worSig       wlgendra  hle6, 

lind-gestealla       lifigende  cwom, 
1975  hea(5o-ldces  hil       td  hofe  gongan. 

HraSe  was  gerymed,        swd  se  rlca  bebeM, 

fSSe-gestum       flet  innan-weard. 

Gesat  pd  wi6  sylfne,        se  f>d  siicce  genas, 

maeg  wi6  maege,        sy(5(5an  man-dryliten 
1980  furh  lile66or-cw3-de  holdne  gegrSttc 

meaglum  wordum.        Meodu-scencum 

hwearf  geond  ydt  reced       Hiire^es  d6htor: 

lufode  l>d  le6de,        116-waege  bar 

haelum  t6  handa.        Higeldc  ongan 
1985  slnne  geseldan       in  sele  pam  hedn 

fagre  fricgean,       hyne  fyrwet  brae, 

hwylce  Sse-Gedta       slSas  waeron : 

"  HA  lomp  e6w  on  IMe,       le6fa  Bi6wulf, 

' '  \>Si  ]m  faeringa       feorr  gehogodest, 
1990  "  sacce  sficean       ofer  sealt  water, 

"Wide  t6  Hiorote?        Ac  pu  Hr66gare 

"  wld-cft(5ne  wedn       wihte  gebfittest, 

"  maerum  ))e6dne?        Ic  ]>as  ra6d-ceare 

"  sorh-w3'lmum  sedt5,        sl5e  ne  trftwode 
1995  "  le6fes  mannes  ;       ic  ]>e  lange  bad, 

"  pat  )'U  pone  wal-gaest       wihte  ne  grfitte, 

"  16te  SflS-Dene       sylfe  geweorSan 

"g<i(5e  wis  Grendel.        Gode  ic  I'anc  secge, 

"  pas  pe  ic  pe  gesundne       gese6n  ra6ste." 
2000  Bi6wulf  matSelode,       beam  Ecgpi6wes : 

"  pat  is  undjTne,        dryhten  HigelAc, 

"  TTicere  gemfiting       monegum  fira, 

"  hwylc  orleg-hwH       uncer  Grendles 


2004-2032.]  BEOWULF.  63 


2005 


2010 


2015 


2020 


2025 


2030 


'wears  on  pam  wange,       faer  he  worna  fela 

'  Sige-Scildingum       sorge  gefremede, 

'  ynnSe  td  aldre  ;       ic  J'iit  eal  gewrac, 

'  sw4  ne  gj^lpan  }>earf       Grendeles  mdga 

'  oenig  ofer  eorSan       uht-hlem  fone, 

'  SB  fe  lengest  leofaS       IdSan  cynnes, 

'  fenne  bifongen.        Ic  fser  furSum  cwom, 

'  td  J>am  hring-sele       Hr6(5gdr  gr6tan : 

'  s6na  me  se  msera,       mago  Healfdenes, 

'  sy^San  he  mdd-sefan       mtnne  cASe, 

'  wis  his  sylfes  sunu       setl  getaehte. 

'  "Weorod  was  on  wj-nne ;       ne  seah  ic   wldan    feorh 

'  under  heofenes  hwealf       heal-sittendra 

'medu-dredm  miran.        Hwilum  maeru  cw6n. 

'  friSu-sibb  folca       flat  eall  geond-hwearf, 

'  baedde  byre  geonge  ;        oft  hi6  bedh-wriSan 

'  secge  sealde,       aer  hi6  t6  setle  ge6ng. 

'  Hwilum  for  duguSe       ddhtor  HrdSg^res 

'  eorlum  on  ende       ealu-waege  bar, 

'  f  d  ic  Freeware       flet-sittende 

'  nemnan  hjrde,        ]>ser  hi6  nligled  sine 

'  haleSum  sealde  :        si6  gehdten  was, 

'  geong  gold-hroden,       gladum  suna  FrAdan ; 

'hafaS  pas  geworden       wine  Scyldinga 

'rices  h^Tde       and  I'iit  raed  talaS, 

'  fat  he  mid  py  wife       wal-faehSa  dael, 

'  sacca  gesette.        Oft  nd  seldan  hwaer 

'  after  le6d-liiyre       lytle  hwlle 

'bon-gdr  btigeS,       pedh  8e6  bryd  dugel 


64 


BEOWULF. 


[2033-2063 


XXX.     Be6wtjlf's  Story  of  the  Slayinqs, 


2035 


2040 


2045 


2050 


2055 


2060 


Mag  ])as  jjonne  ofj'yncan       }'e6den  HeaSobeardna 

and  j'egna  gehwum       )'dra  le6da, 

fjonne  he  mid  faemnan       on  flett  gaeS, 

dryht-bearn  Dena       duguSa  biwenede  : 

on  him  gladiaS       gomelra  Idfe 

heard  and  hring-mael,        Hea6obeardna  gestre6n, 

J^enden  hie  ])dm  waepnum       wealdan  radston, 

63  ]>at  hie  forlaeddan       t6  pam  lind-plegan 

swaese  geslSas       ond  h3Ta  S3'lfra  feorh. 

ponne  cwi6  at  be6re,        se  ]>e  bedh  gesyht5, 

eald  asc-wtga,        se  )>e  eall  geman 

g^r-cwealm  gumena        (him  biS  grim  sefa), 

onginneS  ge6mor-m6d       geongne  cempan 

fnrh  hreSra  geh^'gd       higes  cunnian, 

wig-bealu  weccean       and  J>at  word  AcwjiS : 

'  Meaht  )m,  min  wine,        mfice  geendwan, 

'  })one  J'in  fiider       t6  gefeohte  bar 

'  under  here-grlman       hindeman  sl(5e, 

'  dyre  iren,       paer  hyne  Dene  sl6gon, 

'  we61don  wiil-st6we,        S3i53an  wi6er-gyld  lag, 

'after  hiileSa  hr3Te,        hwate  Scylduugas? 

'  Nu  her  })Ara  banena       hyre  ndt-hwylces, 

'  friitwum  hrSmig       on  flet  gaeS, 

'  morSres  g3'lpe6       and  pone  mA65um  byreS, 

'  pone  pe  pu  mid  rihte       raedan  sceoldest ! ' " 

Mana'6  swd  and  myndgaS       msela  gehwjice 

s^rum  wordum,        65  pat  sael  C3'me(5, 

pat  se  faemnan  pegn       fore  fader  daedum 

after  billes  bite       bl6d-fdg  swefeS, 

ealdres  sc3'ldig ;        him  se  63er  ponan 

losat*  'ifigende,        con  him  land  geare. 


2064-2098.]  BEOWULF.  65 

"ponne  bi66  brocene       on  b4  healfe 
.2065  "  a,6-sweord  eorla;       sy^^an  Ingelde 

"  weallaS  wal-niSas       and  him  wlf-lufan 
"after  cear-walmum       cdban  weorSaS. 
'■'■py  ic  HeaSobeardna       hj'ldo  ne  telge, 
"  dr3'ht-sibbe  dael       Denum  unfaecne, 

2070  "  fre6nd-scipe  fastne.        Ic  sceal  for6  sprecan 
"  gen  ymbe  Grendel,       fat  ]m  geare  cunne, 
"  sinces  br^'tta,        t6  hwan  sySSan  wearS 
"  hond-rses  haleSa.        S}i5San  heofones  gim 
"glM  ofer  grundas,       gast  jTi-e  cwom, 

2075  "  eatol  aefen-grom,        Aser  ne6san, 
"  pser  we  gesunde       sal  weardodon; 
"  f  aer  was  Hondsci6       hild  onssege, 
"  feorh-bealu  faegum,       he  fyrmest  lag, 
"gjTded  cempa;       him  Grendel  wearS, 

2080  "  maerum  magii-])egne       td  mftS-bonan, 
' '  le6fes  mannes       He  eall  forswealg. 
"  N6  ]>y  aer  tt  ]>k  gen       idel-hende 
"'  bona  bl6dig-td5       bealewa  gemyndig, 
"  of  )>am  gold-sele        gongan  wolde, 

2085  "  ac  he  magnes  r6f       mln  costode, 

"  gi-dpode  gearo-folm.        G16f  hangode 
' '  sid  and  sj'llle       searo-bendum  fast, 
"  si6  was  orponcum       eaU  geg^Twed 
"  de6fles  craffcum       and  dracan  fellum  : 

i090  "he  mec  paer  on  innan       unsj-nnigne, 
"  di6r  daed-fruma,       ged6n  wolde, 
"manigra  sumne :       h^'t  ne  mihte  sw4, 
"  sy^San  ic  on  yn-e       upp-riht  dstdd. 
"  Td  lang  3's  t6  reccenne,        hft  ic  )>am  le6d-sceaSan 

2095  "yfla  gehwylces       ond-le^n  forgeald ; 
"  faer  ic,  ])e6den  mln,       fine  le6de 
"  "weoi^ode  weorcum.        He  on  weg  losade, 
*'lytle  hwlle       llf-wj'nna  bredc; 


gg  BE6wULF.  [2099-2133. 

"  hwaSre  him  si6  swiSre       swabe  weardacle 
2100  "hand  on  Hiorte       and  he  hedn  ])onan, 

"  m6des  gedraor       mere-grund  gefe611. 

"  Me  ]'one  wal-rses       wine  Scildunga 

"  fiittan  golde       fela  lednode, 

"manegum  maSmum,        sj^ScSan  raergen  com 
2105  "  and  yre  td  symble       geseten  hafdon. 

"pier  was  gidd  and  gle6 ;       gomela  Scilding 

"  fela  fricgende        feorran  rehte  ; 

"  hwihim  hilde-de6r       hearpan  w3-nne, 

"gomen-wudu  grfitte ;       hwiUim  gyd  awrac 
2110  "s6S  and  sarlio ;        hwilum  syllic  spell 

"rehte  after  rihte        rAm-heort  cyning. 

"Hwilum  eft  ongan       eldo  gebunden, 

"gomel  gftS-wlga       gioguSe  cwt(5an 

' '  hilde-strengo ;       hreSer  inne  we611, 
2115  "  fonne  he  wintrum  frdd       worn  gemunde. 

"  Sw^  we  I'aer  inne        andlangne  dag 

"  ni6de  ndman,        6tS  ])at  niht  becwom 

"66er  td  yldum.        p4  was  eft  hrac5e 

"  gearo  gjTn-wi'ace       Grendeles  m6dor, 
2120  "siSode  sorh-fuU;        sunn  dedS  fornam, 

"  wlg-hete  Wedra.        Wlf  unhyre 

"hj're  beam  gewrac,       beorn  dcwealde 

"  ellenllce  ;        j'ser  was  Asc-here, 

"fr6dan  fyrn-witan,        feorh  iiSgenge; 
2125  "n6(Ser  hy  hine  ne  mdston,        sjiSSan  mergen  cwom, 

"  ded5-w6rigne       Denia  le6de 

"  bronde  forbiirnan,        ne  on  bsel  hladan 

"le6fne  mannan :        hi6  J'iit  lie  atbar 

"  fe6ndes  fsc6mum       under  firgen-stredm. 
2130  "pat  was  HrdSgAre       hre6wa  tornost 

"  l^dra  ]'e  le6d-fruman       lange  begedte  ; 

"  ))4  se  J'e6den  mec       J'lne   life 

"healsode  hre6h-m6d,        )'at  ic  on  holma  gearing 


t 


2134-2160.]  BEOWULF.  67 

"  eorl-scipe  efnde,        ealdre  geneSde, 
2135  "  maerSo  fremede :        he  me  mMe  gehfit. 
"  Ic  }>^  pas  wiilmes,        }>e  is  wide  c<i(5, 
"  grimue  gryrelicne       grund-hjTde  fond. 
"  paer  unc  hwile  was       hand  gemsene  ; 
' '  holm  heolfre  we611       and  ic  hedfde  becearf 
2140  "in  )'am  grund-^Q\Q       Grendeles  m6dor 
"  edcnum  ecgum,        unsdfte  ponan 
"  feorh  dSferede ;        nas  ic  foege  pd  gyt, 
"  ac  me  eorla  hle6       eft  gesealde 
"  mdSma  menigeo,        maga  Healfdenes. 


XXXI. 

He  gives  Pkesents  to  Hygelac.     Hygelao 

Rewards  Him.     Hygelac's  Death. 

Beowulf  Reigns. 

2145  "  SwA  SB  |)e6d-kymng       fedwum  lyfde  ; 
"  nealles  ic  )'dm  lednum       forloren  hafde, 
"  magnes  mMe,     ac  he  me  mdSmas  geaf, 
"  sunu  Healfdenes,       on  s^inne  sylfes  ddm  ; 
"  |)d  ic  J'e.  beorn-cyning,        bringan  w^'lle, 

2150  "  6stum  geywan.        Gen  is  eall  at  pe 
' '  lissa  gelong :        ic  lyt  hafo 
"  hedfod-mdga,        nefne  Hygeldc  fee!" 
H6t  ])d  in  beran        eafor,  hedfod-segn, 
hea"8o-stedpne  helm,        hdre  byrnan, 

2155  g<i6-sweord  geatolic,        gyd  after  wrac: 
"Me  pis  hilde-sceorp       Hr6Sgdr  sealde, 
"  snotra  fengel,        snme  worde  h6t, 
"  pat  ic  his  aerest       pe  eft  gesagde, 
' '  cwaS  pat  hyt  hafde        Hiorogdr  cj'ning, 

2160  "  Ie6d  Scyldunga        lange  hwile: 


t)8  Beowulf.  [2161-2196. 

"  n6  ])f  aer  suna  slnum       syllan  wolde, 

"  hwatum  Heorowearde,        ])edh  he  him  hold  waere, 

"  bre6st-gewaedu.        Brdc  ealles  well!" 

Hyrde  ic  pat  )'dm  friitwum       fe6wer  mearas 
165  lungre  geliee       l^st  weardode, 

iippel-fealuwe ;        he  him  6st  getedh 

meara  and  mdSma.        Swd  sceal  maeg  ddn, 

nealles  inwit-net       6Srum  bregdan, 

d3Taum  crafte       dedS  v^nian 
170  hond-gesteallan.        Hygeldee  was, 

nl6a  heardum,        nefa  sw^'Se  hold 

and  gehwa5er  dfirum  "    hrdSra  gemyndig. 

H^'i'de  ic  j'iit  he  j'one  heals-bedh       H^'gde  gesealde, 

wratl!cne  wundur-md55um,     |>one  pc  him  Wealli|)e6  geaf, 
2175  )'e6dnes  d6htor,        |)n6  wicg  somod 

swancor  and  sadol-beorht ;        hyre  s^iSSan  was 

after  bedh-}>ege       bre6st  geweorSod. 

SwA  bealdode       beam  Ecg|'e6wes, 

guma  gftSum  cflS,        g6dum  doedum, 
2180  dredh  iifter  d6me,        nealles  druncne  slAg 

heorS-geuedtas ;        nils  him  hre6h  sefa, 

ae  he  man-c3'nnes        maeste  crafte 

gin-fastan  gife,        j)e  him  god  sealde, 

he61d  hilde-de6r.        Hedu  was  lange, 
il85  swd  hyue  Gedta  beam        g6dne  ne  tealdon, 

ne  h3'ne  on  medo-bence       micles  w3TSne 

drihten  wereda       ged6n  wolde  ; 

swj^e  oft  sdgdon,        J)at  he  sleac  waere, 

aSeling  uufrom  :        edweuden  cwora 
2130  tlr-eadigum  menn        torna  gehw3'lces. 

H6t  I'd  eorla  hle6       in  gefetian, 

hea(So-r6f  C3'ning,        Hr651es  Idfe, 

golde  geg3'rede ;        nas  mid  Gedtum  )'& 

8inc-md56um  s61ra       on  sweordes  hdd ; 
2195  {jat  he  on  Bi6wulfes       bearm  dlegde. 


2196-2226.]  BEOWULF.  69 

and  him  gesealde       seofan  pftsendo, 

bold  and  brego-st61.        Him  was  bdm  samod 

on  ])am  le6d-scipe       lond  gecynde, 

eard  65el-riht,        6Srum  swtSor 
2200  side  rice,        ]'ara  j'ser  sfilra  was. 

Eft  ydt  geiode       ufarau  ddgrum 

hilde-liliimmum,        sySSan  H^'geldc  lag 

and  Heardrfide       hilde-mdceas 

under  bord-lire6(^an       td  bonan  wurdon, 
2205  ))d  hyne  gesdhtan       on  sige-)5e6de 

hearde  hilde-frecan,        Heat5o-Scilfingas, 

nlSa  gensegdan       nefan  Hererlces. 

Syti8an  Be6wulfe       brdde  rice 

on  baud  gehwearf:       he  gehe61d  tela 
2210  fiftig  wintru        (was  j)d  frdd  cyning, 

eald  6c5el-weard),        6(5  J^at  dn  ongan 

deoreum  nihtum        draca  ricsian, 

se  |)e  on  heh'e  hce^e       hord  beweotode, 

stdn-beorh  stedpue :        stig  under  lag, 
2215  eldum  uncftS.        paer  on  innan  gi6ng 

ni^a  ndt-hvrylces       neode  gef6ng 

haetinum  liorde       bond  .  d  .  .  gep  .  .  hwylc 

since  fAhne,       he  ]>'dt  s3i5San 

.  .  .  J) .  .  .  IS  . )) .  .  1  •  g 
2220  slaepende  be  fyie,        fjo-ena  hyrde 

fe6fes  crafte,        I'iit  sie  .  .  .  .  SioS 

.  idh  .  folc-beorn,       ]>ai  he  gebolgen  was. 


XXXII.    The  Fire-Drake.     The  Hoard. 

Nealles  mid  geweoldum       wyrm-horda  .  .  .  craft 
sdhte  sylfes  willum,        se  ]>e  him  sdre  gesce6d, 
2225  ac  for  pred-nfidlan       pedw  ndt-hwylces 
haleSa  beama       hete-swengeas  fledb. 


70  BEOWULF.  [2227-2261. 

for  ofer-]}ea.rfe       and  J^aer  inne  fealh 

secg  syn-bysig.        Sdna  in  )?a  tide 

I'at, fam  gyste        .  .  .  .  br  .  g  .  st6d, 

2230  hwii(5re  earm-sceapen 

.  .  t5 .  .  .  sceapen  o  .  .  .  .  i  r  .  .  e  se  faes  begeat, 
sine-fat  geseah:       ]>seT  was  swylcra  fela 
in  fam  eorS-scrdfe       aer-gestre6na, 
swk  hy  on  gedr-dagum       gumena  ndt-hwylc 

2235  eormen-ldfe       aSelan  cynnes 
]janc-hycgende       J)aer  geh^'dde, 
de6re  maSmas.        Ealle  hie  dedS  fornam 
aerran  maelum,        and  se  tn  ]>&  gen 
le6da  duguSe,        se  j^aer  lengest  hwearf, 

2240  weard  wine-gedmor       wiscte  ))as  3'ldan, 
fat  he  lytel  fac       long-gestre6na 
brftean  mdste.        Beorh  eal  gearo 
wunode  on  wonge       water-y6um  ne4h, 
niwe  be  nasse       nearo-criiftum  fast : 

2245  ])ser  on  innan  bar       eorl-gestre6na 
hringa  hj'rde       hard-fyrdne  dael 
fattan  goldes,        fed  worda  cwa6  : 
"  Heald  |)u  nu,  liriise,       nu  haletS  ne  ni6ston, 
"eorla  aehte.        Hwat!    hit  aer  on  fe 

2250  "g6de  begedton ;       gAS-ded^  fornam, 
"  feorh-bealo  frCcne       fjTa  gehwylcne, 
"le6da  mlnra,        pdra  pe  pis  Z?/ ofgeaf, 
"gesdwon  sele-dredm.        Ndh  hwd  sweord  wege 
"  o6(5e  fetige       flited  wgege, 

2255  ' '  drync-fat  de6re  :        duguS  ellor  sc6c. 
"  Sceal  se  hearda  helm       %rsted  golde 
''fatum  befeallen:        feormiend  swefatS, 
"  )'d  ]>e  beado-griman       b}-wan  seeoldon, 
"ge  swylce  se6  here-pM,        si6  at  hilde  gebdd 

2260  "  ofer  borda  gebriic       bite  irena, 

"brosnaS  after  beorne.        Ne  mag  byrnan  hring 


2262-2296.]  BEOWULF.  71 

' '  after  wig-fruman       wide  ffiran 

"  haleSum  be  healfe  ;        nas  hearpan  wyn, 

"gomen  gle6-bedmes,        ne  g6d  hafoc 
2265  "  geond  sal  swinget5,        ne  se  swifta  mearh 

"  burh-stede  bedteS.        Bealo-cwealm  hafatS 

"  fela  feorh-cynna       feorr  onsended!" 

Swd  gi6mor-m6d       giohSo  maende, 

&n  after  eallum        unbliSe  hwe6p, 
2270  dages  and  nihtes,        66  )>at  dedSes  wylm 

hrdn  at  heortan.        Hord-wynne  fond 

eald  uht-scea6a       opene  standan, 

se  pe  byrnende       biorgas  s6ce6 

nacod  nlS-draca,       nihtes  fle6geS 
2275  fyre  befangen ;       hyne  fold-btiend 

tvlde  gesdwon.        He  gewunia.n  sceall 

hldw  under  hrusan,       faer  he  haetSen  gold 

waraS  wintrum  fr6d ;        ne  hy6  him  wihte  ffi  361. 

Swd  se  J>e6d-scea^a       pred  hund  wintra 
2280  he6ld  on  hrusan       hord-arna  sum 

edcen-craftig,        65  fat  hjme  dn  dbealh 

mon  on  m6de :       man-drj-htne  bar 

fated  wasge,       frioSo-waere  bad 

hldford  sinne.        pd  was  hord  rdsod, 
2285  onboren  bedga  hord,        bene  getlSad 

fed-sceaftum  men.        Fred  scedwode 

fira  f^Tu-geweorc       forman  slSe. 

pd  se  wjTm  onw6e,       wr6ht  wds  geniwad ; 

stone  I'd  after  stSne,        stearc-heort  onfand 
2290  fe6ndes  f6t-ldst ;       he  t6  forS  gest6p, 

d^Tnan  erafte,       dracan  hedfde  nedh. 

Swd  mag  unfaege       ed^e  gedlgan 

wedn  and  wi'ac-slS,        se  pe  waldendes 

hyldo  gehealdet5.        Hord-weard  s6hte 
2295  georne  after  grunde,       wolde  guman  findan, 

J'one  \>e  him  on  sweofote       sdre  gete6de: 


72  Be6wULF.  [2297-2326 

h&t  and  hredh-mdd       hlaew  oft  jTiibe  bwearf, 

ealne  Atan-wesrdne  ;       ne  paer  aenig  mon 

was  on  l^aere  wSstenne.        HwaSre  hilde  gefeh, 

2300  beado-weorces :       hwtlum  on  beorh  iithwearf. 
sinc-fiit  s6hte  ;        he  ]mt  s6na  onfand, 
pat  hafde  gumena  sum       goldes  gefandod 
hedh-gestre6na.        Hord-weard  onbM 
earfoSllce,        65  l)at  sefen  cwom ; 

2305  was  ]>k  gebolgen       beorges  h3Tde, 
wolde  se  Idtia       lige  forgyldan 
drinc-fat  dyre.        pd  was  diig  sceacen 
W3'rme  on  willan,        n6  on  wealle  leng 
btdan  wolde,        ac  mid  baele  f6r, 

2310  fyre  gefysed.        Was  se  fruma  egesltc 

le6dum  on  lande,        sw^  hyt  lungre  wearS 
on  hyra  sinc-gifan       sAre  geendod. 

XXXIII. 
Beowulf  Resolves  to  Kill  the  Fire-Drake. 

pA  se  gast  ongan       gl6dum  spiwan, 

beorht  hofu  barnan ;       bryne-le6ma  st6d 
2315  eldum  on  andan ;        nd  l^aer  Aht  cwices 

Ids  l^^t-floga       laefan  wolde. 

Was  pas  Wynnes  wig       wide  gesyne, 

nearo-fdges  nl6        nedn  and  feoiTan, 

hft  se  g{15-scea(5a       Gedta  le6de 
2320  hatode  and  h}'nde :        hord  eft  gescedt, 

dryht-sele  d^Tnne       aer  dages  hwlle. 

Hafde  land-wara       lige  befangen, 

baele  and  bronde ;        beorges  getrAwode, 

wiges  and  wealles:       him  se6  w6n  geledh. 
2325  pa  was  Bi6wulfe       br6ga  gec3'5ed 

sndde  t6  866e,        j'at  his  sylfes  him 


8327-2361.]  BEOWULF.  7J< 

bolda  s6lest       brj-ne-wylmum  mealt, 

gif-st61  Gedta.        pat  J?am  gddan  was 

hre6w  on  hreSre,       hj'ge-sorga  maest: 
2330  w6nde  se  wlsa,        pat  he  wealdende, 

ofer  ealde  riht,        6cean  dryhtne 

bitre  gebulge :       bre6st  innan  we611 

()e6strum  gej^oncum,        swd  him  gejjj'we  ne  was. 

Hafde  lig-draca       le6da  fasten, 
2335  ed-lond  titan,        eorS-weard  ]'one 

gledum  forgrunden.        Him  J^as  gft6-cyning, 

Wedera  ]5i6den,        wrace  leornode. 

H^ht  him  pd  gewyrcean       wlgendra  hle6 

eall-trenne,        eorla  dryhten 
2340  wig-bord  wriitlic ;       wisse  he  gearwe, 

pat  him  holt-wudu       helj^an  ne  meahte, 

lind  wis  lige.        Sceolde  laen-daga 

aSeling  8er-g6d       ende  gebldan 

worulde  lifes       and  se  wyrm  somod, 
2345  pedh  ]>e  hord-welan       he61de  lange. 

Oferhogode  J'3,       hringa  fengel, 

pat  he  J'one  wid-flogan       weorode  gesdhte, 

sldan  herge ;       n6  he  him  J'd  sacce  ondr6d, 

ne  him  pas  wjTmes  wig       for  wiht  dyde, 
2350  eafotS  and  ellen ;       forpon  he  aer  fela 

nearo  nSSende       nl6a  gedlgde, 

hilde-hlemma,        s}i5San  he  Hrdt5g4res, 

sigor-eddig  secg,        sele  faelsode 

and  at  gASe  forgrdp       Grendeles  raaegum, 
2355  IdSan  cynnes.        N6  pat  lasest  was 

hond-gemota,        paer  mon  Hj'geldc  sldh, 

sy5t5an  Gedta  cyning       gfttSe  raesum, 

f red- wine  folces       Freslondum  on, 

Hr6(5les  eafora       hioro-dryncum  swealt, 
2360  bille  gebedten ;       ])onan  Bi6wulf  com 

Bylfes  crafte,       sund-nytte  dredh; 


74  BEOWULF.  [2362-2391 

I  hafde  him  ou  earme       .  .  .  XXX 

hilde-geatwa,      ]>k  he  td  holme  stkg. 

Nealles  Hetware       hr^mge  forfton 
2365  f(66e-wtges,        pe  him  foran  ongedn 

linde  baeron :  lyt  eft  becwom 

fram  j^am  hild-frecan       h^mes  ni6san. 

Oferswam  )>d  si61e5a  bigong       sunu  Ecgl7e6we8, 

earm  da-haga       eft  t6  le6dum, 
2370  \>3eT  him  Hygd  gebedd       hord  and  rice, 

bedgas  and  brego-st61 :        bearne  ne  trflwode, 

])'dt  he  wis  al-f^-lcum       66el-st61as 

healdan  cftt5e,        I'd  wiis  Hj'gelde  dedd. 

N6  )'}'  0er  fed-sceafte       findan  meahton 
2375  at  J'am  afielinge       aenige  pinga, 

ydt  he  HeardrMe       hldford  waere, 

oSSe  l^one  cyne-d6m       ci6san  wolde ; 

hwiiSre  he  him  on  folce       fre6nd-ldrum  he61d, 

6stum  mid  dre,        6(5  J'at  he  yldra  wearS, 
2380  Weder-Gedtum  weold.        H3'ne  wrac-macgas 

ofer  sae  s6htan,        suna  Ohteres : 

hafdon  h}'  forhealden       helm  Scj'lfinga, 

Jjone  sfelestan       sae-cyninga, 

])dra  l^e  in  Swi6-rice       sine  brytnade, 
2385  maerne  l5e6den.        Him  J'iit  td  mearce  wearS ; 

he  j^aer  orfeorme         feorh-wunde  liledt 

sweordes  swcngum,        sunu  H^-geldces  ; 

and  him  eft  gewdt       Ongen])i6wes  beam 

hdracs  ni6san,        syfiSan  Ileardr^^d  Itig ; 
2390  16t  pone  brego-st61        Bi6wulf  healdan, 

Gedtum  wealdan:        pat  was  gM  cyning. 


2892-2421.]  BEOWULF,  *  75 

XXXIV. 
Retrospect  of  Beowulf. — Strife  between 

SWEONAS    AND    GeATAS. 

Se  pas  le6d-hryres       ledn  gemunde 
uferan  ddgrum,        Eddgilse  wearS 
fed-sceaftum  fe6nd.     Folce  gestepte 

A 

*^.395  ofer  sae  side       suuu  Ohteres 

wlgum  and  waepnum :        he  gewrac  sySSan 

cealdum  cear-slt5um,        cyning  ealdre  binedt. 

Swd  he  ni6a  gehwane       genesen  hafde, 

sllSra  geslj^hta,        sunu  Ecg]n6wes, 
2400  ellen-weorca,        65  ])oue  duue  diig, 

]>e  he  wis  ])am  wyrme       gewegan  sceolde. 

Gewdt  ]>&  twelfa  sura       torne  gebolgen 

dryhten  Gedta       dracan  scedwian  ; 

hiifde  J'd  gefrunen,        hwanan  si6  faehS  drds, 
2405  bealo-nt(5  biorna ;        him  t6  bearme  cwom 

md6c5uin-fat  masre        )mrh  j^iis  meldan  bond. 

Se  was  on  j'am  jTedte       ])reotteoSa  secg, 

se  l^iis  orleges       6v  onstealde, 

haft  h3"ge-gi6mor,        sceolde  hedn  ponon 
2410  wong  wisian :        he  ofer  willan  gi6ng 

t6  ]'as  ]>e  he  eorS-sele       dnne  wisse, 

hlaew  under  hrusan       holm-wylme  n6h, 

yt5-gewinne,        se  wiis  innan  full 

wratta  and  wira :       weard  unhi6re, 
2415  gearo  gftS-freca,        gold-md5mas  he6ld, 

eald  under  eorSan ;        nas  ])at  yt5e  cedp, 

t6  gegangenne       gumena  aenigum. 

Gesat  ]>k  on  nasse       ntt5-heard  cyning, 

I^enden  haelo  dbedd       heorS-genedtum 
2420  gold-wine  Gedta :       him  was  ge6mor  sefa, 

wafre  and  wal-f&s,       Wyrd  ungemete  nedh, 


76  BEOWULF.  [2422-2456. 

se  pone  gomelan       gr6tan  sceolde, 

s^cean  s4wle  hord,        sundur  gedaelan 

Itf  wis  lice :        n6  I'd!  lange  was 
2425  feorh  aSelinges       flaesce  bewunden. 

Bi6wulf  mafielade,        beam  Eegl)e6we3  : 

"  F'ela  ic  on  giogoSe       gft(5-raesa  genas, 

"  orleg-hwila :       ic  ))at  call  gemon. 

"  Ic  was  s^'fan-wintre,        |'d  mec  sinca  balder, 
2430  "  fred-wine  folca       at  minum  fader  genam, 

"  he61d  mec  and  hafde       HrfiSel  C3"ning, 

"  geaf  me  sine  and  S3'nibel,        sibbe  gemunde  ; 

"  nas  ic  him  t6  life       IdSra  6wihte 

"  beorn  in  burgum,        j^onne  his  bcarna  hw3'lc, 
2435  "  Herebeald  and  HiBc^cyn,        o6(5e  Hygeldc  mln. 

"  Was  J^am  yldestan       unged^felice 

"  maeges  daedum       morSor-bed  strfid, 

"  sjiSSan  h^-ne  HaeScyn       of  horn-bogan, 

"  his  fred-wine       fldne  geswencte, 
2440  "  miste  mercelses       and  his  maeg  ofsc6t, 

"  brdSor  6Serne,        blddigau  gdre  : 

"  pat  was  feoh-leds  gefeoht,        f3Tenura  ges3'ngad. 

"  hreSre  h3-ge-me6e :        sceolde  hwaSre  swd  j'cdh 

"  aSeling  unwrecen       ealdres  linnan. 
2445  "  Swd  bi6  gedmorlic       gomelum  ceorle 

"  t6  gebidanne,        I'iit  his  b3Te  ride 

"giong  on  galgan,        )'onne  he  g3'd  wrece, 

"  sdrigne  sang,        j'onne  his  sunu  hangaS 

"  hrefne  t6  hr6(Sre        and  he  him  helpe  ne  miig, 
2450  "  eald  and  in-fr6d,        senige  gefremman. 

"  S^'mble  bis  gem3'ndgad       morna  gehw3'lce 

' '  eaforan  ellor-sl5  ;       66 res  ne  gymeS 

•■'  to  gebidanne       burgum  on  innan 

"  jTfe-weardes,        ponne  se  dn  hafaS 
2455  *'  purh  dedi'Ses  n3M       daeda  gefondad. 

''  Gesyh(S  sorh-coarig       on  his  suna  bftre 


^457-2484.J  BEOWULF.  77 

"  win-sele  westne,        wind-gereste, 
"  re6te  berofene  ;       ridend  swefaS 
"  haleS  in  hoSman ;       nis  ]>9sr  hearpan  8w6g, 
2460  "  gomen  in  geardum,       swylce  faer  id  waeron. 


XXXV. 

Memories  of  Past  Time.  —  The  Feud  with 

THE    FiRE-DeAKE. 

"  GewiteS  fonne  on  sealman,       sorh-le63  galetS 
"  in  after  dnum  :        \>thte  him  eall  t6  rdm, 
"  wongas  and  wic-stede.        Swd  Wedra  helm 
"  after  Herebealde       heortau  sorge 

2465  ' '  weallende  wag,        wihte  ue  meahte 

"on  ]>am  feorh-bouan       faehSe  gebfetau: 

"  n6  ]>j  aer  he  ]'one  heaSo-riuc       hatian  ne  meab'-e 

"  IdSum  daedum,        ]>eih  him  le6f  ne  was. 

"  He  I'd  mid  paere  sorge,        l^e  him  si6  sir  belamp, 

2470  "  gum-dredm  ofgeaf,        godes  le6ht  geceds  ; 
"  eaferum  laefde,        swd  d^6  eddig  mon, 
"lond  and  le6d-b}Tig,        I'd  he  of  life  gewdt. 
"  pd  was  synn  and  sacu       Sweona  and  Gedta, 
"  ofer  wid  water       wr6ht  gemaene, 

2475  "  here-nl6  hearda,        sySSan  Hr^^el  swealt, 
"  o'SSe  him  Ongenl5e6wes       eaferan  waeran 
"  frome  fyrd-hwate,        fre6de  ne  woldon 
"ofer  heafo  healdan,        ae  j-mb  Hreosna-beorh 
"  eatolne  inwit-scear       oft  gefremedon. 

2480  "  pat  maeg-wine       mine  gewraecan, 

"  faehSe  and  fyrene,        swd  h}i;  gefrasge  was, 
"  pedh  I'e  65er  hit       ealdre  gebohte, 
"  heardan  cedpe:        HaeScynne  wearS, 
"  Gedta  dryhtne,       g65  onsaege. 


78  BEOWULF.  [2486.-2519 

2485  '  pfl,  ic  on  morgne  gefragn       maeg  66erne 
billes  ecgum       on  bonan  staelan, 

"  j'aer  Ongen|)e6w       Eofores  ni6sade: 

"gA6-helm  t6glM,        gomela  Scylfing 

"  lireds  Jieoro-hliic ',       bond  gemimde 
2490  "  fjEh(So  gen6ge,        feorb-sweng  ne  oftedb. 

•'  Ic  Mm  ))A  mASmas,        ))e  be  me  sealde, 

•'geald  at  gflfie,        swA  me  gifeSe  wiis, 
le6btan  sweorde :       be  me  lend  forgeaf, 

"card  66el-w3'n.        Niis  bim  aenig  J^earf, 
2495  "  \>dt  be  td  Giffium       o66e  t6  Gdr-Denum 
ocSSe  iu  Swi6-rice       s^ceau  J'urfe 

"wyrsan  wig-frecan,       weorSe  gecyiDan  ; 

"  8}Tnle  ic  bim  on  fSSan       beforau  wolde, 

"  dna  on  orde,        and  swd  t6  aldre  scoall 
2500  "  sacce  frcmman,        peuden  ])is  sweord  polaS, 

"  )>at  mec  aer  and  s!6       oft  gelaeste, 

"  S3i5(5an  ic  for  dugeSum       Diigbrefne  wearS 

"  td  band-bonan,        Huga  cempan: 
nalles  be  J^d  friitwe       Fres-cj'ninge, 
2505  "  bre6st-weor(Sunge       bringan  m6ste, 

ac  in  campe  gecrong       cumbles  bjTde, 
aSeling  on  ebie.        Ne  wiis  ecg  bona, 

"  ac  bim  bilde-grdp       beortau  wjlmas, 

"  bdn-bfts  gebrac.        Nu  sceall  billes  ecg, 
2510    'bond  and  beard  sweord       3'mb  bord  wtgan." 

Be6wulf  maSelode,        be6t-wordum  sprac 

ni^bstan  stSe :        "Ic  gen6Sde  fela 

"gGSa  on  geogoSe ;       gyt  ic  wylle, 

'•  fr6d  folces  weard,        faebSe  s6can, 
2515  "  raaerSum  frcmman,       gif  mec  se  mdn-sceaSa 

"of  eoi-(5-sele       fit  ges6cet5 !  " 

Gegrfitte  pd       gumena  gebwylcne, 

bwate  helm-berend       bindeman  slcSe, 

swaese  geslSas  :        "  Nolde  ic  sweord  beran, 


2520-2554.]  BEOWULF.  79 

2520  "  waepen  td  wyrme,       gif  ic  wiste  hft 
"  wits  fam  aglaecean       elles  meahte 
"gj'lpe  wiSgrlpan,       swd  ic  gi6  wiS  Gren.Ue  dyde; 
"  ac  ic  paer  heaSu-fyres       h^tes  w6ne, 
"  rfiSes  and-hattres :       forpon  ic  me  on  hafn 

2525  "  bord  and  byrnan.        Nelle  ic  beorges  wcard 
"  oferfle6n  f6tes  trem,       fednd  unliyre, 
' '  ac  unc  sceal  weorSan  at  wealle,     swd  unc  Wyi-d  gete6(' 
"metod  manna  gehwas.        Ic  eom  on  mOde  from, 
"  ]5at  ic  wi6  pone  gftS-flogan       gylp  ofersitte. 

2530  "  Geblde  ge  on  beorge       byrnum  weredc, 
"  secgas  on  searwum,       hwaSer  s61  maege 
"  after  wal-raese       wunde  gedygan 
"  uncer  twega,        Nis  pat  e6wer  si6, 
"  ne  gemet  mannes,        nefne  min  dnes, 

2535  "pat  he  wi6  aglsecean       eofoSo  daele, 
"  eorl-scype  efne.        Ic  mid  elne  sceall 
"gold  gegangan       o6(5e  gA5  nime^, 
"  feorb-bealu  fr^cne,       fredn  e6werne  !  " 
Ar4s  pa  bl  ronde       r6f  oretta, 

2540  heard  under  helm,       hioro-sercean  bar 
under  stdn-cleofu,        strengo  getrtlwode 
anes  mannes:        ne  biS  swylc  earges  sl6. 
Geseah  pa  be  wealle,        se  pe  worna  fela, 
gum-cystum  g6d,        gASa  gedigde, 

2545  hilde-hlemma,        ponne  hnitan  fSSan, 

(st6d  on  stdn-bogan)        stredm  ftt  ponaii 
brecau  of  beorge ;       was  psere  burnan   wiilm 
heat5o-fyrum  hat:       ne  meahte  horde  iicdh 
unbj'rnende       aenige  hwlle 

2550  de6p  gedygan       for  dracan  l^ge. 

L6t  pa  of  bre6stum,       pa  he  gebolgen  was, 
Weder-Gedta  le6d       word  tt  faran, 
stearc-heort  styrmde ;        stefn  in  becora 
heaSo-torht  hlvnnan       under  harne  stan. 


80  BEOWULF-  [2555-2589 

2555  Hete  was  onhrfired,        hord-weard  oncni6w 

mannes  reorde ;        nils  J'ser  mdra  fyrst, 

fre6de  td  friclan.        From  serest  cwom 

oruti  agliX'cean     ftt  of  stdne, 

hat  hilde-swat;        hruse  d3'nede. 
2560  Biorn  under  beorge       bord-rand  onswftf 

wis  pam  gryre-gieste,        Gedta  dr3'hten: 

j)^  was  hring-bogan       heorte  gefysed 

sacce  t6  s6ceanne.        Sweord  aer  gebrad 

g6d  gti5-c3'ning       gomele  Idfe, 
2565  ecgum  ungledw,        aeghwiicSruin  was 

bealo-hj-cgendra       brdga  fram  6(Srum. 

Sti5-m6d  gest6d       wi6  stedpne  rond 

winia  bealdor,        f4  se  w3Tin  gebedh 

snOde  t6somne:        he  on  seai-wum  bM. 
2570  Gewdt  );d  b3Tnende       gebogen  scriSan  td, 

gescife  scyndan.        Scyld  wel  gebearg 

life  and  lice       lasfan  hwile 

maerum  l)e6dne,        ponne  his  rayne  sdhte, 

)nBr  he  ]'y  fjTste       formau  d6gore 
2575  wealdan  m6ste,        swd  him  "Wyrd  ue  geser^f 

hr63  at  hilde.        Hond  up  dbriid 

Gedta  dryhten,       gr3Te-fdlme  sl6h 

incge  Idfe,       J'iit  si6  ecg  gewdc 

brttn  on  bdne,       bdt  unswiSor, 
2580  Jjonne  his  j)i6d-cyning       |>earfe  hiifde, 

bysigum  gebaeded.        pd  wiis  beorges  weard 

after  heaSu-swenge       on  hre6um  m6de, 

weariD  wal-f3Te,       wide  sprungon 

hilde-le6man  :        hr65-sigoia  ne  gealp 
2585  gold-wine  Gedta,        gdS-Ijill  geswdc 

nacod  at  ni(5e,        swd  hyt  nd  seeolde, 

Iren  eer-gOd,        Ne  was  |>at  66e  siS, 

Jjat  se  maera       maga  Ecg}'e6we8 

grund-wong  fone       ofgj-fan  wolde; 


2590-2620.]  BEOWULF.  83 

2590  sceolde  wyrmes  willan       wlc  eardian 

elles  hwergen,       sw4  sceal  aeghwylc  mon 

aiaetan  laen-dagas.        Nas  fA  long  t6  pon, 

pat  ]>k  agljBcean       hy  eft  gem^tton. 

HjTte  hyne  hord-weard,        hreSer  se6me  we611, 
2595  niwan  stefne  :        nearo  prowode 

fyre  befongen       se  \>e  ser  folce  we61d. 

Nealles  him  on  hedpe       hand-gesteallan, 

aSelinga  beam       ymbe  gestddon 

hilde-cystum,        ac  hy  on  holt  bugon, 
2G00  ealdre  burgan.        Hiora  in  ^num  we611 

sefa  wis  sorgum :        sibb  aefre  ne  mag 

wiht  onwendan,        pam  ]>e  wel  penceS. 


XXXVI.    WiGLAF  Helps  Beowulf  in  the  Feud, 

WIglaf  was  haten       Weoxst^nes  sunu, 

le6flic  lind-wiga,       le6d  Scylfinga, 
2605  mseg  Alfheres :        geseah  his  mon-diyhten 

under  here-gilman       hdt  prowian. 

Gemunde  ]^k  ]>§i  dre,        pe  he  him  aer  forgeaf 

wic-stede  weligne       "Waegmundinga, 

folc-rihta  gehwjic,        sw^  his  fader  dhte ; 
2610  ne  mihte  pd  forhabban,       bond  rond  gefSng, 

geolwe  linde,       gomel  swyrd  getedh, 

pat  was  mid  eldum       Ednmundes  Idf, 

suna  Ohteres,        pam  at  sacce  wear^ 

wracu  wine-ledsum       Weohstdnes  bana 
2615  meces  eegum,        and  his  mdgum  atbar 

brftn-fdgne  helm,       hringde  bj-man, 

eald  sweord  eotonisc,       pat  him  Onela  forgeaf, 

his  gadelinges       gdS-gewaedu, 

fjTd-searo  fftsllc:       nd  j-mbe  pd  faehSe  sprac, 
2620  pedh  pe  he  his  br66or       beam  Abredwade,  . 


g2  BEOWULF.  [2621-2656 

He  fratwe  gehe61cl       fela  missera, 
bill  and  b}Tnan,       66  fat  his  byre  milite 
eorl-seipe  efnan,        sw&  his  aer-fader; 
geaf  him  j'd  mid  Gedtum       gdS-gewaeda 

2625  sEghwas  unrim ;        )>4  he  of  ealdre  gew^t, 
fr6d  on  forS-weg.        pA  was  forma  st5 
geongan  cempan,        pat  he  gAt5e  raes 
mid  his  fre6-dryhtne       fremman  seeolde ; 
ne  gemealt  him  se  mdd-sefa,       ne  his  mseges  W 

2630  gew^c  at  wlge :       j'at  se  wjTm  onfand, 
sySSan  hie  tdgadre       geg^n  hafdon. 
WigUf  maSelode       word-rihta  fela, 
sagde  geslSum,       him  was  sefa  ge6mor: 
"  le  J'at  msel  geman,       peer  we  medu  f^gun, 

2635  "fonne  we  gehfeton       Assum  hiaforde 
"in  bi6r-sele,       ]>e  ts  ]>k3  bedgas  geaf, 
"  pat  we  him  j'4  g(l5-geatwa      g3'ldan  woldon, 
"  gif  him  pysllcu       pearf  gelumpe, 
"  helmas  and  heard  sweord :     p6  he  ftsic  on  herge  geceds 

2640  "td  pyssum  slS-fate       sylfes  willum, 

"onmunde  ftsic  maerSa       and  me  \>k9  mdtSmas  geaf, 
"  pe  he  ftsic  g^r-wigend       g6de  tealde, 
"hwate  helm-berend,       ]>e&h  pe  hUford  ts 
"  ))is  ellen-weorc       Ana  Apdhte 

2645  "td  gefremmanne,       folees  hyrde, 

"  forpam  he  manna  maest       maer^a  gefremede, 
"daeda  doUlcra.        Nu  is  se  dag  cumen, 
"  pat  tire  man-dryhten       magenes  beh6faS 
"  gMra  gftS-rinea:        wutun  gangan  t6, 

2650  "helpan  hild-fruman,        penden  hyt  s^, 
"glM-egesa  grim!        God  wdt  on  mec, 
"  pat  me  is  micle  le6fre,       pat  mlnne  Itc-haman 
"mid  mlnne  gold-g>'fan       glfid  fiifimie. 
"  Ne  pyncetS  me  gerysne,        piit  we  rondas  beren 

2655  "eft  t6  earde,        nemne  we  aeror  maegen 


2656-2690.]  BEOWULF.  83 

"  fane  gefyllan,        feorh  ealgian 

"  Wedra  J)i6dnes.        Ic  wdt  geare, 

"  pat  nEeron  eald-gew^'rht,       fat  he  Ana  scyle 

' '  Ge4ta  duguSe       gnorn  ]?rowian, 
2660  "  geslgan  at  sacce  :      sceal  trum  \>sit  sweord  and  helm, 

"byrne  and  byrdu-scrfld       Mm  gemaene." 

W6d  ))d  jiui'h  fone  wal-r^c,        wig-heafolan  bar 

fredn  on  fultum,        fed  worda  cwaS  : 

"  Le6fa  Bi6wulf,       laest  eall  tela, 
2665  "  sw4  )m  on  geoguS-feore       gedra  gecwaede, 

"  pat  )m  He  Alaete       be  ]>e  lijagendum 

"ddm  gedre6san:       seealt  nu  daedum  rdf, 

"  aSeling  dn-hydig,        ealle  magene 

' '  feorh  ealgian  ;       ic  ]>e  fullsestu  !  " 
2670  After  ]>t,m  wordum       wyrm  jrre  cwom, 

atol  inwit-gast       66re  siSe, 

fyr-wylmum  f^h       fi6nda  ni6san, 

IdSra  manna  ;       llg-y^um  forborn 

bord  wis  ronde :       bp'ne  ne  meahte 
2675  geongum  gdr-wigan       ge6ce  gefremman: 

ac  se  maga  geonga       under  his  mseges  scyld 

elne  geeode,        )'d  his  dgen  was 

gl6dum  forgrunden.        p4  gen  gftS-c^'ning 

mce?'5a  gemunde,       magen-strengo, 
2680  sl6h  hilde-bille,        pat  hyt  on  heafolan  st6d 

ntSe  gen^'ded :       Nagling  forbarst, 

geswdc  at  sacce       sweord  Bi6wulfes 

gomol  and  graeg-msel.        Him  piit  gifeSe  ne  was, 

pat  him  irenna       ecge  mihton 
2685  helpan  at  hilde ;       was  si6  bond  td  strong, 

se  pe  mfica  gehwane       mine  gefraege 

swenge  ofersdhte,        ponne  he  t6  sacce  bar 

waepen  wundrum  heard,       nas  him  wihte  p6  s6I. 

pk  was  pe6d-scea6a       priddan  si5e, 
2690  fr6cne  fyr-draca       faehSa  gemyndig, 


84  BEOWULF.  [2691-2721 

raesde  on  J)one  r6fan,        ]>Si  him  rtim  Aguald, 
hdt  and  heat5o-grim,        heals  ealne  3'mbef6ng 
biteran  bdnum;       he  gebl6degod  wear5 
8dwul-dri6re ;        sw4t  ySum  we611. 


XXXVIL     Beowulf  Wounded  to  Death. 

2695  pA  ic  at  pearfe  gefrdgn      ))e6d-cyninges 
and-longne  eoii       ellen  cySan, 
craft  and  cfinSu,        swd  him  gecj'nde  wiis ; 
ne  hfedde  he  ))as  heafolan,        ac  si6  hand  gebarn 
mddiges  mannes,        paer  he  liis  maeges  liealp, 

2700  J)at  he  fone  nicS-gast       niofior  hw^ne  sl6h, 
secg  on  searwum,        pat  ])at  sweord  gededf 
fdh  and  fated,        pat  pat  fyr  ongon 
swet5rian  sy5(5an.        pd  gen  sylf  eyning 
gewe61d  his  gewitte,        wall-seaxe  gebrad, 

2705  biter  and  beadu-scearp,        ))at  he  on  byrnan  wag 
forwrdt  Wedra  helm       wyrm  on  middan. 
Fe6nd  gefyldan        (ferh  ellen  wriic), 
and  hi  hyne  \A  begen       Abroten  hafdon, 
sib-a'Selingas :        swylc  sceokle  secg  wesan, 

2710  pegn  at  pearfe.        pat  para  pe6dne  was 
siSast  stge-hwlle       sylfes  daedum, 
worlde  geweorces.        p4  si6  wund  ongon, 
pe  him  se  eorS-draca       aer  geworhte, 
swSlan  and  swellan.        He  pat  sdna  onfand, 

2715  pat  him  on  bre6stum       bealo-nl5  we611, 
dttor  on  innan.        pd  se  aSeUng  gi6ng, 
pat  he  bl  wealle,        wis-h^'cgende, 
gesat  on  sesse  ;        seah  on  enta  geweorc, 
hA  I'd  stAn-bogan       stapulum  faste 

2720  6ce  eor6-reced       innan  he61don. 

Hyne  p&  mid  handa       heoro-dre6rigne 


2722-2752.]  BEOWULF.  85 

|)e6den  maerne       fegn  ungemete  till, 

wine-dry hten  his       wiitere  gelafede, 

hilde-sadne       and  his  helm  onspe6n. 
2725  Bi6wulf  maSelode,        he  ofer  benne  sprac, 

wunde  wal-bledte       (wisse  he  gearwe, 

pat  he  dag-hwila       gedrogen  hafde 

eortSan  W3'nne ;        fd  was  eall  sceacen 

d6gor-gerimes,       dedS  ungemete  nedh)  : 
2730  "  Nu  ic  suna  minum       s^'llan  wolde 

"  g66-gewsedu,       paer  me  gifeSe  swd 

"  aenig  yrfe-weard       after  wurde, 

"lice  gelenge.        Ic  pds  le6de  he6ld 

"  ftftig  wintra:        nas  se  folc-cyning 
'^735  "  ymbe-sittendra       genig  ]'dra, 

"  pe  mec  gAS-winum       gr^tan  dorste, 

"  egesan  )'e6n.        Ic  on  earde  bdd 

"  mael-gesceafta,       he61d  mln  tela, 

''  ne  s6hte  searo-nlSas,        ne  me  sw6r  fela 
2740  "  dSa  on  unriht.        Ic  pas  ealles  mag, 

"  feorh-bennum  se6c,        gefedn  habban: 

' '  forpam  me  witan  ne  ])earf       waldend  fira 

"  morSor-bealo  mdga,       ponne  min  sceaceS 

"  llf  of  lice.        Nu  pu  lungre 
2745  "  geong,  hord  scedwian       under  hdrne  stdn, 

"  Wigldf  le6fa,        nu  se  wyrm  ligecS, 

"  swefeS  sdre  wund,       since  beredfod. 

"  Bi6  nu  on  6foste,       pat  ic  ser-welan, 

' '  gold-aeht  ongite,        gearo  scedwige 
2750  "  swegle  searo-gimmas,       pat  ic  py  sfeft  maege 

"  after  md66um-welan       mln  dlsetan 

"llf  and  le6d-scipe,        pone  ic  longe  he61d." 


86  BEOWULF.  [2763-2782. 

XXXVIII. 

The  Jewel-Hoard.     The  Passing  of  Beowulf. 

pA  ic  snAde  gefragn        sunu  Wihstdnes 

after  word-cwjdum       wiindum  drj'htne 
2755  hj-ran  hea-6o-si6cum,        hring-net  beran, 

brogdne  beadu-sercean       under  beorges  hrdf. 

Geseah  fk  8ige-lir6t5ig,        ))d  he  bl  sesse  ge6ng, 

mago-})egn  m6dig       maSSum-sigla  fela, 

gold  glitinian       grunde  getenge, 
2760  wundur  on  wealle       and  J)as  wj-rmes  denn, 

ealdes  uht-flogan,        orcas  stondan, 

fjrn-manna  fatu       feormend-ledse, 

h^Tstum  behrorene:        ]>ser  was  helm  monig, 

eald  and  6mig,        eann-bedga  fela, 
2765  searwum  gesaeled.        Sine  ed6e  mag, 

gold  on  grunde,        gume?i«  c^-nnes 

gehwone  ofer-higian,        hyde  se  ))e  wylle ! 

Swylce  he  siomian  geseah       segn  eall-g34den 

hedh  ofer  horde,       hond-wuiidra  maest, 
2770  gelocen  leoSo-craftum :        of  j)am  le6ma  stdd, 

I'iit  he  ))one  grund-wong       ongitan  meahte, 

wrate  giond-wlitan.        Nas  pas  w3Tmes  paer 

onsyn  aenig,        ac  hyne  eeg  fornam. 

pd  ic  on  hlfflwe       gefragn  hord  redfian, 
2775  eald  enta  geweorc       Anne  mannan, 

hun  on  bearm  hladan        bunan  and  discas  • 

sylfes  ddme,        segn  edc  genom, 

bedena  beorhtost;       bill  aer-gesc6d 

(eeg  was  Iren)        eald-hldfordes 
2780  ))am  ))dra  mdt5ma       mund-bora  was 

longe  hAvlle,        l!g-egesan  wag 

hAtne  for  horde,        hioro-weallende, 


2783-2817.]  BEOWULF.  87 

middel-nihtum,        65  fat  he  morSre  swealt. 

Ar  was  on  6foste       eft-slt5es  georn, 
2785  fratwum  gefyrSred:       h3'ue  fyrwet  brae, 

hwa^er  collen-ferS       cwicne  gemfitte 

in  J'am  wong-stede       Wedra  pe6den, 

ellen-si6cne,       ]>ser  he  hine  aer  forl6t. 

He  1'4  mid  pdm  mdSmum       mserne  J'i6den, 
2790  dryhten  slnne       dri6rigne  fand 

ealdres  at  ende :       he  hine  eft  ongon 

wiiteres  weorpan,       6(5  pat  wordes  ord 

bre6st-hord  furhbrac.        Bedwulf  ma^elode, 

gomel  on  giohSe        (gold  seedwode)  : 
2795  "  Ic  pdra  fratwa       fredn  ealles  pane 

"  wuldur-cyninge       wordum  seege, 

"6cum  dryhtne,       \>e  ic  her  on  starie, 

"pas  pe  ic  m6ste       mlnum  le6dum 

"  aer  swylt-dage       swyle  gestrynan. 
2800  "  Nu  ic  on  mdSma  hord       mine  bebohte 

"  fr6de  feorh-lege,       fremmaS  ge  nu 

"  le6da  pearfe  ;       ne  mag  ic  her  leng  wesan. 

"HdtaS  hea'So-maere       hlaew  gewyrcean, 

"  beorhtne  after  baele       at  brimes  nosan  ; 
2805  "  se  seel  t6  gemyndum       mlnum  le6dum 

"  hedh  hlifian       on  Hrones  nasse, 

"  pat  hit  sse-liSend        8yt5tSan  hdtan 

"  Bi6wulfes  biorh,        p4  pe  brentingas 

"  ofer  fl6da  genipu       feorran  drlfat5." 
2810  D^'de  him  of  healse       bring  gyldenne 

pi6den  prlst-hj^dig,        pegne  gesealde, 

geongum  gdr-wigan,       gold-fdhne  helm, 

bedh  and  b}Tnan,        h6t  hj'ne  brdean  well: 

"pu  eart  ende-ldf       Asses  cj^nnes, 
2815  "  Waegmundinga ;        ealle  Wyrd  forswe6f, 

"'  mine  mdgas       t6  metod-seeafte, 

*' eorlas  on  elne:       ic  him  after  sceal." 


88  BEOWULF.  [2818-2848 

pat  was  |)am  gomelan       gingeste  word 
bre6st-geh3'gdum,       aer  he  bael  cure, 
2820  hdte  hea^o-wylmas :        him  of  hretSre  gew&t 
sfiwol  sficean        s6(5-fastra  ddm. 


XXXIX.     The  Coward-Thanes. 

pi  was  gegongen  guman  unfrddum 
earfo811ce,  ))at  he  on  eorSan  geseah 
I'one  le6festan       lifes  at  ende 

2825  bledte  gebaeran.        Bona  swjlce  liig, 
egeslic  eorS-draea,       ealdre  beredfod, 
bealwe  gebaeded  :        bedh-hordum  leng 
W3'rm  woh-bogen       wealdan  ne  m6ste, 
ac  him  irenna       ecga  forndmon, 

2830  hearde  heatio-scearpe       homera  Idfe, 
fat  se  wld-floga       wundum  stille 
hreds  on  hrusan       hord-arnc  nedh, 
nallcs  after  l3'fte       Idcende  hwearf 
middel-nihtum,        mdSm-aehta  wlonc 

2835  ansj'n  ywde :        ac  he  eorSan  gefe611 
for  pas  hild-fruman       hond-geweorce. 
Hiiru  fat  on  lande       lyt  manna  fdh 
magen-dgendra       mine  gefrtege, 
fedh  ]'e  he  dseda  gehwas       dyrstig  waere, 

2840  )>at  he  wiS  dttor-scca8an       orei5e  geraesde, 
o5(5e  hring-sele       hondum  styrede, 
gif  he  waccende       weard  onfunde 
bOan  on  beorge.        Bi6wulfe  wear3 
dryht-mdSma  dael       ded(5e  forgolden ; 

2845  hafde  aeghwaSer       ende  gefSred 

laenan  liles.        Nas  ]>&  lang  t6  fon, 
fat  J>A  hild-latan       holt  ofgfifan, 
tydre  tredw-logan       tyne  atsomne. 


2849-2883.]  BEOWULF.  89 

]>&  ne  dorston  aer       dareSum  Ucan 

2850  on  hyra  man-dryhtnes       miclan  {^earfe; 
ac  hy  scamiende       sc3idas  baeran, 
gA(5-gewaedu,        paer  se  gomela  lag : 
wlitan  on  Wlgldf.        He  gew^rgad  sat, 
f(6Se-cempa       fredn  eaxlum  nedh, 

2855  wehte  hyne  wiitre ;       him  wiht  ne  spe6w ; 

ne  meahte  he  on  eorCan,        \ie6h  he  ftt5e  wel, 
on  fam  frum-gdre       feorh  gehealdan, 
ne  J»as  wealdendes  willan       wiht  oncirran ; 
wolde  d6m  godes       daedum  raedan 

2860  gnmena  gehwj^lcum,        sw4  he  nu  gen  d6S. 
pd  was  at  ]>ava  geongan        grim  andswaru 
65-beg6te  \>km  ]>e  ser       his  elne  forleds. 
Wlgldf  mat5elode,       Weohstdnes  sunu, 
secg  sdrig-ferS       seah  on  unle6fe : 

2865  "pat  Id  mag  secgan,        se  ]>e  wj'le  s6S  sprecaii, 
"  fat  se  mon-dryhten,        se  e6w  pd  mdSmas  geaf, 
"  e6red-geatwe,       ]'e  ge  j^aer  on  standa'5, 
"  fonne  he  on  ealu-bence       oft  gesealde 
"  heal-sittendum       helm  and  b3'rnan, 

2870  "  pe6den  his  ])egnum,        swylce  he  prySUcost 
"  6hwaer  feor  0(5(5e  nedh       findan  meahte, 
"  fat  he  genunga       gAS-gewaedu 
"wrdSe  forwurpe.        pd  hyne  wig  beget, 
"  neaUes  folc-cyning       fyrd-gesteallum 

2875  "  gylpan  forfte  ;       hwaSre  him  god  ftSe, 

"  sigora  waldend,        fat  he  hyne  sylfne  gewrac 
"  dna  mid  ecge,        fd  him  was  elnes  fearf, 
"  Ic  him  lif-wraSe       lytle  meahte 
"  atgifan  at  gtlSe       and  ongan  swd  fedh 

2880  "ofer  mln  gemet       maeges  helpan: 

"  symle  was  ]>^  ssemra,        fonne  ic  sweorde  drep 

"  ferh6-gent51an,       fyr  unswlSor 

"  we611  of  gewitte.        Wergendrp  t6  lyt 


90  BE6wULF.  [2884-2914 

"  frong  ymbe  fe6den,       ]>&.  hyne  si6  frag  becwora. 
2885  "  Nu  sceal  sinc-pego       and  swjTd-gifu 

"  eall  6Sel-wyn       e6wrum  cynne, 

"  lufen  aiicgean:       lond-rihtes  m6t 

"  ])aere  maeg-burge       monna  aeghwylc 

"idel  hweorfan,        sj'^tian  aSelingas 
2890  "  feorran  gefricgean       fledm  e6werne, 

"  d6m-le4san  daed.     Ded6  bitS  sfella 

' '  eorla  gehwylcum       fonne  edwlt-llf  1 " 


XL.     The  Soldier's  Dirge  and  Prophecy. 

Heht  \>&  fat  heat5o-weorc       t6  hagan  bi6dan 
up  ofer  6g-clif,        ]>iBT  Jjat  eorl-weorod 

2895  morgen-longne  dag       in6d-gi6mor  sat, 
bord-hilbbende,       bega  on  w6num 
ende-d6gores       and  eft-cymes 
le6fes  monnes.        Lji;  swlgode 
niwra  spella,        se  ])e  nas  gerM, 

2900  ac  he  s6611ce       sagde  ofer  ealle ; 
"  Nu  is  wil-geofa       Wedra  le6da, 
"  dryhten  Gedta       ded^-bedde  fast, 
"wunat5  wal-reste       w^'rmes  daedum; 
*'  him  on  efn  ligeS       ealdor-gewinna, 

2905  "  siex-bennnm  se6c:        sweorde  ne  meahte 
"  on  )>am  aglaecean       senige  j'inga 
"  wunde  gewyrcean.        Wlgldf  siteS 
"  ofer  Bi6wulfe,       byre  Wihstdnes. 
"  eorl  ofer  6(5rum       unlifigendum. 

2910  "healdeS  hige-mfitSum       hedfod-Avearde 
''  Ie6fe8  and  Idbes.        Nu  ys  leodum  w6d 
"  orlog-hwlle,        8>i58an  undenio 
*'  Froncum  and  Frysum       fyll  cyninges 
**  wide  weorSeS.        Was  s\6  wi6ht  scepen 


2915-2946.]  BEOWULF.  91 

2915  "heard  witJ  Hugas,       sySSan  HigelAc  cwom 

"  faran  flot-herge       on  Fresna  land, 

"  )»8er  hyne  Hetware       bilde  gehnsegdon, 

"  elne  geeodon       mid  ofer-magene, 

"  pat  se  b}Tn-wiga       bftgan  sceolde, 
2920  "  fe611  on  feSan :        nalles  fratwe  geaf 

"  ealdor  dugoSe  ;  lis  was  ^  sySSan 

"  Merewioinga       milts  ungyfeSe. 

"  Ne  ic  td  Swe6-])e6de       sibbe  oSt5e  tre6we 

"wihte  ne  w6ne ;       ac  was  wide  cAS, 
2925  "fatte  Ongen]n6       ealdre  besnySede 

"Hae^cyn  Hr661ing       wi5  Hrefna-wudu, 

"  ]>k  for  on-mfidlan       serest  ges6hton 

"  Gedta  le6de       GftS-scilfingas. 

"  S6na  him  se  fr6da       fader  Ohtheres, 
2930  "  eald  and  eges-full       ond-slyht  figeaf, 

"  4bre6t  brim-wisan,        bryd  dhe6rde, 

"  gomela  i6-meowlan       golde  berofene, 

"  Onelan  m6dor       and  Ohtheres, 

"  and  I'd  folgode        feorh-geniSlan 
2935  "  6t5  pat  hi  65eodon       earfoSlice 

"in  Hrefnes-holt       hUford-ledse. 

"  Besat  ]>t  sin-herge       sweorda  life 

"  wundum  wfirge,       wedn  oft  geh^t 

' '  earmre  teohhe       andlonge  niht : 
2940  "  cwat5  he  on  mergenne       m^ces  ecgum 

"  getan  wolde,        sume  on  galg-tie6wum 

'■'■fuglum  t6  gamene.        Fr6for  eft  gelamp 

"  sirig-m6dum       somod  aer-dage, 

"sySSan  hie  Hygeliees       horn  and  bymaa 
2945  "gealdor  ongeMon.        p4  se  g6da  com 

"le6da  dugoSe       on  list  faran. 


92  BEOWULF.  [8947-2978. 


XLT.    He  Tells  of  the  Swedes  and  the  Geatas 

'  Was  si6  sw&t-swaSu       Sweona  and  Gedta, 

'  wal-roes  wera       wide  gesj-ne, 

'  ht  ]'4  folc  mid  him       faeht5e  t6wehton. 

2950  "  Gew^t  him  ]>§l  se  g6da       mid  his  gadelingum, 
'  fr6d  fela  ge6mor       fasten  sficean, 
'  eorl  Ongeu])i6       ufor  oncirde  ; 
'hiifde  Higeldces       hilde  gefrunen, 
'  wlonces  wig-craft,        wi6res  ne  trAwode, 

2955  "  ]>Sit  he  sae-mannum       onsacao  mihte, 
'  hedSo-liSendum       hord  forstandan, 
'  beam  and  bryde  ;       beiih  eft  ponan 
'  eald  under  eorS-weall.        pd  wJis  aeht  boden 
'  Sweona  le6dum,        segn  HigelAce. 

2960  "  Freo(5o-wong  j'one       forS  ofereodon, 

'  sy8San  HrfiSlingas       td  hagan  prungou. 
'  paer  wearS  Ongen]n6       eegum  sweorda, 
'  blonden-fexa       on  bid  wrecen, 
'  pat  se  )'e6d-c3-ning       pafian  sceolde 

2965  "  Eofores  dnne  d6m  :        hj'ue  yrringa 
'  Wulf  Wonrdding       wfepne  geraehte, 
'  pat  him  for  swenge       swfl,t  aedrum  sprong 
'  forS  under  fexe.        Nas  he  forht  swA  p6h, 
'  gomela  Scilfing,        ac  forgeald  hraSe 

2970  "w}Tsan  wrixle       wal-hlem  pone, 

'  S3i56an  pe6d-C3'ning       )J3xler  oncirde : 
'  ne  meahte  se  snella       sunu  "Wonredes 
'  ealdum  ceorle       ond-slyht  giofan, 
'  ac  he  him  on  hedfde       helm  ser  gescer, 

2975  "  pat  he  bl6de  fdh       bftgan  sceolde, 

'  fe611  on  foldan ;        nas  he  faege  )>4  git, 

'  ac  he  h3'ne  gew^rpte,       pedh  pe  him  wund  hrtnc. 

'  L6t  se  hearda       Higeldces  pegn 


2979-^012.]  BEOWULF.  93 


2980 


2985 


2990 


2995 


3000 


3005 


3010 


'  brMne  m6ce,       ]'d  his  br6t5or  lag, 

'  eald  sweord  eotonisc,        entiscne  helm, 

'  brecan  of er  bord-weal :        J'A  gebedh  cyning, 

'  folces  h^Tde,        was  in  feorh  dropen. 

'  p^  waeron  monige,       J'e  his  maeg  wiiSon, 

'  ricone  draerdon,        J)d  him  gerJTned  wearS, 

'  ]mt  hie  wal-st6we       wealdan  m6ston. 

'  penden  redfode       rinc  dSerne, 

'  nam  on  Ongen]n6       iren-b3Tnan, 

'  heard  swyrd  hilted       and  his  helm  somod ; 

'  hdres  h^Tste       HigeMce  bar. 

'  He  ]>dm  friitwum  f6ng       and  him  f agre  geh^t 

'  ledna  fo7-e  leodum       and  gelseste  swA : 

'  geald  pone  gftS-roes       Gedta  drjhten, 

'  HrfiSles  eafora,        ]>§l  he  td  hdm  becom, 

'  Jofore  and  Wulfe       mid  ofer-miSmum, 

'  sealde  hiora  gehwaSrum       hund  ])(isenda 

'  landes  and  locenra  bedga ;       ne  j'orfte  him  fd  ledn 

66witan 
'  mononmiddan-gearde,  sySSanhiepdmaerSagesldgon ; 
'  and  pd  Jofore  forgeaf       dngan  debtor, 
'  hdm-weorSunge,        hyldo  td  wedde. 
'  pdt  ys  si6  faehSo       and  se  fe6nd-scipe, 
'  wal-nl5  wera,        pas  pe  ic  wSn  hafo, 
'  pe  6s  s6ceat5  t6       Sweona  le6de, 
'  sj'SSan  hie  gefricgeaS       fredn  dserne 
'  ealdor-ledsne,        pone  pe  ser  gehe61d 
'  wis  hettendum       hord  and  rice, 
'  after  halec5a  hrjTe       hwate  Scylfingas, 
'  folc-raed  fremede       o66e  furSur  gen 
'  eorl-scipe  efnde.        Nu  is  6fost  betost, 
'  pat  we  pe6d-e3'ning       paer  scedwian 
'  and  pone  gebringan,       pe  ts  bedgas  geaf, 
'  on  dd-fare.        Ne  seel  dnes  hwat 
'  meltan  mid  pam  m6digan,       ac  paer  is  md^ma  hord. 


94  BEdWTJLF.  [3013-3047. 

"gold  unrlme       grimme  gecedpod 
"and  nu  at  siSestan       sylfes  feore 

5015  "bedgas  gebohte;       ]>Si  sceal  brond  fretan, 
"  iiled  J'eccean,        nalles  eorl  wegan 
"  m^66um  t6  gemyndum,        ne  magS  scyne 
"  habban  on  healse       bring- weort5unge, 
"  ac  sceall  ge6mor-m6d       golde  beredfod 

3020  "  oft  nalles  sene       el-land  tredan, 
"  nu  se  here-wlsa       hleahtor  dlegde, 
"  gamen  and  gle6-dredm.        Forpon  sceall  gAr  wesan 
"  monig  morgen-ceald       mundum  bewunden, 
"  hiifen  on  handa,        nalles  hearpan  sw6g 

3025  "  wigend  weceean,       ac  se  wonna  hrefn 
"  its  ofer  faegum,        fela  reordian, 
"  earne  secgan,        lift  him  at  aete  spe6w, 
"  j^enden  he  wi6  wulf       wal  redfode." 
Swd  se  secg  hwata       secgende  was 

3030  IdSra  spella;       he  ne  ledg  fela 

w^Tda  ne  worda.        Weorod  eall  drds, 
eodon  unbllSe       under  Earna  nas 
wollen-tedre       wundur  scedwian. 
Fuudon  ])d  on  sande       sdwul-ledsne 

3035  hlim-bed  healdan,     J'one  ]'e  him  hringas  geaf 
aerran  maelum :        pd  wds  ende-dag 
g6dum  gegongen,        pat  se  gti6-c)Tiiug, 
Wedra  l>e6den,       wundor-dedSe  swealt. 
JEr  hi  ges^gan       sylllcran  wiht, 

3040  wyrm  on  wonge       wi(5er-rahtes  j'ter 
IdSne  licgean :        was  se  16g-draca, 
giimlic  gryre-gdst,       glfidum  beswaeled  , 
se  was  fiftiges       f6t-gemearccs 
lang  on  legere,       lyft-w^Tine  he61d 

3045  nihtes  hwilum,       njiSer  eft  gewdt 

dennes  ni6sian ;       was  J'd  dedtSe  fast, 
hafde  eorS-scrafa       ende  gen^-ttod. 


3048-3075.]  BEOWULF.  95 

Him  big  stddan       bunan  and  orcas, 

diseas  Idgon       and  dyre  swyrd, 
3050  6mige  furh-etone,        swd  hie  wi6  eorSan  faSm 

fiisend  wintra       fser  eardodon: 

fonne  was  ]>at  yrfe       edcen-craftig, 

iii-monna  gold       galdre  bewunden, 

pat  ]iam  hring-sele       hrlnan  ne  mdste 
3055  gumena  aenig,        nefne  god  sylfa, 

sigora  s66-c3'ning,        sealde   fam  \>e  he  wolde 

(he  is  manna  gehyld)        hord  openian, 

efne  sw&  hwylcum  manna,       swA  him  gemet  pOhte. 


XLII. 

WiGLAF  Speaks.     The  Building  of  the 
Bale-Fire. 

pi  was  gesyne,       pat  se  si6  ne  \>&h 

3060  pam  })e  unrihte       inne  gehy^dde 

wrate  under  wealle.     "Weard  ser  ofsl6h 
fedra  sumne ;  ]>k  si6  faehS  geweai'S 
gewi-ecen  wr461tce.        Wundur  hwdr,  ponne 
eorl  ellen-r6f       ende  gef&re 

3065  lif-gesceafta,       ponne  leng  ne  mag 

men  mid  his  ??idgum       medu-seld  bftan. 

SwS,  was  Bi6wulfe,       ]'4  he  biorges  weard 

s6hte,  searo-ni^as :        seolfa  ne  cA6e, 

]?m-h  hwiit  his  worulde  geddl       weorSan  seeolde ; 

3070  swd  hit  65  d6mes  dag       di6pe  benemdon 
})e6dnas  maere,       pd  pat  paer  dydon, 
pat  se  secg  waere       synnum  scildig, 
hergum  geheaSerod,       hell-bendum  fast, 
wommum  gewitnad,       se  pone  wong  stride. 

3075  Nas  he  gold-hwat:       gearwor  hafde 


96 


BEOWULF. 


[3076-3 I la 


3080 


3085 


3090 


3095 


3100 


3105 


Agendes  6st       ser  gescedwod. 
Wlgldf  maSelode,       Wihstanes  sunu : 
Oft  sceall  eorl  monig       Anes  willan 
wrsec  ddre6gan,        swd  As  geworden  is. 
Ne  meahton  we  gelaeran       le6fne  })e6den, 
rices  hyrde       raed  aenigne, 
)?at  he  ne  grette       gold-weard  J'one, 
16te  h^-ne  licgean,        ])aer  he  longe  was, 
wlcum  wuuian       6(5  woruld-ende. 
He61don  hedh  gesceap :        hord  ys  gescedwod, 
grimme  gegongen ;       was  pat  gife^e  t6  swl6, 
\>e  fone  ]>e6den       pyder  outyhte. 

and  I'iit  call  geond-seh, 
)id  me  ger3'med  was, 
si(5  dlyfed 

Ic  on  6foste  gef6ng 
miigen-byrSenne 


8110 


Ic  was  ]'8er  inne 
recedes  geatwa, 
nealles  swaeslice 
inn  under  eorS-weall 
micle  mid  mundum 


hord-gestre6na,       hider  tt  atbar 

cyninge  minum :        cwico  was  ]>t,  gena, 

wis  and  gewittig ;       worn  call  gespriic 

gomol  on  gehSo       and  e6wic  grdtan  h^t, 

biid  ))at  ge  geworhton      after  wines  daedum 

in  btel-stede       beorh  ))one  hedn 

micelne  and  maerne,        swd  he  manna  was 

wlgend  weoii5-fullost     .  wide  geond  eorSan, 

l^enden  he  burh-welan       brftcan  m6ste. 

Uton  nu  6fstan       66re  st^e 

se6n  and  s^cean       searo-geprac, 

wundur  under  wealle !       ic  e6w  wlsige, 

])at  ge  gen6ge       nedn  scedwiatS 

bedgas  and  brdd  gold.        Sle  si6  baer  gearo 

adre  geiifned,       J^onne  we  At  cjonen, 

and  fionne  geferian       fredn  Aserne, 

le6fne  mannan,       faer  he  longe  sceal 

on  pas  waldendes       wsere  gepolian." 


81 11-3137.]  be6wulf.  97 

H6t  pa  gebe6dan       b}Te  WihstAnes, 

hale  hilde-di6r,        hiileSa  monegum 

bold-dgendra,        ]'at  hie  bsel-wudu 

feorrau  feredon,       folc-dgende 
3115  g6dum  t6g6nes :        "  Nu  sceal  glM  fretan 

"  (weaxan  wonna  ISg)       wigena  strengel, 

"  fone  )'e  oft  gebM       isern-scftre, 

''  ])onne  straela  storm,        strengum  gebaeded, 

"  sc6c  ofer  scild-weall,        sceft  n3'tte  he6Id, 
3120  "•  feSer-gearwum  Ms       Mne  full-eode." 

H<iru  se  snotra       suuu  Wihstdnes 

Acigde  of  corSre       cj'iiinges  pegnas 

syfone  tdsomne       ph  sSlestan, 

code  eahta  sum       under  inwit-hr6f; 
3125  hilde-rinc  sum       on  handa  bar 

alod-le6raan,        se  ]'e  on  orde  ge6ng. 

Nils  ))a  on  lil3'tme,        hwd  pat  hord  strude, 

sy5(5an  or-wearde       aenigne  dael 

secgas  gesfigon       on  sele  wunian, 
3130  laene  licgan :        l3't  senig  mearn, 

pat  hi  6fostlice       tt  geferedon 

d5Te  mfiSmas;        dracan  ^c  scufun, 

wyrm  ofer  weall-clif,        l^ton  waeg  niman, 

fl6d  faSmian        fratwa  h3Tde. 
3135  paer  was  wunden  gold       on  waen  hladen, 

aeghwas  unrim,        aSeliug  boren, 

hdr  hllde-rmc       td  Hr6nes  nasse. 


9g  BE6WULF.  [3138-3169 


XLIII.     Beowulf's  Funeral  Pyre. 

Him  ]>&  gegiredan       Gedta  Ie6de 
dd  on  eorSan       un-wdclicne, 

3  MO  helmum  behongen,        hilde-bordum, 

beorhtum  byrnum,        swd  he  bfina  was; 
dlegdon  J'd  t6-midde8       maerne  )>e6dea 
haleS  hi6fendc,       hiaford  le6fne. 
Ongimnon  )'A  on  beorge       bael-f^'va  maest 

3145  wigend  weccan :        wudu-r6c  dstdh 

sweart  ofer  swio6ole,        sw6gende  16g, 
w6pe  bewunden       (wind-blond  gelag) 
OS  )>at  he  ]>&,  bdn-hfts       gebrocen  hafde, 
hat  on  hreSre.        Higum  uni'dte 

3150  m6d-eeare  maendon       mon-drjhtnes  cwealm  ; 
sw^'lce  gi6mor-g3'd        f  1^^  •  "*"  meowle 

wunden  heorde  .  .  . 

serg  (?)  cearig  saelde       geneahhe 
pjit  bio  hyre  ....  gas  hearde 

3155 ede       waltylla  wonn  .  . 

hildes  egesan       hySo 

haf  mid       heofon  r6ce  swcalh  (?) 

Geworhton  ]>&       Wedra  le6de 

hlaew  on  hliSe,        se  was  hedh  and  brM, 

3160  waeg-liSendum       wide  gesyne, 

and  betimbredon       on  tyn  dagum 
beadu-r6fes  bficn :       bronda  hetost 
wealle  beworhton,       swA  h^t  weorSUcost 
fore-snotre  men       findan  mihton. 

3165  HI  on  beorg  dj'don       bfig  and  siglu, 

call  sw3'lce  hjTsta,       sw^'lce  on  horde  ser 
nl(5-h3dige  men       genumen  hafdon ; 
forlfiton  eorla  gestre6n       eoi'San  healdan, 
gold  on  gre6te,        l)8er  hit  nu  gen  lifaS 


3170-3184.]  BEOWULF.  99 

3170  eldum  swd  unnyt,        swA  hit  ceror  was. 

pd  ymbe  hlaew  riodan       hilde-de6re, 

aSelinga  beam       ealra  twelfa, 

woldon  ceare  cwtSan,        kyning  maenan, 

word-gyd  wrecan        and  ymb  wer  sprecan, 
3175  eahtodan  eorl-scipe       and  his  ellen-weorc 

dugutSum  demdon,        swd  hit  ge-d^/e  bit5, 

pat  mon  his  wine-dryhten       wordum  h^rge, 

ferhSum  fre6ge,        })onne  he  forS  scile 

of  lic-haman       loene  weorSan. 
3180  Swd  begnornodon       Gedta  le6de 

hldfordes  hryve,       heorS-genedtas, 

cwaedon  pat  he  wsere       woruld-cyning 

mannum  mildust       and  mon-pwserust, 

le6dum  USost       and  lof-geornost. 


APPENDIX. 


The  Attack  in  Finnsburg.* 

" nas  byrnaS  naefre." 

HleoSrode  pd       heat5o-geong  cj'ning: 
"  Ne  pis  ne  dagaS  edstan,       ne  her  draca  ne  fle6ge5, 
"  ne  her  )>isse  healle       hornas  ne  bjrnaS, 
5  "  ac  f&r  forS  beraS,        fugelas  singacS, 
"  gylleS  graeg-liama,        gftcS-wudu  hlj'nnecS, 
"  sc3-ld  seefte  oncwy6.        Nu  scyneS  pes  nl6na 
' '  waSol  under  wolcnum  ;        nu  drisatS  wed-daeda, 
"  ])e  pisne  folces  nt6       fremman  willaS. 

10  "Ac  onwacnigeaS  nu,        wlgend  mine, 
' '  hebbaS  e6wre  handa,        hicgea6  on  ellen, 
"  winnaS  on  orde,        wesa6  on  m6de  !  " 
pd  drds   monig  gold-hladen   pegn,         g}'rde  hine   his 

swurde ; 
I'd  t6  dura  eodon       di'ihtUce  cempan, 

15  SigeferS  and  Eaha,        h3Ta  sweord  getugon, 
and  at  65rum  durum       Ordldf  and  GftSldf, 
and  Hengest  sylf;        hwearf  him  on  Idste. 
pd  git  Gdrulf       GASere  styrode, 
))at  hie  swd  fre6lic  feorh        fonnan  sl5e 

20  t6  I'aere  healle  durum       hyrsta  ne  baeran, 
nu  hyt  nl5a  heard       dn^Tnan  wolde: 
ac  he  fragn  ofer  eal       undearninga, 
de6r-m6d  haleS,        hwd  ])d   duru  he61de. 
"  SigeferS  is  mln  nama  (cwd6  he),       ic  eom  Secgena 

le6d, 

•  See  V.  1069  seqq. 


25-48.]  BEOWULF.  101 

25  "wi-ecca  wide  cM.       Fela  ic  wedna  gebdd, 

"  heardva  hilda  ;       )'e  is  gyt  her  witod, 

"  swaSer  )'u  sylf  t6  me       s^cean  wylle." 

pd  was  on  wealle       wal-slihta  gelilyn, 

sceolde  celod  bord       cfenum  on  lianda 
30  bdn-helm  berstan.       Buruh-)!elu  dynede, 

66  }'at  at  paire  gA6e       Gdrulf  gecrang, 

ealra  rerest       eorS-bfiendra, 

GfiSiafes  sunu  ;       ymbe  hine  gddra  fela. 

Hwearf /laera  hraew       hrafn,  wandrode 
35  sweart  and  sealo-brftn ;        swurd-le6ma  stdd 

swylee  eal  Finns-buruh       fyrenu  waere. 

Ne  gefragn  ic  ncefre  wurSlicor       at  wera  hilde 

sixtig  sige-beorna       s61  gebaeran, 

ne  naefre  swdnas  sw^tne       medo  s61  forgyldan, 
40  )?onne  Hniife  guidon       his  hag-stealdas. 

His:  fuhton  flf  dagas,        swd  hyra  ndn  ne  fe61 

driht-gesiSa,        ac  hig  J'd  duru  he61don. 

pa  gewat  him  wund  haleS       on  wag  gangan, 

ssede  |)at  his  byrne       dbrocen  waere, 
45  here-sceorpum  hr6r,        and  edc  was  his  helm  pyrl. 

pa  hine  s6na  fragn       folces  hyrde, 

hfl  I'd  wigend       hyra  wunda  genaeson 

o6Se  hwaSer  J^sera  hyssa 


LIST  OF  NAMES;  NOTES;  AND  GLOSSARY. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


m. :  masculine. 

f . :  feminine. 

n. :  neuter. 

OOm.,  gen.,  etc.:  nominative,  genitive,  «> 

w.:  weak. 

w.  V. :  weali  verb. 

St.:  strong. 

St.  V. :  strong  verb. 

I.,  II.,  III.:  first,  second,  third  pen: 

comp. :  compound. 

imper. :  imperative. 

■w. :  with. 

instr.:  instrumental. 

G.  and  Goth. :  Gothic. 

O.N.:  Old  Norse. 

O.S.:  Old  Saxon. 

O.H.G.:  Old  High  German. 

M.H.G.:  Middle  High  German. 

The  vowel  ii  =  a  in  qlad  ) 

(  apijro.ximately. 
The  diphthong  jb  =a  in  hair  ) 

The  names  Leo,  Bugge,  Rieger,  etc.,  refer  to  authors  of  emendation 

Words  beginning  with  ge-  will  be  found  under  their  root^word. 

Obvious  abbreviations,  like  subj.,  etc.,  are  not  included  in  this  list. 


LIST   OF   NAMES. 


Abel,  'Gain's  brother,  io8. 

Alf-here  (gen.  Alf-heres,  2605),  a 
kinsman  of  Wiglaf 's,  2605. 

.\sc-here,  confidential  adviser  of 
King  HroSgar  (1326),  older  broth- 
er of  Yrmenlaf  (1325),  killed  by 
Grendel's  mother,  1295, 1324,2123. 

Ban-stan,  father  of  Hreca,  524. 

Beo-wulf,  son  of  Scyld,  king  of  the 
Danes,  18,  19.  After  the  death  of 
his  father,  he  succeeds  to  the  throne 
of  the  Scyldings,  53.  His  son  is 
Ilealfdene,  57. 

Beo-wulf  (Biowulf,  1988,2390;  gen. 
Beowulfes,  857,  etc.,  Biowulfes, 
2195,  2808,  etc.;  dat.  Bedwulfe, 
610,  etc.,  Biowulfe,  2325,  2843),  of 
the  race  of  the  Geatas.  His  father 
is  the  Wsegmunding  Ecgheow  (263, 
etc.);  his  mother  a  daughter  of 
Hre'Sel,  king  of  the  Geatas  (374), 
at  whose  court  he  is  brought  up 
after  his  seventh  year  withHreSel's 
sons,  Herebeald,  Hce^Scyn,  and 
Hygelac,  2429  ff.  In  his  youth 
lazy  and  unapt  (2184  f.,  2188 
f.) ;  as  man  he  attains  in  the  gripe 
of  his  hand  the  strength  of  thirty 
men,  379.  Hence  his  victories  in 
his  combats  vnth  bare  hands  (71 1 
ff.,  2502  ff.),  while  fate  denies  him 
the  victory  in  the  battle  with  swords, 
2683  f.  His  swimming-match  with 
Breca  in  his  youth,  506  ff.  Goes 
with  fourteen  Geatas  to  the  assist- 


ance of  the  Danish  king,  HrolSgir, 
against  Grendel,  198 ff.  His  combat 
with  Grendel,  and  his  victory,  7 1 1  ff., 
819  ff.  He  is,  in  consequence,  pre- 
sented with  rich  gifts  by  HroSgir, 
1021  ff.  Hiscombat  with  Grendel's 
mother,  1442  ff.  Having  again  re- 
ceived gifts,  he  leaves  HroSgdr 
(1S1S-1SS8),  and  returns  to  Hyge- 
lac, 1964  ff.  — After  Hygelac's  last 
battle  and  death,  he  flees  alone 
across  the  sea,  2360  f.  In  this  bat- 
tle he  crushes  Daghrefn,  one  of  the 
Hfigas,  to  death,  2502  f.  He  re- 
jects at  the  same  time  HygelSc's 
kingdom  and  the  hand  of  his  widow 
(2370  ff.),  but  carries  on  the  gov- 
ernment as  guardian  of  the  young 
Heardrgd,  son  of  Hygelic,  2378  ff. 
After  Heardred's  death,  the  king- 
dom falls  to  Beowulf,  2208,  2390. 

—  Afterwards,  on  an  expedition  to 
avenge  the  murdered  Heardrld,  he 
kills  the  Scylfing,  Eadgils  (2397), 
and  probably  conquers  his  country. 

—  His  fight  with  the  drake,  2539 ff. 
His  death,  28 1 8.  His  burial,  31 35  ff. 

Breca  (ace.  Brecan,  506,  531),  son 
of  Beanstin,  524.  Chief  of  the 
Brondings,  521.  His  swimming- 
match  with  Beowulf,  506  ff. 

Brondingas  (gen.  Brondinga,  521). 
Breca,  their  chief,  521. 

Brosinga  inene,  corrupted  from,  or 
according  to  MUllenhoff,  written  by 


106 


LIST   OF   NAMES. 


mistake  for,  Breosinga  mene  (O.N., 
Brisinga  men,  cf.  Haupts  Zeitschr. 
XII.  304),  collar,  which  the  Bri- 
singas  once  possessed. 

Cain  (gen.  Caines,  107)  :  descended 
from  him  are  Grendel  and  his  kin, 
107,  1262  ff. 

Dag-hrefn  (dat.  Daghrefne,  2502), 
a  warrior  of  the  Hftgas,  who,  accord- 
ing to  2504-5,  compared  with  1203, 
and  with  1 208,  seems  to  have  been 
the  slayer  of  King  Ilygelac,  in  his 
battle  against  the  allied  Franks, 
Frisians,  and  Hfigas.  Is  crushed 
to  death  by  Beowulf  in  a  hand-to- 
hand  combat,  2502  ff. 

Dene  (gen.  Dena,  242,  etc.,  Denia, 
2126,  Deniga,  271,  etc.;  dat.  De- 
num,  768,  etc.),  as  subjects  of  Scyld 
and  his  descendants,  they  are  also 
called  Scyldings;  and  after  the  first 
king  of  the  East  Danes,  Ing  (Run- 
enlied,  22),  Ing-wine,  1045,  1320. 
They  are  also  once  calledHr^  5men, 
445.  On  account  of  their  renowned 
warlike  character,  they  bore  the 
names  Gar-Dene,  i,  1857,  Hring- 
Dene  (Armor- Danes),  116,  1280, 
Beorht-Dene,  427,  610.  The  great 
extent  of  this  people  is  indicated  by 
their  names  from  the  four  quarters 
of  the  heavens:  East-Dene,  392, 
617,  etc.,  West-Dene,  383,  1579, 
Sd'S-Dene,  463,  NorS-Dene,  7S4. — 
Their  dwelling-place  "  in  Scedelan- 
dum,"  19,  "on  Scedemgge,"  16S7, 
"  be  sasm  tweonum,"  1686. 

Ecg-laf  (gen.  Ecglafes,  499),  Hftn- 
fer^'s  father,  499. 

Ecg-J>e6w  (nom.  Ecg>e6w,  263, 
Ecg>e6,  373;  gen.  Ecgbe6wes,529, 
etc.,  Ecgpiowes,  2000),  a  far-famed 
hero  of  the  Geatas,  of  the  house  of 
the  Waegmundings.  Beowulf  is  the 
»on  of  Ecghe6w,  by  the  only  daugh- 


ter of  HrS^el,  king  of  the  Geatas, 
262,  etc.  Among  the  Wylfmgs,  he 
has  slain  I  lea^olSf  (460),  and  in  con- 
sequence he  goes  over  the  sea  to  the 
Danes  (463),  whose  king,  IIro??gSr, 
by  means  of  gold,  finishes  the  strife 
for  him,  470. 

Ecg-wela  (gen.  Ecg-welan,  1711). 
The  Scyldings  are  called  his  de- 
scendants, 1 71 1.  Grein  considers 
him  the  founder  of  the  older  dynas- 
ty of  Danish  kings,  which  closes 
with  Heremod.    See  Hercmod. 

Elan,  daughter  of  Ilealfdene,  king 
of  the  Danes,  (?)  62.  According 
to  the  restored  text,  she  is  the  wife 
of  OngenJ'eow,  the  Scylhng,  62, 63. 

Earna-uas,  the  Eagle  Cape  in  the 
land  of  the  Geatas,  where  occurred 
Beowulf's    fight  with  the   drake, 

3032. 

E&dglls  (dat.  Eadgilse,  2393),  son 
of  Ohthere, and  grandson  of  Ongen- 
}>e6w,  the  Scylfing,  2393.  His  older 
brother  is 

E&ninund  (gen.  Eanmundes,  2612). 
What  is  said  about  both  in  our  poem 
(2201-2207,2380-2397,2612-2620) 
is  obscure,  but  the  following  may 
be  conjectured :  — 

The  sons  of  Ohthere,  Eanmund 
and  Eadgils,  have  rebelled  against 
their  father  (2382),  and  must,  in 
consequence,  depart  with  their  fol- 
lowers from  Swiorlce,  2205-6,  2380. 
They  come  into  the  country  of  the 
Geatas  to  Heardr^d  (2380),  but 
whether  with  friendly  or  hostile  in- 
tent is  not  stated;  but,  according  to 
2203  f.,  we  are  to  presume  that  they 
came  against  IleardrSd  with  de- 
signs of  conquest.  At  a  banquet 
(on  feorme;  or  feorme,  MS.)  Hear- 
drSd  falls,  probably  through  treach- 
ery, by  the  hand  of  one  of  thfl 


LIST   OF  NAMES. 


107 


brothers,  2386,2207.  The  murderer 
must  have  been  Eanmund.to  whom, 
according  to  2613,  "in  battle  the 
revenge  of  WeohstSn  brings  death." 
Weohst^n  takes  revenge  for  his 
murdered  king,  and  exercises  upon 
Eanmund's  body  the  booty-right, 
and  robs  it  of  helm,  breastplate,  and 
sword  (2616-17),  which  the  slain 
man  had  received  as  gifts  from  his 
uncle,  Onela,  261 7-18.  But  Weoh- 
stSn  does  not  speak  willingly  of 
this  fight,  although  he  has  slain 
Onela's  brother's  son,  2619-20. — 
After  Heardred's  and  Eanmund's 
death,  the  descendant  of  Ongen- 
I'eow,  Edilgils,  returns  to  his  home, 
2388.  He  must  give  way  before 
Beowulf,  who  has,  since  Heardred's 
death,  ascended  the  throne  of  the 
Geatas,  2390.  But  Beowulf  remem- 
bers it  against  him  in  after  days, 
and  the  old  feud  breaks  out  anew, 
2392-94.  Eadgils  makes  an  inva- 
sion into  the  land  of  the  Geatas 
(2394-95),  during  which  he  falls  at 
the  hands  of  Beowulf,  2397.  The 
latter  must  have  then  obtained  the 
sovereignty  over  the  Sweonas(3005- 
6,  where  only  the  version,  Scylfin- 
gas,  can  give  a  satisfactory  sense). 

Eofor  (gen.  Eofores,  2487,  2965; 
dat.  Jofore,  2994,  2998),  one  of 
the  Geatas,  son  of  WonrSd  and 
brother  of  Wulf  (2965,  2979),  kills 
the  Swedish  king,  Ongenj'eow 
(2487  ff.,  2978-82),  for  which  he 
receives  from  King  Hygelac,  along 
with  other  gifts,  his  only  daughter 
in  marriage,  2994-99. 

Eormen-ric  (gen.  Eormenrtces, 
1202),  king  of  the  Goths  (cf.  about 
him,  W.  Grimm,  Deutsche  Helden- 
sage,  p.  2,  ff.).  Hama  has  wrested 
theBrosinga  mene  from  him,  1202. 


Eomaer,  son  of  Offa  and  iJrySc  (cf. 
pry  So),  1961. 

Finn  (gen.  Finnes,  1069,  etc. ;  dat. 
Finne,  11 29),  son  of  Folcwalda 
(1090),  king  of  the  North  Frisians, 
i.e.  of  the  Eotenas,  husband  of 
Hildeburg,  a  daughter  of  Hoc, 
1072,  1077.  He  is  the  hero  of  the 
inserted  poem  on  the  Attack  in 
Finnsburg,  the  obscure  incidents 
of  which  are,  perhaps,  as  follows : 
In  Finn's  castle,  Finnsburg,  situ- 
ated in  Jutland  (1126-28),  the 
Hoeing,  Hnaf,  a  relative  —  per- 
haps a  brother  —  of  Hildeburg  is 
spending  some  time  as  guest.  Hnaf, 
who  is  a  liegeman  of  the  Danish 
king,  Healfdene,  has  sixty  men 
with  him  (Finnsburg,  38).  These 
are  treacherously  attacked  one  night 
by  Finn's  men,  1073.  For  five 
days  they  hold  the  doors  of  their 
lodging-place  without  losing  one 
of  their  number  (Finnsburg,  41, 
42).  Then,  however,  Hnaf  is 
slain  (1071),  and  the  Dane,  Hen- 
gest,  who  was  among  Hnaf 's  fol- 
lowers, assumes  the  command  of 
the  beleaguered  band.  But  on  the 
attacking  side  the  fight  has 
brought  terrible  losses  to  Finn's 
men.  Their  numbers  are  dimin- 
ished (1081  f.),  and  Hildeburg  be- 
moans a  son  and  a  brother  among 
the  fallen  (1074  f.,  cf.  1116,1119). 
Therefore  the  Frisians  offer  the 
Danes  peace  (1086)  under  the 
conditions  mentioned  (1087-1095), 
and  it  is  confirmed  with  oaths 
(1097),  and  money  is  given  by 
Finn  in  propitiation  (1108).  Now 
all  who  have  survived  the  battle 
go  together  to  Friesland,  the  home 
proper  of  Finn,  and  here  Hengest 
remains   during  the   winter,  pre- 


108 


LIST   OF   NAMES. 


"  vented  by  ice  and  storms  from  re- 
turning home  (Grein).  But  in 
spring  the  feud  breaks  out  anew. 
CaSiaf  and  Oslaf  avenge  Hnaf's 
fall,  probably  after  they  have 
brought  help  from  home  (1150). 
In  the  battle,  the  hall  is  filled  wi'h 
the  corpses  of  the  enemy.  Finn 
himself  is  killed,  and  the  queen  is 
captured  and  carried  away,  along 
with  the  booty,  to  the  land  of  the 
Danes,  11 47- 1 160. 

Finna  land.  Beowulf  reaches  it  in 
his  swimming-race  with  Breca,  580. 

Fitela,  the  son  and  nephew  of  the 
Walsing,  Sigemund,  and  his  com- 
panion in  arms,  876-890.  (Sige- 
mund had  begotten  Fitela  by  his 
sister,  Signy.  Cf.  more  at  length 
Leo  on  Beqwulf,  p.  38  ff.,  where  an 
extract  from  the  legend  of  the 
Walsungs  is  given.) 

Folc-walda  (gen.  Folc-waldan, 
1090),  Finn's  father,  1090. 

Fraiican  (gen.  Francna,  121 1 ;  dat. 
Froncum,  2913).  King  HygelSc 
fell  on  an  expedition  against  the 
allied  Franks,  Frisians,  and  Ilftgas, 
1211,  2917. 

Fresan,  Frlsan,  Frysan  (gen. 
Fresena,  1094,  Frysna,  1 105,  Fres- 
na,29i6:  dat.  Frysum,  1208,2913). 
To  be  distinguished,  are  :  i )  North 
Frisians,  whose  king  is  Finn, 
1069  ff. ;  2)  West  Frisians,  in  al- 
liance with  the  Franks  and  Ilflgas, 
in  the  war  against  whom  Hygelac 
falls,  1208,  2916.  The  country  of 
the  former  is  called  Frysland,  1 1 27 ; 
that  of  the  latter,  Fresna  land,  29 1 6. 

Fr . .  es  wal  (in  Fr  . .  es  wale,  107 1 ), 
mutilated  proper  name. 

Freawaru,  daughter  of  the  Danish 
king,  IIr35g3r;  given  in  marriage 
to  Ingeld,  the  son  of  the  Hea^o- 


beard  king,  Froda,  in  order  to  end 
a  war  between  the  Danes  and  the 
IleaJSobeardnas,  2023  ff.,  2065. 

F^rOda  (gen.  Frodan),  father  of  In- 
geld, the  husband  of  Freaware, 
2026. 

Gilrinund  (gen.  Gdrmundes,  1963) 
father  of  Offa.     His  grandson  is 
Eomaer,  1961-63. 

Gedtas  (gen.  Geata,  205,  etc. ;  daL 
Geatum,  195,  etc.),  a  tribe  in  South- 
ern Scandinavia,  to  which  the  hero 
of  this  poem  belongs ;  also  called 
Wedergeatas,  1493,  2552;  or,  We- 
deras,  225,  423,  etc. ;  GQSgeatas, 
1539;  Ssegeatas,  1S51,  1987.  Their 
kings  named  in  this  poem  are : 
HrSSel;  HaeScyn,  second  son  of 
HrSSel;  Hygelac,  the  brother  of 
Has'Scyn;  HeardrSd,  son  of  Hyge- 
lac; then  Beowulf. 

GlfiJas  (dat.  GifSum,  2495),  Ge- 
pidcc,  mentioned  in  connection  with 
Danes  and  Swedes,  2495. 

Grendel,  a  fen-spirit  (102-3)  of 
Cain's  race,  107,  in,  1262,  1267. 
He  breaks  every  night  into  Hro5- 
gar's  hall  and  carries  off  thirty  war- 
riors, 115  ff.,  1583  ff.  He  contin- 
ues this  for  twelve  years,  till  Beo- 
wulf fights  with  him  (147,  71 1  ff.), 
and  gives  him  a  mortal  wound,  in 
that  he  tears  out  one  of  his  arms 
(817),  which  is  hung  up  as  a  tro- 
phy in  the  roof  of  Ileorot,  837. 
Grendel's  mother  wishes  to  avenge 
her  son,  and  the  following  night 
breaks  into  the  hall  and  carries  off 
Aschere,  1295.  Beowulf  seeks  for 
and  finds  her  home  in  the  fen-lake 
(i493ff.),  fights  with  her  (1498  ff.), 
and  kills  her  (1567)  ;  and  cuts  off 
the  head  of  Grendel,  who  lay  there 
dead  ( 15S9), and  brings  it  to  Hro* 
gSr,  1648. 


LIST   OF  NAMES. 


109 


Gfiiar-laf  and  Oslaf,  Danish  war- 
riors under  Hnaf,  whose  death  they 
avenge  on  Finn,  1149. 

Halga,  with  the  surname,  til,  the 
younger  brother  of  the  Danish 
king,  HroSgar,  61.  His  son  is 
Hro'Sulf,  loi 8,  1 165,  1 182. 

llama  wrests  the  Brosinga  fiiene 
from  Eormenric,  1199. 

Hareff  (gen.  HareSes,  19S2),  father 
of  Hygd,  the  wife  of  Hygelic,  1930, 
19S2. 

Haeafcyn  (dat.  Has'Scynne,  2483), 
second  son  of  HreSel,  king  of 
the  Geatas,  2435.  Kills  his  oldest 
brother,  Herebeald,  accidentally, 
with  an  arrow,  2438  ff.  After  Hr8- 
"Sel's  death,  he  obtains  the  king- 
dom, 2475,  2483.  He  falls  at  Ra- 
venswood,  in  the  battle  against  the 
Swedish  king,  OngenJ'eow,  2925. 
His  successor  is  his  younger  broth- 
er, Hygelac,  2944  ff.,  2992. 

Helmingas  (gen.  Helminga,  621). 
From  them  comes  Wealh^eow, 
HroSgSr's  wife,  621. 

Heming  (gen.  Heminges,  1945, 
1962).  Offa  is  called  Heminges 
maeg,  1945 ;  Eomaer,  1962.  Ac- 
cording to  Bachlechner  (Pfeiffer's 
Germania,  I.,  p.  458),  Heming  is 
the  son  of  the  sister  of  GSrmund, 
Offa's  father. 

Hengest  (gen.  Hengestes,  1092; 
dat.  Hengeste,  1084)  :  about  him 
and  his  relations  to  Hnaf  and  Finn, 
see  Finn. 

Here-beald(dat.Herebealde,2464), 
the  oldest  son  of  HreSel,  king  of 
the  Geatas  (2435),  accidentally 
killed  with  an  arrow  by  his  younger 
brother,  Hoe'Scyn,  2440. 

Here-mdd  (gen.  Heremodes,  902), 
king  of  the  Danes,  not  belonging 
to  the  Scylding  dynasty,  but,  ac- 


cording to  Grein,  immediately  pre 
ceding  it;  is,  on  account  of  his 
unprecedented  cruelty,  driven  out, 
902  ff.,  1 7 10. 

Here-ric    (gen.   Hererices,   2207) 
Heardred  is  called  Hererices  nefa, 
2207.     Nothing  further  is  known 
of  him. 

Het-^vare  or  Franks,  in  alliance 
with  the  Frisians  and  the  Hflgas, 
conquer  Hygelac,  king  of  the  Gea- 
tas, 2355,  2364  ff-,  2917. 

Healf-deue  (gen.  Healfdenes,  189, 
etc.),  son  of  Beowulf,  the  Scyl- 
ding (57)  ;  rules  the  Danes  long 
and  gloriously  (57  f.) ;  has  three 
sons,  Heorogir,  HroSgSr,  and 
HSlga  (61),  and  a  daughter.  Elan, 
who,  according  to  the  renewed 
te.\t  of  the  passage,  was  marriad 
to  the  Scylfing,  Ongen^edw,  62, 63. 

Heard-red  (dat.  HeardrSde,  2C03, 
2376),  son  of  Hygelic,  king  uf  the 
Geatas,  and  Hygd.  After  his  fath- 
er's death,  while  still  under  age, 
he  obtains  the  throne  (2371,  2376, 
2379)  ;  wherefore  Beowulf,  as 
nephew  of  Heardred's  father,  acts 
as  guardian  to  the  youth  till  he 
becomes  older,  2378.  He  is  slain 
by  Ohthere's  sons,  2386.  This 
murder  Beowulf  avenges  on  Ead- 
gils,  2396-97. 

HeaUo-beardnas  (gen.  -beard  na, 
2033,  2038,  2068),  the  tribe  of  the 
Lombards.  Their  king,  Froda,  has 
fallen  in  a  war  with  the  Danes, 
2029,  2051.  In  order  to  end  the 
feud.  King  HroSgar  has  given  his 
daughter,  Freawaru,  as  wife  to  the 
young  Ingeld,  the  son  of  Froda,  a 
marriage  that  does  not  result  hap- 
pily; for  Ingeld,  though  he  long 
defers  it  on  account  of  his  love  for 
his  wife,  nevertheless  takes  revenge 


no 


LIST  OF  NAMES. 


for  his  father,  2021-2070  (Widsi^, 

45-49)- 

Heaafo-laf  (dat.  HeaSo-iafe,  460), 
a  Wyll'ingish  warrior.  Ecgbeow, 
Beowulf's  father,  kills  him,  460. 

Heaiiro-i-aMnas  reached  by  B.  in  the 
swimming-race  with  Beowulf,  519. 

Heoro-gar  (nom.  61 ;  Heregar,  467  ; 
Hiorogar,  2159),  sonof  ITealfdene, 
and  older  brother  of  IlroSgSr,  61. 
His  death  is  mentioned,  467.  He 
has  a  son,  Heoroweard,  2162.  His 
coat  of  mail  Beowulf  has  received 
fromHroSgar  (21 56),  and  presents 
it  to  Hygeiac,  2158. 

Heoro-weard  (dat.  Heorowearde, 
2162),  HeorogSr's  son,  2161-62. 

Heort,  78.  Ileorot,  166  (gen.  Heo- 
rotes,  403;  dat.  Heorote,  475,  He- 
prute,  767,  Hiorte,  2100).  HroS- 
gSr's  throne-room  and  banqueting 
hall  and  assembly-room  for  his 
liegeme'n,  built  by  him  with  un- 
usual splendor,  69,  78.  In  it  oc- 
curs Beowulf's  fight  with  Grendel, 
720  ff.  The  hall  receives  its  name 
from  the  stag's  antlers,  of  which 
the  one-half  crowns  the  eastern 
gable,  the  other  half  the  western. 

HiUlcburh,  (laughter  of  Hoc,  rela- 
tive of  the  Danish  leader,  Hnaf, 
consort  of  the  Frisian  king,  Finn. 
After  the  fall  of  the  latter,  she  be- 
comes a  captive  of  the  Danes,  1072, 
1077,1159.    See  also  under  Finn. 

Hnaf  (gen.  Hnafes,  1115),  a  Ho- 
eing (WldsiS,29),  the  Danish  King 
Healfdene's  general,  1070  ff.  For 
his  fight  with  Finn,  his  death  and 
burial,  see  under  Finn. 

Hon<l-sci6,  warrior  of  the  Geatas  : 
dat.  2077. 

HOC  (gen.  Hoces,  1077),  father  of 
Hildeburh,  1077;  probably  also  of 
Hnaf  (WidsiS,  29). 


HreUel  (gen.  HrSISIes,  i486),  sob 
of  Swerting,  1204.  King  of  the 
Geatas,  374.  He  has,  besides,  a 
daughter,  who  is  married  to  Ecg- 
]}e6\v,  and  has  i;orne  him  Beowulf, 
(374),  three  sons,  Herebeald,  HasS- 
cyn,  and  Hygelac,  2435.  The  eld- 
est of  these  is  accidentally  killed 
by  the  second,  2440.  On  account 
of  this  inexpiable  deed,  HreSel  be- 
comes melancholy  (2443),  and  dies, 

2475- 
Hreafla  (gen.  Hrei^lan,  MS.  Hraed- 

lan,  454),  the  same  as  HreSel  (cf. 

MUllenhoff  in   Haupts  Zeitschrift, 

12,    260),   the   former   owner  of 

Beowulf's  coat  of  mail,  454. 

Hre3'-men(gen.  Hre5-manna,445), 
the  Danes  are  so  called,  445. 

HrelSf-ric,  son   of   Hro'Sgdr,    1190, 

1837. 

Hrefna-wudu,  2926,  or  Hrefnes- 
holt,  2936,  the  thicket  near  which 
the  Swedish  king,  OngenJ^eow, 
slew  Hse'Scyn,  king  of  the  Geatas, 
in  battle. 

Hreosna-beorh,  promontory  in  the 
land  of  the  Geatas,  near  which  On 

A 

genheow's  sons,  Ohthere  and  One- 
la,  had  made  repeated  robbing  in- 
cursions into  the  country  after 
HreSel's  death.  These  were  the 
immediate  cause  of  the  war  in 
which  Hr^Sel's  son,  King  Hse'Scyn, 
fell,  2478  ff. 
HrOS-gar  (gen.  HroSgares,  235, 
etc.;  dat.  Hro5-g&re,  64,  etc.),  of 
the  dynasty  of  the  Scyldings;  the 
second  of  the  three  sons  of  King 
Healfdene,  61.  After  the  death 
of  his  elder  brother,  Heorogdr,  he 
assumes  the  government  of  tne 
Danes,  465,  467  (yet  it  is  not  cer- 
tain whether  HeorogSr  was  king 
of  the  Danes  before  HroSgdr,  or 


LIST  OF  NAMES. 


Ill 


whether  h.s  death  occurred  while 
his  father,  Healfdene,  was  still 
alive).  His  consort  is  Wealhl'eow 
(613),  of  the  stock  of  the  Hel- 
mings  (621),  who  has  borne  him 
two  sons,  HreSrlc  and  HroSmund 
fiigo),  and  a  daughter,  Freaware 
(2023),  who  has  been  given  in 
marriage  to  the  king  of  the  Hea- 
Sobeardnas,  Ingeld.  His  throne- 
room  (7S  ff.)>  which  has  been  built 
at  great  cost  (74  ff.),  is  visited  every 
night  by  Grendel  (102,  115),  who, 
along  with  his  mother,  is  slain  by 
Beowulf  (711  ff.,  1493  ff).  Hro^- 
gar's  rich  gifts  to  Beowulf,  in  con- 
sequence, 1021,  iSiS;  heispraised 
as  Ijeing  generous,  7 1  ff.,  80, 1028  ff., 
1868  ff.;  as  being  brave,  1041  ff., 
1771  ff.;  and  wise,  1699,  1725. — 
Other  information  about  HroSgar's 
reign  for  the  most  part  only  sug- 
gested :  his  expiation  of  the  murder 
which  EcgJ'eow,  Beowulf's  father, 
committed  upon  HeaSolif,  460, 
470;  his  war  with  the  HeaSobeard- 
nas ;  his  adjustment  of  it  by  giving 
his  daughter,  Freaware,  in  mar- 
riage to  their  king,  Ingeld;  evil  re- 
sults of  this  marriage,  2021-2070. 
—  Treachei7  of  his  brother's  son, 
Hro'Sulf,  intimated,  1165-1166. 

HrGiSf-mund,  HroSgar's  son,  11 90. 

IlrolSF-ulf,  probably  a  son  of  Halga, 
the  younger  brother  of  King  Hro5- 
gSr,  1018,  1 182.  Wealhbeow  ex- 
presses the  hope  (1182)  that,  in 
case  of  the  early  death  of  Hro  ^gar, 
Hro'S-ulf  would  prove  a  good  guar- 
dian to  HroSgar's  young  son,  who 
would  succeed  to  the  government; 
a  hope  which  seems  not  to  have 
been  accomplished,  since  it  appears 
from  1 165,  n66  that  HroS-ulf  has 
abused  his  xust  towards  HroSgir. 


Hrones-nas  (dat.  -nasse,  2806, 
3137),  a  promontory  on  the  coast 
of  the  country  of  the  Geatas,  vis- 
ible from  afar.  Here  is  Beowulf's 
grave-mound,  2806,  3137. 

Hrunting  (dat.  Hruntinge,  1660), 
HQnferS's  sword,  is  so  called,  1458, 
1660. 

Hugas  (gen.  HQga,  2503),  HygelSc 
wars  against  them  allied  with  the 
Franks  and  Frisians,  and  falls, 
2195  ff.  One  of  their  heroes  is 
called  Daghrefn,  whom  Beowulf 
slays,  2503. 

[H]un-fera',  the  son  of  Ecgiaf,  \>y\e 
of  King  HroSgar.  As  such,  he  has 
his  place  near  the  throne  of  the 
king,  499,  500,  1 167.  He  lends 
his  sword,  Hrunting,  to  Beowulf  for 
his  battle  with  Grendel's  mother, 
1456  f.  According  to  58S,  11 68, 
he  slew  his  brothers.  Since  his 
name  is  always  alliterated  with 
vowels,  it  is  probable  that  the  origi- 
nal form  was,  as  Rieger  (Zachers 
Ztschr.,  3, 414)  conjectures,  UnferS. 

Hun-lafing,  name  of  a  costly  sword, 
which  Finn  presents  to  Hengest, 
1 144.     See  Note. 

Hygd  (dat.  Hygde,  2173),  daughter 
of  Hare  5, 1930 ;  consort  of  Hyge- 
lac,  king  of  the  Geatas,  1927;  her 
son,  HeardrSd,  2203,  etc.  —  Her 
noble,  womanly  character  is  em- 
phasized, 1927  ff. 

Hyge-lac  (gen.  Ilige-laces,  I94,etc., 
Hygelaces,  2387 ;  dat.  Higelace, 
452,  HygelSce,  2170),  king  of  the 
Geatas,  1 203,  etc.  His  grandfather 
is  Swelling,  1204;  his  father,  Hr^- 
"Sel,  i486, 1848;  his  older  brothers, 
Herebeald  and  Hse'Scyn,  2435;  ^'^ 
sister's  son,  Beowulf,  374, 375.  Af- 
ter his  brother,  HiE'Scyn,  is  killed 

I      by  OngenJ^eow,  he  undertakes  the 


112 


List  of  names. 


government  (2992  in  connection 
with  the  preceding  from  2937  °^)- 
To  Eofor  he  gives,  as  reward  for 
slaying  Ongenl'cow,  his  only  daugh- 
ter in  marriage,  2998.  But  much 
later,  at  the  time  of  the  return  of 
Beowulf  from  his  expedition  to 
Ilroi'^gar,  we  see  him  married  to 
the  very  young  Hygd,  the  daugh- 
ter of  IlxreS,  1930.  The  latter 
seems,  then,  to  have  been  his  sec- 
ond wife.  Their  son  is  Tleardrcd, 
2203,  2376,  23S7.  —  Ilygelac  falls 
during  an  expedition  against  the 
Franks,  Frisians,  and  HQgas,  1206, 
1211,2356-59,2916-17. 

Ingeld  (dat.  Ingelde,  2065),  son  of 
Froda,  the  Hea'Sobeard  chief,  who 
fell  in  a  battle  with  the  Danes,  2051 
ff.  Inordertoend  the  war,  Ingeldis 
married  to  Freawaru,  daughter  of 
the  Danish  king,  HroiNgar,  2025- 
30.  Yet  his  love  for  his  young  wife 
can  make  him  forget  only  for  a 
short  while  his  desire  to  avenge  his 
father.  lie  finally  carries  it  out, 
excited  thereto  by  the  repeated  ad- 
monitions of  an  old  warrior,  2042- 
70  (WidsiS,  43-59). 

Ing-n'ine  (gen.  Ingwina,  1045, 
1320),  friends  of  Ing,  the  first  king 
of  the  East  Danes.  The  Danes 
are  so  called,  1045,  1320. 

>Iere-%\'ioingas  (gen.  Mere-wioin- 
ga,  2922),  a  name  of  the  Franks, 
2922. 

Nagling,  the  name  of  Beowulf's 
sword,  2681. 

Offa  (gen.  Offan,  1950),  king  of  the 
Angles  (WidsiS,  35),  the  son  of 
Girmund,  1963;  married  (1950) 
to  |3ry^o  (1932),  a  beautiful  but 
cruel  woman,  of  unfeminine  spirit 
(1932  fT.),  by  whom  he  has  a  son, 
Ednuer,  1961. 


Oht-here  (gen.  Ohtheres,  29291 
2933  ;  (^hteres,  2381,  2393,  2395, 
2613),  son  of  Ongen)>e6w,  king  of 
the  Swedes,  2929.  His  sons  are 
Eanmund(26i2)andEadgils,  2393. 

Onela  (gen.  Onelan,  2933),  Oht- 
here's  brother,  2617,  2933. 

Ongen-J»e6w  (nom.  -l^eow,  2487, 
-\>i6,  2952  ;  gen.  heowes,  2476, 
-Howes,  23S8;  dat.  ->i6,  2987),  of 
the  dynasty  of  the  Scylfings;  king 
of  the  Swedes,  2384.  His  wife  is, 
perhaps.  Elan,  daughter  of  the 
Danish  king,  Healfdene  (62),  and 
mother  of  two  sons,  Onela  and 
Ohthere,  2933.  She  is  taken  pris- 
oner by  Hre^cyn,  king  of  the  Cea- 
tas,  on  an  expedition  into  Sweden, 
which  he  undertakes  on  account 
of  her  sons'  plundering  raids  into 
his  country,  2480  ff.  She  is  set  free 
by  Ongen^eow  (2931),  who  kills 
Hae^cyn,  2925,  and  encloses  the 
Geatas,  now  deprived  of  their  lead- 
er, in  the  Ravenswood  (2937  fi".), 
till  they  are  freed  by  Hygelac,  2944. 
A  battle  then  follows,  which  is  un- 
favorable to  OngenJ^eow's  army. 
Ongenj'cow  himself,  attacked  by 
the  brothers,  Wulf  and  Eofor,  is 

^  slain  by  the  latter,  2487  ff.,  2962  (T. 

Os-laf,  a  warrior  of  Hnaf's,  whc 
avenges  on  Finn  his  leader's  death, 
ii49f. 

Scede-land,  19.  Sceden-Ig  (dat. 
Sceden-Igge,  1687),  0-N-i  Scdn-ey, 
the  most  southern  portion  of  the 
Scandinavian  peninsula,  belonging 
to  the  Danish  kingdom,  and,  in  the 
above-mentioned  passages  of  our 
poem,  a  designation  of  the  whole 
Danish  kingdom. 

S<'f»f  or  Sccaf.     See  Note. 

Scyld  (gen.  Scyldes,  19),  a  ScSfmg, 
4.      His  son  is  Beowulf,   18,  53; 


LIST   OF   NAMES. 


113 


his  grandson,  Healfdene,  57;  his 
great-grandson,  HroSgir,  who  had 
two  brothers  and  a  sister,  59  ff.  — 
Scyld  dies,  26;  his  body,  upon  a 
decorated  ship,  is  given  over  to  the 
sea  (32  ff.),  just  as  he,  when  a  child, 
drifted  alone,  upon  a  ship,  to  the 
land  of  the  Danes,  43  ff.  After 
him  his  descendants  bear  his  name. 

Scyldingas(Scyldungas,  2053;  gen. 
Scyldinga,53,etc.,Scyldunga,2i02, 
2160;  dat.  Scyldingum,  274,  etc.), 
a  name  which  is  extended  also  to 
the  Danes,  who  are  ruled  by  the 
Scyldings,  53,  etc.  They  are  also 
called  Ar-Scyldingas,  464;  Sige- 
Scyldingas,  598,  2005;  peod-Scyl- 
dingas,  1020 ;  Here-Scyldingas, 
1 109. 

Scyliingas,  a  Swedish  royal  family, 
whose  relationship  seems  to  extend 
to  the  Geatas,  since  Wiglaf,  the 
son  of  Wihstan,  who  in  another 
place,  as  a  kinsman  of  Beowulf,  is 
called  a  Waegmunding  (2815),  is 
also  called  leod  Scylfinga,  2604. 
The  family  connections  are  per- 
haps as  follows :  — 

Scylf. 


Wsegmund. 


Ecgl^eow.  WeohstSn.  Ongenl)e6w. 


Be6wulf.     Wtglaf.  Onela.  Ohthere. 


Eanmund.  Eadgils. 


TheScylfingsaie  also  called  Hea^o- 
Scilfingas,  63,GQ«-Scylfingas,292S. 
Sige-mund  (dat.  -munde,  876, 885), 
the  son  of  Wals,  878,  898.  His 
(son  and)  nephew  is  Fitela,  880, 
882.  His  fight  with  the  drake, 
887  fif. 


Swerting  (gen.  Swertinges,  1204), 
Hygelac's  grandfather,  and  Hrfi 
•Sel's  father,  1204. 

Sweon  (gen.  Svveona,  2473,  2947, 
3002),  also  Sweo-l'eod,  2923.  The 
dynasty  of  the  Scylfings  rules  over 
them,  2382,  2925.  Their  realm  is 
called  Swiorice,  2384,  2496. 

pryiSfo,  consort  of  the  Angle  king, 
Offa,  1932,  1950.  Mother  of  E6- 
mser,  1961,  notorious  on  account 
of  her  cruel,  unfeminine  character, 
1932  ff.  She  is  mentioned  as  the 
opposite  to  the  mild,  dignified 
Hygd,  the  queen  of  the  Geatas. 

Wals  (gen.  Walses,  898),  father  of 
Sigemund,  878,  898. 

Waeg-mundingas  (gen.  Wsegmun- 
dinga,  2608,  2815).  The  Wseg- 
mundings  are  on  one  side,  WihstSn 
and  his  son  Wigldf;  on  the  other 
side,  Ecgl^eow  and  his  son  Beowulf 
(2608,  281 5) .  See  under  Scylfin- 
gas. 

Wederas  (gen.  Wedera,  225,  423, 
498,  etc.),  or  Weder-geatas,  See 
Gedtas. 

Weland  (gen.  Welandes,  455),  the 
maker  of  Be6wulf 's  coat  of  mail, 

455- 
Wendlas  (gen.  Wendla,  348)  :  their 

chief  is  Wulfgdr.  See  Wulfg§,r. 
The  Wendlas  are,  according  to 
Grundtvig  and  Bugge,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Vendill,  the  most  northern 
part  of  Jutland,  between  Limfjord 
and  the  sea. 

Wealh-J>e6w  (613,  Wealh-t'co,  665, 
1 163),  the  consort  of  King  Hro"5- 
gar,  of  the  stock  of  the  Helmings, 
621.  Her  sons  are  HrSSric  and 
Hro'Smund,  11 90;  her  daughter, 
Freawaru,  2023. 

Weoh-stan  (gen.  Weox-stSnes,  2603, 
Weoh-sttnes,     2863,    Wih-stines, 


114 


LIST   OF   NAMES. 


2753,  2908,  etc.),  a  Waegmunding 
(2608),  father  of  WlglSf,  2603.  In 
what  relationship  to  him  Alf  here, 
mentioned  2605,  stands,  is  not 
clear.  —  WeohstSn  is  the  slayer  of 
Eanmund  (2612),  in  that,  as  it 
seems,  he  takes  revenge  for  his 
murdered  king,  HeardrSd.  See 
Ednmund. 

Wig-laf,  WeohstSn's  son,  2603,  etc., 
a  Waegmunding,  2815,  and  so  also 
a  Scylling,  2604;  a  kinsman  of  Alf- 
here,  2605.  For  his  relationship  to 
Beowulf,  see  the  genealogical  table 
under  Scylfingas.  —  He  supports 
Bedwulf  in  his  light  with  the  drake, 
2605  ff.,  2662  flf.  The  hero  gives 
him,  before  his  death,  his  ring,  his 
helm,  and  his  coat  of  mail,  2810  ff. 

Won-red   (gen.   Wonr^des,   2972), 


father  of  Wulf  and  Eofor,  2966, 
2979. 

Wulf  (dat.  Wulfe,  2994),  one  of  the 
Geatas,  Wonred's  son.  He  fights 
in  the  battle  between  the  armies  of 
HygelSc  and  Ongenheow  with  On- 
genjieow  himself,  and  gives  him  a 
wound  (2966),  whereupon  Ongen- 
)>e6w,  by  a  stroke  of  his  sword,  dis- 
ables him,  2975.  Eofor  avenges 
his  brother's  fall  by  dealing  Ongen- 
l^eow  a  mortal  blow,  2978  ff. 

Wulf-gar,  chief  of  the  Wendlas, 
348,  lives  at  HroSgSr's  court,  and 
is  his  "ar  and  ombiht,"  335. 

Wylfingas  (dat.  Wylfingum,  461). 
Ecg^eow  has  slain  1  lea'Solif,  a  war- 
rior of  this  tribe,  460. 

Yrmen-laf,  younger  brother  of  Asc- 
here,  1325. 


ADDITIONAL. 


Eotenas    (gen.    pi.    Eotena,    1073,    H  reeling,   son   of    Hre^el,   Hyge- 


1089,  1 142;  dat.  Eotenum,  1146), 
the  subjects  of  Finn,  the  North 
P'risians :  distinguished  from  eo- 
ton,  giant.  Vid.  eoton.  Cf. 
Bugge,  Beit.,  xii.  37;  Earle,  Beo- 
wulf in  Prose,  pp.  146,  198. 


lac:  noni.  sg.  1924;  nom.  pi.,  the 
subjects  of  Hygelac,  the  Geats, 
2961. 
Scefing,  the  son  ( ?)  of  Scef,  or 
Sceaf,  reputed  father  of  Scyld,  4. 
See  Note. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


B. 

tot 

:   Bugge. 

Br. 

:  S.  A.  Brooke,  Hist,  of  Early  Eug.  Lit, 

C. 

:   Cosijn. 

E. 

:   Earle,  Deeds  of  Beowulf  iu  Prose. 

G. 

:   Garaett,  Translation  of  Beowulf. 

Gr. 

:   Grein. 

H. 

:   Heyne. 

Ha. 

:  Hall,  Translation  of  Beowulf. 

H.-So. 

:   Heyne-Socin,  5th  ed. 

Ho. 

:   Holder. 

K. 

:   Kenible. 

Kl. 

:    Klufje. 

Miillenh. 

:    Miillenhoff. 

R. 

:    Kieger. 

S. 

:   Sievers. 

Sw. : 

:   Sweet,  Anglo-Saxon  Reader,  6th  cd. 

Ten  Br. : 

:   Ten  Brink. 

Th. 

:   Thorpe. 

Z. 

:   Zupitza. 

PERIODICALS. 

Ang. : 

:    Anglia. 

Beit. : 

:    Paul  und  Braune's  Beitrage. 

Eng.  Stud. : 

Englische  Studien. 

Germ. : 

:   Germania. 

;s  Zeitschr. : 

:   Haupts  Zeitschrift,  etc. 

Mod.  Lang'.  Notes:    Modern  Language  Notes. 

Tidskr. :   Tidskrift  for  Pliilologi. 
Zachers  Zeitschr. :   Zachers  Zeitschrift,  etc. 


NOTES. 


1.  I .  h^vat :  for  this  interjectional  formula  opening  a  poem,  cf.  Andreas, 
Daniel,  yuliana.  Exodus,  Fata  Apost.,  Dream  of  the  Rood,  and  the  "  Listen- 
ith  lordinges  !  "  of  mediaeval  lays.  —  E.     Cf.  Chaucer,  Prologue,  ed.  Morris, 

■     J-^  ■  "  Sin  I  shal  beginne  the  game, 

What,  welcome  be  the  cut,  a  Goddes  name !  " 

we  .  .  .  gef riinon  is  a  variant  on  the  usual  epic  formulce  ic  gefragn 
(1.  74)  and  mine  gefraege  (1.  777).  Exodus,  Daniel,  Phcenix,  etc.,  open 
with  the  same  formula. 

1.  I.  "Gar  was  the  javelin,  armed  with  two  of  which  the  warrior  went 
into  battle,  and  which  he  threw  over  the  '  shield-wall.'  It  was  barbed."  — 
Br.  124.     Cf  Maldon,  1.  296;    Judith,  1.  224;    Gnom.  Verses,  1.  22;    etc. 

1.4.  "  Scild  of  the  Sheaf,  not  '  Scyld  the  son  of  Scaf;  for  it  is  too 
inconsistent,  even  in  myth,  to  give  a  patronymic  to  a  foundling.  According 
to  the  original  form  of  the  story,  Sceaf  was  the  foundling;  he  had  come 
ashore  with  a  sheaf  of  corn,  and  from  that  was  named.  This  form  of  the 
story  is  preserved  in  Ethelwerd  and  in  William  of  Malmesbury.  But  here 
the  foundling  is  Scyld,  and  we  must  suppose  he  was  picked  up  with  the 
sheaf,  and  hence  his  cognomen." — E.,  p.  105.  Cf.  the  accounts  of  Romu- 
lus and  Remus,  of  Moses,  of  Cyrus,  etc. 

1.  6.  egsian  is  also  used  in  an  active  sense  (not  in  the  Gloss.),  =  to 
terrify. 

1.  15.  S.  suggests  J»a  (johicli)  for  )>at,  as  object  of  dredgan;  and  for 
aldor-lease,  Gr.  suggested  aldor-ceare.  —  Beit.  ix.  136. 

S.  translates :  "  For  God  had  seen  the  dire  need  which  the  rulerless  ones 
before  endured." 

1.  18.  "  Beowulf  (that  is,  Beaw  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  genealogists,  not  our 
Beowulf,  who  was  a  Geat,  not  a  Dane),  'the  son  of  Scyld  in  Scedeland.' 
This  is  our  ancestral  myth,  —  the  story  of  the  first  culture-hero  of  the  North ; 
'  the  patriarch,'  as  Rydberg  calls  him,  '  of  the  royal  families  of  Sweden, 
Denmark,  Angeln,  Saxland,  and  England.'"  —  Br.,  p.  78.  Cf  A.-S.  Chron. 
an.  855. 

"7 


118  NOTES. 

1 1. -So.  omits  parenthetic  marks,  and  reads  (after  S.,  Beit.  ix.  135) 
eaferan;    cf.  Fata  A  post. :  lof  wide  spranj;  J>e6(liies  }»egna. 

"  The  name  Beoxuidf  means  literally  '  Bee-wolf,'  wolf  or  ravager  of  the 

bees,  =  bear.     Cf.  beorn,  '  hero,'  originally  '  bear,'  and  beohata,  '  warrior,' 

in  Credmon,  literally  '  bee-hater '  or  '  persecutor,'  and  hence  identical  in 

meaning  with  beozvu/f."  —  Sw. 

Cf 

"  Arcite  and  Palamon, 

That  foughten  breme,  as  it  were  bores  two." 

—  Chaucer,  Knightes  Tale,  1.  841,  ed.  Morris. 

Cf.  M.  Miiller,  Science  of  Lang.,  Sec.  Series,  pp.  217,  218;  and  Hunt's 
Daniel,  104. 

1.  19.   Cf.  1.  1866,  where  Scedenig  is  used,  =  Scania.^  in  Sweden(?). 

1.  21.  Avine  is  pi.;  cf.  its  apposition  wil-gesHflTas  below.  H.-So.  com- 
pares Ileliand,  1017,  for  language  almost  identical  with  11.  20,  21. 

1.  22.   on  ylde :  cf. 

"  In  elde  is  bothe  wisdom  and  usage." 

—  Chaucer,  Knightes  Tale,\.  1590,  ed.  Morris. 

1.  26.  Reflexive  objects  often  pleonastically  accompany  verbs  of  motion; 
cf.  11.  234,  301,  1964,  etc. 

1.  28.  faroff  =  shore,  strand,  edge.  Add  these  to  the  meanings  in  the 
Gloss. 

I.  31.  The  object  of  ahte  is  probably  geweald,  to  be  supplied  from 
wordiiiii  Ave61d  of  1.  31.  — H.-So. 

R.,  Kl.,  and  B.  all  hold  conflicting  views  of  this  passage :  Beit.  xii.  80, 
ix.  188;    Zachers  Zeitschr.  iii.  382,  etc.     Kl.  suggests  la;nflagas  for  lange. 

1.32.  "  hringed-stofiia  is  sometimes  translated  'with  curved  prow,' 
but  it  means,  I  think,  that  in  the  prow  were  fastened  rings  through  which 
the  cables  were  passed  that  tied  it  to  the  shore." — Br.,  p.  26.  Cf. 
11.  1132,  1898.  Ilring-horni  was  the  mythic  ship  of  the  Edda.  See 
T  jller-Bosworth  for  three  different  views;  and  cf.  ^vunden-stefna  (1.  220), 
liring-naca  (1.  1863). 

II.  34-52.  Cf.  the  burial  of  Haki  on  a  funeral-pyre  ship,  Inglinga  Saga; 
the  burial  of  Balder,  Sinfiotli,  Arthur,  etc. 

1.  35.  "  And  this  [their  joy  in  the  sea]  is  all  the  plainer  from  the  number 
of  names  given  to  the  ship-names  which  speak  their  priiie  and  affection. 
It  is  the  .(Etheling's  vessel,  the  Floater,  the  Wave-swimmer,  the  Ring- 
sterned,  the  Keel,  the  Well-bound  wood,  the  Sea-wood,  the  Sea-ganger, 
the  Sea-broad  ship,  the  Wide-bosomed,  the  Prow-curved,  the  Wood  of 
the  curved  neck,  the  Foam-throated  floater  that  flew  hke  a  bird."  —  Br., 
p.  168. 


NOTES.  119 

1.  49.  "  We  know  from  Scandinavian  graves  .  .  .  that  the  illustrious  dead 
were  buried  ...  in  ships,  with  their  bows  to  sea-ward;  that  they  were  how- 
ever not  sent  to  sea,  but  were  either  burnt  in  that  position,  or  mounded 
over  with  earth.  "  —  E.     See  Du  Chaillu,  The  Viking  Age,  xix. 

1.51.  (i)  sele-raedende(K.,  S.,  C);  (2)  sele-raedenne  (H.);  (3)  sele- 
raedende  (H.-So.).     Cf.  1.  1347;   and  see  Ha. 

1.  51.  E.  compares  with  this  canto  Tennyson's  "Passing  of  Arthur"  and 
the  legendary  burial-journey  of  St.  James  of  Campostella,  an.  800. 

1.  53.  The  poem  proper  begins  with  this,  "There  was  once  upon  a  time," 
the  first  52  lines  being  a  prelude.  Eleven  of  the  "  fitts,"  or  cantos,  begin 
with  the  monosyllable  l»a,  four  with  the  verb  gewitan,  nine  with  the 
formula  HroSgar  (Beowulf,  UnferS)  maSelode,  twenty-four  with  mono- 
syllables in  general  (him,  swa,  se,  hwat,  )»a,  heht,  Aviis,  niiig,  c^voin, 
strtet). 

1.  58.  gamel.  "  The  .  .  .  characteristics  of  the  poetry  are  the  use  of 
archaic  forms  and  words,  such  as  iiiec  for  me,  the  possessive  sin,  gamol, 
dogor,  swat  for  eald,  daeg,  bl6d,  etc.,  after  they  had  become  obsolete 
in  the  prose  language,  and  the  use  of  special  compounds  and  phrases, 
such  as  hildenaedre  (jva>--adder')  for  'arrow,'  gold-gifa  {gold-gizier)  for 
'  king,'  .  .  .  goldAvine  guinena  {goldfrieiid  of  men,  distributor  of  gold 
to  fnen)  for  '  king,'  "  etc.  —  .Sw.  Other  poetic  words  are  ides,  ielde 
{men),  etc. 

1.  60.  H.-So.  reads  rfeswa  (referring  to  Heorogar  alone),  and  places 
a  point  (with  the  Ms.)  after  Heorogar  instead  of  after  raesn'a.  Cf.  1. 
469;    see  B.,  Zachers  Zeitschr.  iv.  193. 

1.  62.  dan  here  (OHG.  Elana,  Ellena,  Elena,  Elina,Alyan)  is  thought 
by  B.  (  Tidskr.  viii.  43)  to  be  a  remnant  of  the  masc.  name  Onela,  and  he 
reads:   [On-Jelan  cvven,  Heai5'oscilflngas(  =  es)  healsgebedda. 

1.  68.  For  he,  omitted  here,  cf.  1.  300.  Pronouns  are  occasionally  thus 
omitted  in  subord.  clauses.  —  Sw. 

1.  70.  J»one,  here  =  J»onne,  than,  and  micel  =  mare?  The  passage, 
by  a  slight  change,  might  be  made  to  read,  medo-arii  micle  ma 
gewyroean,  —  J»one  =  by  much  larger  than,  —  in  which  Jjone  (J>onne) 
would  come  in  naturally. 

1.  73.  folc-scare.  hAA  folk-share  to  the  meanings  in  the  Gloss.;  and 
cf  guS'-scearii. 

I.  74.  ic  wide  gefriign :  an  epic  formula  very  frequent  in  poetry,  = 
men  said.  Cf.  Judith,  11.  7,  246;  Phcenix,  1.  I;  and  the  parallel  (noun) 
formula,  mine  gefraege,  11.  777,  838,  1956,  etc. 

II.  78-83.  "  The  hall  was  a  rectangular,  high-roofed,  wooden  building, 
its  long  sides  facing  north  and  south.     The  two  gables,  at  either  end,  had 


120  NOTES. 

stag-horns  on  their  points,  curving  forwards,  and  these,  as  well  as  the  ridge 
of  the  roof,  were  probably  covered  with  shining  metal,  and  glittered  bravely 
in  the  sun."  —  Br.,  p.  32. 

1.  84.  Son-in-law  and  father-in-law ;  B.,  a  so-called  dvanda  com- 
pound. Cf.  1.  1 164,  where  a  similar  compound  means  uncle  and  nephew; 
and  \Viclsi3"s  suhtorftedran,  used  of  the  same  persons. 

I.  88.  "  The  word  <lreAm  conveys  the  buzz  and  hum  of  social  happiness, 
and  more  particularly  the  sound  of  music  and  singing." —  E.  Cf.  1.  3021; 
antl  Judith,  1.  350 ;    Wanderer,  1.  79,  etc. 

II.  90-99.  There  is  a  suspicious  similarity  between  this  passage  and  the 
lines  attributed  by  Bede  to  Caidmon : 

Nil  \%-e  sculaii  h^rian  heofonrices  Weard,  etc. 

—  Sw.,  p.  47. 

11.  90-98  are  probably  the  interpolation  of  a  Christian  scribe. 

11.  92-97.  "The  first  of  these  Christian  elements  [in  Bedwulf'\  is  the 
sense  of  a  fairer,  softer  world  than  that  in  which  the  Northern  warriors 
lived.  .  .  .  Another  Christian  passage  (11.  107,  1262)  derives  all  the 
demons,  eotens,  elves,  and  dreadful  sea-beasts  from  the  race  of  Cain. 
The  folly  of  sacrificing  to  the  heathen  gods  is  spoken  of  (1.  175).  .  .  . 
The  other  point  is  the  belief  in  immortality  (11.  1202,  1761)."  —  Br.  71. 

1.  100.  Cf.  1.  221 1,  where  the  third  dragon  of  the  poem  is  introduced  in 
the  same  words.  Beowulf  is  the  forerunner  of  that  other  national  dragon- 
slayer,  St.  George. 

1.  100.  onginnan  in  Be6wulf\%  treated  like  verbs  of  motion  and  modal 
auxiliaries,  and  takes  the  object  inf.  without  to;  cf.  11.  872,  1606,  1984, 
244.  Cf.  ^an  (=  did)  in  Mid.  Eng. :  gan  espye  (Chaucer,  A'nightes  Tale, 
1.  254,  ed.  Morris). 

I.  loi.    B.  and  H.-So.  read,  fe6n<l  on  Iiealle;   cf.  1.  142.  —  Beit.  xii. 

II.  101-151.  "Grimm  connects  [(irendel]  with  the  Anglo-Saxon  grin- 
del  {a  bolt  or  bar).  ...  It  carries  with  it  the  notion  of  the  bolts  and 
bars  of  hell,  and  hence  a  fiend.  .  .  .  Ettmiiller  was  the  first  ...  to 
connect  the  name  with  grindan,  to  grind,  to  crush  to  pieces,  to  utterly 
destroy.     Grendel  is  then  the  tearer,  the  destroyer.^''  —  Br.,  p.  83. 

1.  102.   giist  =  stranger  (Ha.);   cf.  11.  1139,  1442,  2313,  etc. 

1.  103.    See  Ha.,  p.  4. 

1.  106.  "The  perfect  and  pluperfect  are  often  expressed,  as  in  Modern 
English,  by  haef  S  and  ha'fde  with  the  past  participle."  —  Sw.  Cf.  11.  433, 
408,  940,  205  (p.p.  inflected  in  the  last  two  cases),  etc. 

1.  106.  S.  destroys  period  hece,  reads  in  Caines,  etc.,  and  puts  J»one 
.  .  .  drihten  in  parenthesis. 


NOTES.  121 

1.  io8.  ]>as  J»e  =  because,  especially  after  verbs  of  thanking  (cf.  11.  228, 
627,  1780,  2798);   according  as  (1.  1351). 

1.  108.  The  def.  article  is  omitted  with  Drihten  {Lord)  and  Deofol 
{devil;  cf.  1.  2089),  as  it  is,  generally,  sparingly  employed  in  poetry;  cf. 
to  sae  (1.  318),  ofer  sse  (1.  2381),  on  laiide  (1.  2311),  to  riiste  (1.  1238), 
on  vvicge  (1.  286),  etc.,  etc. 

1.  119.    weras  (S.,  H.-So.]  ;  %vera  (K.,  Th.).  —  Beit.  ix.  137. 

1.  120.    unfselo  =  uncanny  (R.). 

1.  131.  E.  translates,  majestic  rage;  adopting  Gr.'s  view  that  SAvyff  is  = 
Icel.  sviiSfi,  a  burn  or  burning.     Cf.  1.  737. 

1.  142.  B.  supposes  heal-Jjcftiies  to  be  corrupted  from  hel}>egiies;  cf. 
1.  loi.  —  Beit.  xii.  80.     See  Gu3'lac,  1.  1042. 

1.  144.    See  Ha.,  p.  6,  for  S.'s  rearrangement. 

1.  146.  S.  destroys  period  after  selest,  puts  wiis  .  .  .  micel  in  paren- 
thesis, and  inserts  a  colon  after  tid. 

1.  149.    B.  reads  sarcwidiiin  for  sySlJan. 

1.  154.  B.  takes  sibbe  for  accus.  obj.  of  wolde,  and  places  a  comma 
after  Deniga.  —  Beit.  xii.  82. 

1.  159.    R.  suggests  ac  se  for  atol. 

1.  168.  H.-So.  plausibly  conjectures  this  parenthesis  to  be  a  late  insertion, 
as,  at  11.  180-181,  the  Danes  also  are  said  to  be  heathen.  Another  com- 
mentator considers  the  throne  under  a  "spell  of  enchantment,"  and  there- 
fore it  could  not  be  touched. 

1.  169.  ne  .  .  .  Avisse  :  nor  had  he  desire  to  do  so  (W.).  See  Ha.,  p.  7, 
for  other  suggestions. 

1.  169.   myne  wisse  occurs  in  Wanderer,  1.  27. 

I.  174.  The  gerundial  inf.  with  t6  expresses  purpose,  defines  a  noun 
or  adjective,  or,  with  the  verb  be,  expresses  duty  or  necessity  pas- 
sively;   cf.  11.  257,  473,   1004,   1420,   1806,  etc.     Cf.  to  4-  inf.  at  11.   316, 

2557- 

II.  175-188.    E.  regards  this  passage  as  dating  the  time  and  place  of  the 

poem  relatively  to  the  times  of  heathenism.     Cf.  the  opening  lines.  In  days 
of  yore,  etc.,  as  if  the  story,  even  then,  were  very  old. 

1.  177.  gast-bona  is  regarded  by  Ettmiiller  and  G.  Stephens  (  Thunor, 
p.  54)  as  an  epithet  of  Thor  {r^  giant-killer),  a  kenning  for  Thunor  or 
Thor,  meaning  both  man  and  monster.  —  E. 

I.  189.  Cf.  1.  1993,  where  similar  language  is  used.  H.-So.  takes  both 
mQd-ceare  and  mael-ceare  as  accus.,  others  as  instr. 

II.  190,  1994.  seaS :  for  this  use  of  sediffan  cf.  Bede,  Eccles.  Hist.,  ed. 
Miller,  p.  128,  where  p.p.  soden  is  thus  used. 

1.  194.    fram  ham  =  in  his  home  (S.,  H.-So.);   but  fram  ham  may 


122  NOTES. 

he  for  frain  him  {from  them,  i.e.  kis  people,  or  from  Hrolhgar's).  Cf. 
I  la.,  p.  8. 

1.  197.    Cf.  11.  791,  807,  for  this  fixed  phrase. 

1.  200.  See  Andreas,  Elene,  and  yiiliana  for  SAvan-rafl  (=  sea).  "The 
swan  is  said  to  breed  wild  now  no  further  away  than  the  North  of  Sweden." 
—  E.     Cf.  ganotes  hiiH,  1.  1862. 

1.  203.  Concessive  clauses  with  J>eiih,  J>eah  J»e,  }>eah  .  .  .  eal,  vary 
\v  ith  subj.  and  ind.,  according  as  fact  or  contingency  is  dominant  in  the 
niiud;  cf.  11.  526,  1 168,  2032,  etc.  (sui)j.),  1 103,  1614  (ind.).  Cf.  gif, 
iiofiie. 

I.  204.  htel,  an  OE.  word  found  in  Wiilker's  Glossaries  in  various  forms, 
=  augury,  omen,  divination,  etc.  Cf.  haelsere,  augur;  hael.  omen  ; 
htc'sung,  augurium,  hi»lsian,  etc.     Cf.  Tac,  Germania,  10. 

1.  207.  C.  adds  "=  impetrare"  to  the  other  meanings  of  findan  given 
in  the  Gloss. 

1.  217,   Cf.  1.  1910;   and  Andreas,  1.  993.  —  E.     E.  compares  Byron's 

"And  fast  and  falcon-like  the  vessel  flew," 

—  Corsair,  i.  17. 


and  Scott's 


1.  218.    Cf. 


"  Merrily,  merrily  bounds  the  bark." 

—  Lord  of  the  Isles,  iv.  7. 


"  The  fomy  stedes  on  the  golden  brydel 
Gnawinge." 

—  Chaucer,  Knightes  Tale,  1.  1648,  ed.  Morris. 

1.  219.  Does  an-ti(l  mean  hour  (Th.),  or  corresponding  hour  =  and- 
tid  (H.-So.),  or  in  due  time  (E.),  or  after  a  time,  when  6J>res,  etc.,  would 
l)e  adv.  gen.?     See  C,  Beit.  viii.  568. 

I.  224.  eoletes  may  =  (i)  voyage;  (2)  toil,  labor;  {j,)  htirried journey ; 
but  sea  or  fjord  appears  preferable. 

II.  229-257.  "  The  scenery  ...  is  laid  on  the  coast  of  the  North  Sea  and 
the  Kattegat,  the  first  act  of  the  poem  among  the  Danes  in  Seeland,  the 
second  among  the  Geats  in  South  Sweden." —  Br.,  p.  15. 

1.  239.  "  A  shoal  of  simple  terms  express  in  Bedwulf  the  earliest  sea- 
thoughts  of  the  luiglish.  .  .  .  The  simplest  term  is  Sf«.  .  .  .  To  this  they 
added  Wteter,  Flod,  Stream,  Lagii,  ^Icri*,  Holm,  Gruiid,  Heathii, 
Snnd,  Brim,  Garsecg.  Kagor.  Geofoii,  Fifel,  Hroii-rad,  Swaii- 
rad,  Segi-rad,  Ganotes-btctf.  '  —  Br.,  p.  163-166. 

1.  239.  "  The  infinitive  is  often  used  in  poetry  after  a  verb  of  motion 
where  we  should  use  the  present  participle."  —  Sw.  Cf.  11.  71 1,  721,  1163 
1803,  268,  etc.  Cf.  German  spazieren  fahren  reiten,  etc.,  and  similar  con- 
structions in  French,  etc. 


NOTES.  123 

1.  240.  W.  reads  hringed-stefnan  for  helmas  baeron.  B.  inserts 
(?)  after  liolinas  and  begins  a  new  line  at  the  middle  of  the  verse.  S. 
omits  B.'s  "  on  the  wall." 

1.  245.  Double  and  triple  negatives  strengthen  each  other  and  do  not 
produce  an  affirmative  in  A.-S.  or  M.  E.  The  neg.  is  often  prefixed  to 
several  emphatic  words  in  the  sentence,  and  readily  contracts  with  vowels, 
and  h  or  w;   cf.  U.  863,  182,  2125,  1509,  575,  583,  3016,  etc. 

1.  249.  seld-guma  =  man-at-arms  in  another^s  house  (Wood)  ;  =  lorv- 
ranking  fellow  (Ha.);  stubeiihoeker,  stay-at-home  (Gr.),  Scott's  "car- 
pet knight,"  A/armion,  i.  5. 

I.  250.  nafne  (nefne,  nenine)  usually  takes  the  subj.,  =  unless  ;  cf.  11. 
1057,  3055,  1553.     For  ind.,  =  except,  see  1.  1354.    Cf.  butan,  gif,  l»eah. 

1.  250.  For  a  remarkable  account  of  armor  and  weapons  in  Bedwulf, 
see  S.  A.  Brooke,  Hist,  of  Early  Eng.  Lit.  For  general  "Old  Teutonic 
Life  in  Beowulf,"  see  J.  A.  Harrison,  07'erland  Monthly. 

1.  252.  ser  as  a  conj.  generally  has  subj.,  as  here;  cf.  11.  264,  677,  2819, 
732.     For  ind.,  cf.  1.  2020. 

1.  253.   leas  =  loose,  roving.     Ettmiiller  corrected  to  lease. 

1.  256.     This  proverb  (ofest,  etc.)  occurs  in  Exod.  (Hunt),  1.  293. 

1.  258.  An  "  elder  "  may  be  a  very  young  man;  hence  yldesta,  =  emi- 
nent, may  be  used  of  Beowulf.  Cf.  Laws  of  /Elf red,  C.  1 7  :  Na  J>at 
aelc  eald  sy,  ac  J»at  he  eald  sy  on  nisddme. 

1.  273.  Verbs  of  hearing  and  seeing  are  often  followed  by  ace.  with 
inf.;  cf.  11.  229,  1024,  729,  151 7,  etc.  Cf.  German  construction  with 
sehen,  h'oren,  etc.,  French  construction  with  voir,  entendre,  etc.,  and  the 
classical  constructions. 

1.  275.    daed-hata  ~  instigator.     Kl.  reads  dsed-hwata. 

1.  280.  ed-wendan,  n._(B.;  cf.  1775),  =  edwenden,  hmited  by 
bisigu.     So  ten  Br. —  Tidskr.  viii.  291. 

1.  287.  "  Each  is  denoted  .  .  .  also  by  the  strengthened  forms  feg- 
•  hwaeSer  (fegSer),  eghwaeSer,  etc.  This  prefixed  se,  ce  corresponds  to 
the  Goth,  aiw,  OHG.  eo,  io,  and  is  umlauted  from  a,  6  by  the  i  of  the  gi 
which  originally  followed."  —  Cook's  Sievers'  Gram.,  p.  190. 

1.  292.  "  All  through  the  middle  ages  suits  of  armour  are  called  '  weeds.'  " 
—  E. 

1.  303.  "  An  English  warrior  went  into  battle  with  a  boar-crested  hel- 
met, and  a  round  linden  shield,  with  a  byrnie  of  ringmail  .  .  .  with  two 
javelins  or  a  single  ashen  spear  some  eight  or  ten  feet  long,  with  a  K>ng 
two-edged  sword  naked  or  held  in  an  ornamental  scabbard.  ...  In  his 
belt  was  a  short,  heavy,  one-edged  sword,  or  rather  a  long  knife,  called 
the  seax  .  .  .  used  for  close  quarters."  —  Br.,  p.  121. 


124  NOTES. 

1.  303.  For  ortier  references  to  the  boar-crest,  cf.  11.  11 12,  1287,  1454; 
Grimm,  Myth.  195;  Tacitus,  Germania,  45.  "  It  was  the  symbol  of  their 
[the  Baltic  /Estii's]  goddess,  and  they  had  great  faith  in  it  as  a  preserva- 
tive from  hard  knocks."  —  E.  See  the  print  in  the  illus.  ed.  of  Green's 
Short  History,  Harper  &  Bros. 

1.  303.  "  See  Kemble,  Saxons  in  England,  chapter  on  heathendom,  and 
Grimm's  Teutonic  Afythology,  chapter  on  Freyr,  for  the  connection  these 
and  other  writers  establish  between  the  Boar-sign  and  the  golden  boar 
which  Freyr  rode,  and  his  worship."  —  Br.,  p.  128.     Cf.  Elene,  1.  50. 

1.  304.  Gering  proposes  hieor-bergan  =  cheek-protectors ;  cf.  Beit. 
xii.  26.  "  A  bronze  disk  found  at  Oland  in  Sweden  represents  two  warriors 
in  helmets  with  boars  as  their  crests,  and  cheek-guards  under;  these  are 
the  hleor-bergan."  —  E.  Cf.  hauberk,  with  its  diminutive  haber- 
geon, <  A.-S.  heals,  neck  +  beorgan,  to  cover  or  protect;  and  harbor, 
<  A.-S.  here.  (7;-wi' +  beorgan,  id. — Zachers  Zeitschr.  xii.  123.  Cf. 
cinberge,  Hunt's  Exod.  1.  175. 

1.  305.  For  ferh  ^vearde  and  giiiJniGile  gniinmon,  B.  and  ten  Br. 
read  ferh-^vearde  (1.  305)  and  guffinodguiu  men  (1.  306),  =  the  boar- 
images  .  .  .  guarded  the  lives  of  the  warlike  men. 

1.  311.    leoma:  cf.  Chaucer,  A^onne  Prcestes  Tale,  1.  no,  ed.  Morris: 

"  To  dremen  in  here  dremes 
Of  armes,  and  of  fyr  with  rede  lories." 

1.  318.  On  the  double  gender  of  sae,  cf.  Cook's  Sievers'  Gram.,  p.  147; 
and  note  the  omitted  article  at  11.  2381,  318,  544,  with  the  peculiar  tmesis 
of  between  at  11.  859,  1298,  1686,  1957.  So  Qcdmon,  1.  163  (Thorpe), 
Exod.  1.  562  (Hunt),  etc. 

1.  320.  Cf.  1.  924;  and  Andreas,  1.  987,  where  almost  the  same  words 
occur.  "Here  we  have  manifestly  before  our  eye  one  of  those  ancient 
causeways,  which  are  among  the  oldest  visible  institutions  of  civilization." 
—  E. 

1.  322.  S.  inserts  comma  after  scir,  and  makes  hriug-iren  (=  ring- 
tnail)  parallel  with  giiS'-byrne. 

1.  325.  Cf.  1.  397.  "  Ihe  deposit  of  weapons  outside  before  entering  a 
house  was  the  rule  at  all  periods.  ...  In  provincial  Swedish  almost 
everywhere  a  church  porch  is  called  vakenhiis,  .  .  .  i.e.  weapon-house, 
because  the  worshippers  deposited  their  arms  there  before  they  entered  the 
house."  —  E.,  after  G.  Stephens. 

1.  333.    Cf.  Dryden's  "  mingled  metal  damask' d  o'^x  with  gold."  —  E. 

1.  336.  "  sel-,  el-,  kindred  with  Goth,  aljis,  other,  e.g.  in  8el}>eodig, 
elJ>('odig,  foreign."  —  Cook's  Sievers'  Gram.,  p.  47. 


NOTES.  125 

1.  336.   Cf.  1.  673  for  the  functions  of  an  oinbiht-J>egn. 

1.  343.  Cf.  1.  1 714  for  the  same  beod-geneatas,  —  "the  predecessor 
title  to  that  of  the  Knights  of  the  Table  Round."  —  E.  Cf.  Andreas  (K.), 
i.  2177. 

I.  344.  The  future  is  sometimes  expressed  by  -w^illan  +  inf.,  generally 
with  some  idea  of  volition  involved;  cf  11.  351,  427,  etc.  Cf.  the  use  of 
willan  as  principal  vb.  (with  omitted  inf.)  at  11.  318,  1372,  543,  1056; 
and  sculan,  11.  1784,  2817. 

1.  353.  siff  here,  and  at  1.  501,  probably  means  arrival.  E.  translates 
the  former  by  z'isit,  the  latter  by  adventure. 

1.  357.    iinhrir=  hairless,  bald  {Gr.,  etc.). 

1.  358.  eode  is  only  one  of  four  or  five  preterits  of  gan  (gongan, 
gangan,  gengan),  viz.  geong  (giong:  11.  926,  2410,  etc.),  gang 
(1.  1296,  etc.),  gengde  (11.  1402,  1413).  Sievers,  p.  217,  apparently 
remarks  that  eode  is  " probably  used  only  in  prose.''  (?  !).  Cf.  geng, 
Gen.  11.  626,  834;    Exod.  (Hunt)  1.  102. 

1.  367.  The  MS.  and  H.-So.  read  with  Gr.  and  B.  gladman  HrOUgar, 
abandoning  Thorkelin's  gladnian.  There  is  a  gloss,  liilaris  glad- 
man. —  Beit.  xii.  84;   same  as  glad. 

1.  369.  dugan  is  a  "preterit-present"  verb,  with  new  wk.  preterit,  like 
sculan,  durran,  magan,  etc.  For  various  inflections,  see  11.  573,  590, 
1822,  526.     Cf.  do  in  "  that  will  do  "  /  dottghty,  etc. 

1.  372.  Cf.  1.  535  for  a  similar  use;  and  1.  1220.  Bede,  Eccles.  Hist., 
ed.  Miller,  uses  the  same  expression  several  times.  "  Here,  and  in  all 
ther  places  where  cniht  occurs  in  this  poem,  it  seems  to  carry  that  tech- 
nical sense  which  it  bore  in  the  military  hierarchy  [of  a  noble  youth  placed 
out  and  learning  the  elements  of  the  art  of  war  in  the  service  of  a  quali- 
fied warrior,  to  whom  he  is,  in  a  military  sense,  a  servant],  before  it 
bloomed  out  in  the  full  sense  of  knight."  —  E. 

1.  373.  E.  remarks  of  the  hyphened  eald-fader,  "  hyphens  are 
risky  toys  to  play  with  in  fixing  texts  of  pre-hyphenial  antiquity"; 
eald-fader  could  only  =  grandfather.  eald  here  can  only  mean 
honored,  and  the  hyphen  is  unnecessary.  Cf.  "  old  fellow,"  "  my  old 
man,"  etc. :   and  Ger.  alt-vater. 

1.  378.  Th.  and  B.  propose  Geatum,  as  presents  from  the  Danish  to 
the  Geatish  king.  —  Beit.  xii. 

I.  380.  habbe.  The  subj.  is  used  in  indirect  narration  and  question, 
wish  and  command,  purpose,  result,  and  hypothetical  comparison  with 
s\^'elce  =  as  if. 

II.  386,  387.  Ten  Br.  emends  to  read :  "  Hurry,  bid  the  kinsman-throng 
go  into  the  hall  together." 


o 


126  NOTES. 

1.  387.  sibbe-sf'li'iht,  for  Beowulfs  friends,  occurs  also  at  1.  730.  It 
is  subject-acc.  to  seou.     Cf.  11.  347,  365,  and  Hunt's  Exod.  1.  214. 

1.404.  "Here,  as  in  the  later  Icelandic  halls,  Beowulf  saw  Hrothgar 
enthroned  on  a  high  seat  at  the  east  end  of  the  hall.  The  seat  is  sacred. 
It  has  a  supernatural  quality.  Grendel,  the  tiend,  cannot  approach  it."  — 
Br.,  p.  34.     Cf.  1.  168. 

1.405.  "At  Benty  Grange,  in  Derbyshire,  an  Anglo-Saxon  barrow, 
opened  in  1848,  contained  a  coat  of  mail.  'The  iron  chain  work  consists 
of  a  large  number  of  links  of  two  kinds  attached  to  each  other  by  small 
rings  half  an  inch  in  diameter;  one  kind  flat  and  lozenge-shaped  .  .  .  the 
others  all  of  one  kind,  but  of  different  lengths.'"  —  Br.,  p.  126. 

1.  407.  Wes  .  .  .  hal :  this  ancient  Teutonic  greeting  afterwards  grew 
into  ^vassail.  Cf.  Skeat's  Luke,  i.  28;  Andreas  (K.),  1827;  Layamon, 
1.  14309.  etc. 

1.414.  "The  distmction  between  wesan  and  Aveorffan  [in  passive 
relations]  is  not  very  clearly  defined,  but  wesaii  appears  to  indicate  a 
state,  \vcor3'an  generally  an  action."  —  Sw.  Cf.  Mod.  German  iverden 
and  sein  in  similar  relations. 

1.414.  Gr.  translates  hador  liy  receptaciduni ;  cf.  Gering,  Zachers 
Zeitschr.  xii.  124.     Toller- Bosw.  ignores  Gr.'s  suggestion. 

11.420,  421.  B.  reads:  |>yer  ic  {011)  fifelgeban  {=  ocean)  y'SAe 
eoteiia  cyn.  Ten  Br.  reads:  J>8er  ic  fifelgebaii  yS^'c,  eoteiia 
ham.  Ha.  suggests  fifelgeband  =  7nonster-band,  without  further 
changes. 

I.  420.  R.  reads  |>8era  =  of  them,  for  J>aer.  —  Zachers  Zeilschr.  iii.  399; 
Beit.  xii.  367. 

1.  420.  "  niht  has  a  gen.,  nihtes,  used  for  the  most  part  only  adverbi- 
ally, and  almost  certainly  to  be  regarded  as  masculine."  —  Cook's  Sievers' 
Gram.,  p.  158. 

1.  425.  Cf.  also  11.  435,  635,  2345,  for  other  examples  of  Beowulfs  deter- 
mination to  fight  single-handed. 

1.  441.  l»e  hine  =  whom,  as  at  1.  1292,  etc.  The  indeclinable  J»e  is 
often  thus  combined  with  personal  pronouns,  =  relative,  and  is  sometimes 
separated  from  them  by  a  considerable  interval.  —  Sw. 

1.  443.  The  MS.  has  Geotena.  B.  and  Fahlbeck,  says  H.-So.,  do  not 
consider  the  GeAtas,  but  the  Jutes,  as  the  inhabitants  of  Swedish  West- 
Gothland.  Alfred  translates  Juti  by  Geatas,  l^ut  Jutland  by  Gotland. 
In  the  laws  they  are  called  Gutl.  —  Beit.  xii.  i,  etc. 

1.  444.  B.,  Gr.,  and  Ha.  make  uiiforhte  an  adv.  ■=.  fearlessly,  modify- 
ing etan.     Kl.  reads  anforhte  =  ti?nid. 

1.  446.   Cf.  1.  2910.     Th.  translates:  thou  wilt  not  need  my  head  to  hide 


NOTES.  127 

(i.e.  bury') .  Simrock  supposes  a  dead-watch  or  lyke-wake  to  be  meant. 
Wood,  thou  wilt  not  have  to  bury  so  much  as  my  head !  H.-So.  supposes 
heafod-'weard,  a  guard  of  honor,  such  as  sovereigns  or  presumptive 
rulers  had,  to  be  meant  by  hafalan  hydan;  hence,  you  need  not  give  me 
any  guard,  etc.     Cf.  Schmid,  Gesetze  der  A.,  370-372. 

1.  447.    S.  places  a  colon  after  ninieS". 

1.  451.  H.-So.,  Ha.,  and  B.  (^Beit.  xii.  87)  agree  essentially  in  translat- 
ing f^OTTC^^,  food.  R.  translates  consumption  of  my  corpse.  Maintenance, 
support,  seems  preferable  to  either. 

1.452.    Ronning  (after    Grimm)    personifies   Hild.  —  Beovulfs  Kvadet, 

I.  59.  Hildr  is  the  name  of  one  of  the  Scandinavian  Walkyries,  or  battle- 
maidens,  who  transport  the  spirits  of  the  slain  to  Walhalla.  Cf.  Kent's 
Elene,  1.  18,  etc. 

1.  455.  "The  war-smiths,  especially  as  forgers  of  the  sword,  were  gar- 
mented with  legend,  and  made  into  divine  personages.  Of  these  Weland 
IS  the  type,  husband  of  a  swan  maiden,  and  afterwards  almost  a  god."  — 
Br.,  p.  120.  Cf.  A.  J.  C.  Hare's  account  of  "  Wayland  Smith's  sword  witli 
which  Henry  II.  was  knighted,"  and  which  hung  in  Westminster  Abbey 
to  a  late  date.  —  Walks  ifi  London,  ii.  228. 

1.  455.  This  is  the  aelces  inannes  wyrd  of  Boethius  (Sw.,  p.  44)  and 
the  wyrd  biS  swiSost  of  Gnomic  Verses,  5.  There  are  about  a  dozen 
references  to  it  in  Bedwulf 

I.  455.  E.  compares  the  fatalism  of  this  concluding  hemistich  with  the 
Christian  tone  of  1.  685  seq. 

II.  457,  458.  B.  reads  waere-ryhtiiin  {  =  from  the  obligations  of  clien- 
tage) . 

1.  480.    Cf.  1.  1 23 1,  where  the  same  sense,  "  flown  with  wine,"  occurs. 

1.  488.  "The  dugulSf,  the  mature  and  ripe  warriors,  the  aristocracy  of 
the  nation,  are  the  support  of  the  throne."  —  E.  The  M.  E.  form  of  the 
word,  douth,  occurs  often.     Associated  with  geogoff,  Ih  160  and  622. 

1.  489.  Kl.  omits  comma  after  meoto  and  reads  (with  B.)  sige-hreS- 
secguni,  =  disclose  thy  thought  to  the  victor-heroes.  Others,  as  Korner, 
convert  meoto  into  an  imperative  and  divide  on  sael  =  think  upon  happi- 
ness. But  cf.  onband  beadu-rfine,  1.  501.  B.  supposes  onsael  meoto 
=^  speak  courteous  words.  Tidskr.  viii.  292;  Haupts  Zeitschr.  xi.  41 1; 
Eng.  Stud.  ii.  251. 

1.  489.    Cf.  the  invitation  at  1.  1783. 

1.  494.  Cf.  Grimm's  Andreas,  1.  1097,  for  deal,  =  proud,  elated,  exult- 
ing; Phcenix  (Bright),  1.  266. 

1.  499.    MS.  has  Hunferiy,  but  the  alliteration  requires  Unferff,  as  at 

II.  499,  1 166,  1489;   and  cf.  11.  1542,  2095,  2930.     See  List  of  Names. 


128  NOTES. 

1.  501.    SjfS  -  arrival  (?);    cf.  1.  353. 

1.  504.    I>on  ma  =  the  more  ( ?),  may  be  added  to  the  references  under 

I'on. 

1.  506.    E.  compares  the  taunt  of  Ehab  to  David,  i  Sam.  xvii.  28. 

1.  509.  (lol-gilp  —  uile  boasting.  The  second  definition  in  the  Gloss. 
is  wrong. 

1.  513.  "  Eagor-stream  might  possibly  be  translated  the  stream  of  Eagor, 
the  awful  terror-striking  stormy  sea  in  which  the  terrible  [Scandinavian] 
giant  dwelt,  and  through  which  he  acted."  —  Br.,  p.  164.  He  remarks, 
"The  English  term  eagre  still  survives  in  provincial  dialect  for  the  tide- 
wave  or  bore  on  rivers.  Dryden  uses  it  in  his  Threnod.  Angust.  '  But 
like  an  eagre  rode  in  triumph  o'er  the  tide.'  Yet  we  must  be  cautious," 
etc.     Cf.  Fox's  Boethius,  11.  20,  236;   Thorpe's  Cadmon,  69,  etc. 

I.  524.    Kriiger  and  B.  read  Banstanes.  —  Beit.  ix.  573. 

1.525.  R.  reads  wyrsan  ( =  wyrses :  cf.  Mod.  (J>x.  guten  Muthes) 
.nejjinges;  but  H.-So.  shows  that  the  MS.  wyrsan  .  .  .  |>insea  = 
wyrsona  l>inga,  can  stand ;  cf.  gen.  pi.  banan,  Clinst,  1.  66,  etc. 

1.  534.  Insert,  under  eard-liifa  (in  Gloss.),  earfo3',  st.  n.,  trouble, 
difficulty,  struggle ;  ace.  pi.  earfeiJo,  534. 

I.  545  seq.  "Five  nights  Beowulf  and  Breca  kept  together,  not  swim- 
ming, but  sailing  in  open  boats  (\o  swim  the  seas  is  to  sail  the  seas),  then 
storm  drove  them  asunder.  .  .  .  Breca  is  afterwards  chief  of  the  Brond- 
ings,  a  tribe  mentioned  in  IVidsith.  The  story  seems  legendary,  not 
mythical."  —  Br.,  pp.  60,  61. 

II.  574-578.  B.  suggests  swa  J>fer  for  hwaffere,  =  so  there  it  befell 
me.  But  the  word  at  1.  574  %&Qm%  — however,  and  at  1.  578  =;'<;'/,■  cf. 
1.  891;   see  S.;   Beit.  ix.  138;    Tidskr.  viii.  48;    Zacher,  iii.  387,  etc. 

1.  586.  Gr.  and  Grundt.  read  faguin  sweorduin  (no  ic  J»as  fela 
gylpe!),  supplying  fela  and  blending  the  broken  half-lines  into  one. 
Ho.  and  Kl.  supply  geflites. 

1.  599.  E.  translates  nyd-bade  by  blackmail ;  adding  "ned  bad,  toll : 
iie<l  badere,  tolltaker:'  —  Land  C^hartcrs,  Gloss,  v. 

1.601.  MS.  has  oiv(\.  —  and  in  three  places  only  (601,  1149,  2041); 
elsewhere  it  uses  the  symbol  7  =  and. 

\.b\2seq.  Cf.  the  drinking  ceremony  at  1.  1025.  "The  royal  lady 
offers  the  cup  to  Beowulf,  not  in  his  turn  where  he  sate  among  the  rest, 
but  after  it  has   gone   the    round;   her  approach   to   Beowulf  is   an   act 

apart."  —  E. 

1.  620.  "The  [loving]  cup  which  went  the  round  of  the  company  and 
was  tasted  by  all,"  like  the  Oriel  and  other  college  anniversary  cups.  —  E. 

1.  622.   Cf.  11.  160,  1191,  for  the  respective  places  of  young  and  old. 


NOTES.  129 

1.  623.    Cf.  the  circlet  of  gold  worn  by  \Vealh)>e6w  at  1.  11 64. 
1.  631.   gyddode.     Cf.  Chaucer,  Prol.  1.  237  (ed.  Morris)  : 

"  Oi  yeddynges  he  bar  utterly  the  prys." 
Cf.  giddy. 

1.  648.  Kl.  suggests  a  period  after  gej'inged,  especially  as  B. 
( Tidskr.  viii.  57)  has  shown  that  oJ>J>e  is  sometimes  =  ond.  Th. 
supplies  ne. 

1.  650.    o}>}>e  here  and  at  11.  2476,  3007,  probably  =  and. 

1.  651.  Cf.  704,  where  soeadu-genga  (the  night-ganger  of  Leechdoms, 
ii.  344)  is  applied  to  the  demon.  —  E. 

1.  659.  Cf.  1.  2431  for  same  formula,  "to  have  and  to  hold"  of  the 
Marriage  Service.  —  E. 

1.  681.    B.  considers  J»eah  .  .  .  eal  a  precursor  of  Mod.  Eng.  although. 

1.  682.  gOdra  =  advantages  in  battle  (Gr.),  battle-skill  (Ha.),  skill  in 
war   (H.-So.).      Might   not   nat   be    changed    to    nah  =  ne  +  ah    (cf. 

I.  2253),  thus  justifying  the  translation  ability  (?)  =  he  has  not  the  ability 
to,  etc. 

1.  695.  Kl.  reads  hiera.  —  Beit.  ix.  189.  B.  omits  hie  as  occurring  in 
the  previous  hemistich.  —  Beit.  xii.  89. 

1.698.  "Here  Destiny  is  a  web  of  cloth." — E.,  \\ho  compares  the 
Greek  Clothe,  "  spinster  of  fate."  Women  are  also  called  "  weavers  of 
peace,"  as  1.  1943.     Cf.  Kent's  Elene,  1.  88;    JVidsi'S,  1.  6,  etc. 

1.  711.  B.  translates  j'a  by  7i>hen  and  connects  with  the  preceding  sen- 
tences, thus  rejecting  the  ordinary  canto-division  at  1.  711.  He  objects  to 
the  use  of  com  as  principal  vb.  at  11.  703,  711,  and  721.      (Beit,  xii.) 

1.  711.  "Perhaps  the  Gnomic  verse  w-hich  tells  of  Thyrs,  the  giant,  is 
written  with  Grendel  in  the  writer's  mind,  —  l>5'rs  soeal  on  fenne 
ge\vunian  ana  innan  lande,  the  giant  shall  dwell  in  the  fen,  alone  in 
the  land  (Sweet's  Read.,  p.  187)."  —  Br.  p.  36. 

1.  717.  Dietrich,  in  Haupt.  xi.  419,  quotes  from  .Elfric,  Horn.  ii.  498: 
he  beworhte  J>a  bigelsas  mid  gyldeiium  Itefrum,  he  covered  the 
arches  zoith  gold-leaf,  —  a  Roman  custom  derived  from  Carthage.  Cf. 
Mod.  Eng.  oriel  =  aureolu??i,  a  gilded  room.  —  E.  (quoting  Skeat).     Cf. 

II.  2257,  1097,  2247,  2103,  2702,  2283,  333,  1751,  for  various  uses  of  gold- 
sheets. 

1.  720.    B.  and  ten  Br.  suggest  hell-thane  (Grendel)  for  heal-J»egnas. 
and  make  hiile  refer  to  Beowulf.     Cf.  1.  142. 
1.  723.   Z.  reads  [gejhran. 
1.  727.    For  this  use  of  standan,  cf.  11.  2314,  2770;   and  Vergil,  Eel. 

ii.  26 : 

"  Cum  placidum  ventis  staret  mare." 


130  NOTES. 

1-  757-  gedr.ig.  Tumult  is  one  of  the  meanings  of  this  word.  Here, 
appar.  =  occupation,  lair. 

1.  759.  R.  reads  mCdega  for  gdda,  "  because  the  attribute  cannot  be 
separated  from  the  word  modified  unless  the  two  alliterate." 

1.  762.    Cf.  Andreas^!  1.  1537,  for  a  similar  use  of  ut  =  off.  —  E. 

1.  769.  The  foreign  words  in  Bed'viilf  (as  coaster-  here)  are  not  num- 
erous; others  are  (aside  from  proper  names  like  Cain,  Abel,  etc.)  deofol 
(diaboliis),  candcl  (1.  1573),  ancor  (1.  303),  scrifan  (for-  ge-), 
.segn  (1.  47),  gigaiit  (1.  113),  mil-  (1.  1363),  straet  (1.  320),  onibcht 
(1.  287),  gim  (1.  2073),  etc. 

1.  770.  M.S.  reads  cer^veIl,  a  word  conceived  by  B.  and  others  to  be 
part  of  a  fern,  compd. :  -scervven  like  -wenden  in  ed-^venden,  -raeden, 
etc.  (cf.  meodu-scerpen  in  Andreas,  \.  1528);  emended  to  -scerwen, 
a  great  scare  tinder  the  figure  of  a  mishap  at  a  d7-inking-bout ;  one  might 
compare  bescerwan,  to  deprive,  from  bescyrian  (Grein,  i.  93),  hence 
ealu-scerwen  would  —  a  sudden  taking  away,  deprivation,  of  the  beer. — 
11. -So.,  p.  93.     See  B.,  I'idskr.  viii.  292. 

1.  771.   Ten  Br.  reads  reffe,  renhearde,  =  raging,  exceeding  bold. 

1.  792.  Instrumental  adverbial  phrases  like  aenige  J»inga,  iiseuige 
J»inga  {not  at  all),  hum  }>inga  {especially)  are  not  infrequent.  See 
Cook's  Sievers'  Gram.,  p.  178;    March,  A.-S.  Gram.,  p.  182. 

I.  811.  myrffe.  E.  translates /«  Ti^rtw^w  ww^/.  ToUer-Bosw.  does  not 
recognize  sorrow  as  one  of  the  meanings  of  this  word. 

II.  850,  851.  S.  reads  deop  for  deog  and  erases  semicolon  after  weol,  = 
the  death-stained  deep  welled  -with  sword-gore  ;  cf.  1.  1424.  B.  reads  deaff- 
faeges  <le6p,  etc.,  =  the  deep  welled  with  the  doomed  one'' s gore.  —  Beit.  xii.  89. 

1.  857.  The  meaning  of  blanciiin  is  partly  explained  by  fealwe 
niearas  below,  1.  866.  Cf.  Layamon's  "  and  leop  on  his  blancke,"  — 
steed,  1.  23900;   Kent's  Elene,  1.  1185. 

1.  859.  Korner,  Eng.  Stud.  i.  482,  regards  the  oft-recurring  be  sa^m 
tweonum  as  a  mere  formula  =  on  earth;  cf.  11.  1298,  1686.  tweone  is 
part  of  the  separable  prep,  betiveen;  see  be-.  Cf.  Baskerville's  Andneas, 
1.  558. 

1.  865.  Cf.  Voyage  of  Ohthere  atid  Wulfstdji  for  an  account  of  funeral 
horse-racing,  Sweet's  Rea<l.,  p.  22. 

1.  868.    See  Ha.,  p.  31,  for  a  variant  translation. 

1.  871  seq.  R.  considers  this  a  technical  description  of  improvised  allit- 
erative verse,  suggested  by  and  wrought  out  on  the  spur  of  the  moment. 

I.  872.  R.  and  B.  propose  secg[an],  =  rehearse,  for  seog,  which  suits 
the  verbs  in  the  next  two  lines. 

II.  878-98.    "  It  pleases  me  to  think  that  it  is  in  English  literature  we 


NOTES.  131 

possess  the  tirst  sketch  of  that  mighty  saga  [the  Volsunga  Saga  =  AVill- 
singes  ge^vin]  which  has  for  so  many  centuries  engaged  all  the  arts, 
and  at  last  in  the  hands  of  Wagner  the  art  of  music." — Br.,  p.  63.  Cf. 
Nibelung.  Lied,  1.  739. 

1.  894.  Intransitive  verbs,  as  gan,  weorffan,  sometimes  take  habban, 
"  to  indicate  independent  action."  —  Svv.  Cf.  hafalS  .  .  .  geworden, 
1.  2027. 

1.  895.  "brucan  {enjoy)  always  has  the  genitive."  —  Sw.;  cf.  1.  895; 
ace,  gen.,  instr.,  dat.,  according  to  March,  A.-S.  Gram.,  p.  151. 

1.  898.  Scherer  proposes  hate,  =  from  heat,  instr.  of  hat,  heat ;  cf. 
1.  2606. 

1.  901.  he  JjJis  aron  >ah  =  he  throve  in  honor  (B.).  Ten  Br.  inserts 
comma  after  J>ah,  making  siS'iJan  introduce  a  depend,  clause. — Beit. 
viii.  568.     Cf.  weorS-myiidum  >ah,  1.  8;   11.  1155,  1243.  —  H.-So. 

1.  902.  Heremodes  is  considered  by  Heinzel  to  be  a  mere  epithet  = 
the  valiant ;  which  would  refer  the  whole  passage  to  Sigmund  (Sigfrid), 
the  eotenas,  1.  903,  being  the  Nibelungen.  This,  says  H.-So.,  gets  rid  of 
the  contradiction  between  the  good  "  Heremod "  here  and  the  bad  one, 
1.  1710  seq.  —  B.  however  holds  fast  to  Heremod.  —  Beit.  xii.  41.  on 
feonda  ge^veald,  1.  904,  =  into  the  hands  of  devils,  says  B.;  cf.  11.  809, 
1721,2267;  Christ,  \.  1416;  Andreas,  \.  1621;  for  hine  fyren  onwdd, 
cf.  Gen.\.  2579;    H-anVs  Dan.  17:  hie  ^vlenco  anwod. 

1.  902  set].  "  Heremod's  shame  is  contrasted  with  the  glory  of  Sigemund, 
and  with  the  prudence,  patience,  generosity,  and  gentleness  of  Beowulf  as 
^  chieftain."  —  Br.,  p.  66. 

1.  906.    MS.  has  leinede.     Toller-Bosw.  corrects  to  lemedon. 

1.  917.    Cf.  Hunt's  Exod.,  1.  170,  for  similar  language. 

1.  925.  hOs,  G.  hansa,  company,  "  the  word  from  which  the  mercan- 
tile association  of  the  '  Hanseatic  '  towns  took  their  designation."  —  E. 

1.  927.    on  sta}>ole  =  on  the  floor  (B.,  Rask,  ten  Br.).  —  Beit.  xii.  90. 

1.  927.  May  not  stedpne  here  =  bright,  from  its  being  immediately 
followed  by  golde  fahne  ?  Cf.  Chaucer's  "his  eyen  stepe,"  Prol.  1.  201 
(ed.  Morris);    Cockayne's  Ste.  Marherete,  pp.  9,   108;    St.  Kath.,  1.  1647. 

1.  931.  grynna  may  be  for  gyrnna  (^—  sorroius),  gen.  plu.  of  gj^rn, 
as  suggested  by  one  commentator. 

1.  937.  B.  (^Beit.  xii.  90)  makes  geh\\^^lcne  object  of  -wid-scofen 
(hafde).     Gr.  makes  we^  nom.  absolute. 

1.940.  seuccum:  cf.  G.  scheuche,  scheusal;  Prov.  Eng.  old-shock; 
perhaps  the  pop.  interjection  O  shucks  !  (  !) 

1.  959.  H.  explains  we  as  a  "  plur.  of  majesty,"  which  Beowulf  throws 
off  at  1.  964. 


182  •  NOTES. 

1.  963.   fe6nd  J>one  friitgan  (B.  Beit.  xii.  90). 

1.  976.  syniiuin.  "  Most  abstract  words  in  the  poetry  have  a  very 
wide  range  of  meanings,  diverging  widely  from  the  prose  usage,  synn, 
for  instance,  means  simply  injury,  mischief,  hatred,  and  the  prose  mean- 
ing sin  is  only  a  secondary  one;  hata  in  poetry  is  not  only  hater,  but 
persecutor,  enemy,  just  as  niU  is  both  hatred  and  violence,  strength  ;  heard 
is  sharp  as  well,  as  hard."  —  Svv. 

1.  986.  S.  places  >\'as  at  end  of  1.  985  and  reads  stiSrti  iiiigla,  omit- 
ting goh\vylo  and  the  commas  after  that  and  after  sooawedon.  Beit. 
ix.  13S;   stedra  (H.-So.);    hand-sporu  (M.-So.)  at  1.  987. 

1.  986.  Miller  {Anglia,  xii.  3)  corrects  to  seghwylcne,  in  apposition  to 
fingras. 

1.987.  hand-sponi.  See  Anglia,  vii.  176,  for  a  discussion  of  the 
intrusion  of  11  into  the  nom.  of  n-stems. 

1.  988.    Cf.  11.  2121,  2414,  for  similar  use  of  unhconi  =  iingeheuer. 

1.  992.  B.  suggests  hedtinibred  for  haten,  and  gofratnon  for  -od; 
KL.  hroden  {^Beit.  ix.  189). 

1.  995,  996.  Gold-embroidered  tapestries  seem  to  be  meant  by  web  = 
auri/risium. 

1.  997.  After  J>ara  ]>e  =  0/"  those  that,  the  depend,  vb.  often  takes  sg. 
for  pi.;    cf.  11.  844,  1462,  2384,  2736.  —  Sw.;    Dietrich. 

1.  998.  "  Metathesis  of  1  takes  place  in  seld  for  setl,  bold  for  botl," 
etc.  —  Cook's  Sievers'  Gram.,  p.  96.  Cf.  Eng.  proper  names,  Bootle,  Battle- 
field,  etc.  —  Skeat,  Principles,  i.  250. 

I.  1000.    heorras :   cf.  Chaucer,  Prol.  (ed.  Morris)  1.  550 : 

"  Ther  was  no  dore  that  he  nolde  heve  of  harre." 

II.  1005-1007.  See  Zachers  Zeitschr.  iii.  391,  and  Beit.  xii.  368,  for  R.'s 
and  B.'s  views  of  this  difficult  passage. 

I.  1009.  Cf.  1.  161 2  for  sael  and  ina'l,  surviving  still  in  E.  Anglia  in 
"  mind  your  seals  and  meals"  =  times  and  occasions,  i.e.  have  your  wits 
about  you.  —  E. 

II.  1012,  1013.  Cf.  11.  753,  754  for  two  smiilar  comparatives  used  in 
conjunction. 

I.  1014.    Cf.  1.  327  for  similar  language. 

II.  1015,  1016.  11. -So.  puts  these  two  lines  in  parentheses  (fylle  .  .  . 
J>tlra).     Cf.  B.,  Beit.  xii.  91. 

1.  1024.  One  of  the  many  famous  swords  spoken  of  in  the  poem.  See 
Ilriinting,  11.  1458,  1660;  Ilfinlafiiig,  1.  1144,  etc.  Cf.  Excalibur, 
Roland's  sword,  the  Xibelung  Balmung,  etc. 

1.  1034.    scur-heard.      For    an    ingenious    explanation    of    this    dis- 


NOTES.  133 

puted  word  see  Professor  Pearce's  article  in  Mod.  Lang.  Notes,  Nov.  i, 
1892,  and  ensuing  discussion. 

1.  1039.  eoderas  is  of  doubtful  meaning.  H.  and  ToUer-Bosw.  regard 
the  word  here  =  enclosure,  palings  of  the  court.  Cf.  CcEcimon,  11.  2439, 
2481.     The  passage  throws  interesting  light  on  horses  and  their  trappings 

1.1043.  Grundt.  emends  wig  to  \\\q^^,  —  charger ;  and  E.  quotes 
Tacitus,  Germaiiia,  7. 

1.  1044.    "  Power  over  each  and  both  " ;  cf. "  all  and  some,"  "  one  and  all." 

For  Ingwin,  see  List  of  Names. 

1.  1065.  Gr.  contends  that  fore  here  =  de,  concerning,  about  (Ebert's 
Jahrb.,  1862,  p.  269). 

1.  1069.  H.-So.  supplies  fram  after  eaferum,  to  govern  it,  =  concern- 
ing (?).     Cf.  Fight  at  Finnsburg,  Appendix. 

1.  1070.  For  the  numerous  names  of  the  Danes,  "bright-"  "spear-" 
"  east-"  "  west-"  "  ring-"  Danes,  see  these  words. 

1.  1073.  Eotenas  =  Finn^s  people,  the  Frisians  ;  cf.  11.  1089,  1 142,  1146, 
etc.,  and  Beit.  .xii.  37.     Why  they  are  so  called  is  not  known. 

I.  1084.  R.  proposes  wiht  Hengeste  wiS  gefeohtan  {Zachers 
Zeitschr.  iii.  394).     Kl.,  wiij  H.  wiht  gefeohtan. 

II.  1085  and  1099.  wea-laf  occurs  in  Wulfstan,  Llom.  133,  ed. 
Napier.  —  E.  (^f.  darolSa  laf,  Brunanb.,  I.  54;  ades  lafe,  Phcenix, 
272  (Bright),  etc. 

1.  1098.  elne  unflitme  =  so  class  der  eid  (der  inhalt  des  eides)  nicht 
streitig  -ivar.—  B.,  Beit.  iii.  30.  But  cf.  1130,  where  Hengist  and  Finn  are 
again  brought  into  juxtaposition  and  the  expression  ealles  (?)  unhlitme 
occurs. 

1.  1 106.  The  pres.  part.  +  be,  as  myndgiend  wtere  here,  is  compara- 
tively rare  in  original  A.-S.  literature,  but  occurs  abundantly  in  translations 
from  the  Latin.     The  periphrasis  is  generally  meaningless.     Cf.  1.  3029. 

I.  1 108.  Korner  suggests  ecge,  =  sword,  in  reference  to  a  supposed  old 
German  custom  of  placing  ornaments,  etc.,  on  the  point  of  a  sword  or 
spear  {Eng.  Stud.  i.  495).  Singer,  ince-gold  =  bright  gold ;  B.,  andiege 
=  Goth,  andaugjo,  evidently.  Cf.  incge  lafe,  1.  2578.  Possibly:  and 
inge  {  =  you7ig  tnen)  gold  ahofon  of  horde.  For  inge,  cf.  Hunts 
Exod.  I.  190. 

II.  1115-1120.  R.  proposes  (het  J>a  .  .  .)  banfatu  barnan  ohd  on 
bsel  don,  earme  on  eaxe  =  to  place  the  arms  in  the  ashes,  reading 
guSjrec  =  battle-reek,  for  -rinc  {Zachers  Zeitschr.  iii.  395).  B.,  Sarrazin 
{Beit.  xi.  530),  Lichtenfeld  {Haupts  Zeitschr.  xvi.  330),  C,  etc.,  pro- 
pose various  emendations.  See  H.-So.,  p.  97,  and  Beit.  viii.  568.  For 
guijrinc  astah,  cf.  Old  Norse,  stiga  d  bdl,  "  ascend  the  bale-tire." 


134  NOTES. 

1.  1116.  sweoloffe.  "On  Dartmoor  the  burning  of  the  furze  up  the 
hillsides  to  let  new  grass  grow,  is  called  zwaylitig."  —  E.  Cf.  sultry, 
Ci.  schiuiil,  etc. 

1.  1 1 19.  Cf.  -wudu-rcc  astah,  1.  3145;  and  Exod.  (Hunt),  1.  450 : 
^V8elInist  astali. 

1.  1 122.  iitspranc  =  bur  si  forth,  arose  (omitted  from  the  Gloss.), 
<at  +  springan. 

1.  1 130.  R.  and  Gr.  read  elne  unflitiiie,  =  loyally  and  without  contest, 
as  at  1.  1098.     Cf.  Ha.,  p.  39;   H.-So.,  p.  97. 

1.  1 137.   scacen  =  gone ;  cf.  11.  1125,  2307,  2728. 

1.  1 142.  "The  sons  of  the  Eotenas"  (B. ,  Beit.  xii.  31,  who  conjectures 
a  gap  after  1142). 

1.  1 144.  B.  separates  thus:  Hun  Lafing,  =  Hi'in  placed  the  sword 
Lafing,  etc.  —  Beit.  xii.  32;  cf.  K.,  Zacliers  Zeitschr.  iii.  396.  Heinzel 
and  Homburg  make  other  conjectures  (Herrig's  Archiv,  72,  374,  etc.). 

1.  1 143.  B.,  H.-So.,  and  Moller  read:  Avorod  rfedenne,  J>oniie  him 
Hun  Ijafing,  =  military  brotherhood,  when  Him  laid  upon  his  breast  (the 
sword)  lAifing.  There  is  a  sword  Laufi,  Lovi  in  the  Norse  sagas;  but 
swords,  armor,  etc.,  are  often  called  the  leaving  (laf)  of  files,  hammers, 
etc.,  especially  a  precious  heirloom;  cf.  11.  454,  1033,  2830,  2037,  2629, 
796,  etc.,  etc. 

1.  1 152.    rodeu  =  reddened  {^.,  Tidskr.  viii.  295). 

I.  1 160.  I'or  11.  1069-1160,  containing  the  Finn  episode,  cf.  Moller, 
Alteng.  Folhsepos,  6g,  86,  g4;  Hc'mzel,  Am. /.  dtsch.  Alter t.,  10,  226;  B., 
Beit.  xii.  29-37.     ^f-  lytdstS,  1.  33,  etc. 

II.  1 1 60,  1 161.    leoS  (lied  =  song,  lay)  and  gyd  here  appear  synonyms. 
11.  1162-1165.    "Behind   the   wars  and   tribal   wanderings,   behind    the 

contentions  of  the  great,  we  watch  in  this  poem  the  steady,  continuous 
life  of  home,  the  passions  and  thoughts  of  men,  the  way  they  talked  and 
moved  and  sang  and  drank  and  lived  and  loved  among  one  another  and 
for  one  another."  —  Br.,  ]i.  18. 

1.  1 163.  Cf.  wonderwork.  So  rvonder-death,  wonder-bidding,  wonder- 
treasure,  -smith,  -sight,  etc.  at  11.  1748,  3038,  2174,  1682,  996,  etc.  Cf.  the 
German  use  of  the  same  intensive,  =  wondrous,  in  lounder-schon,  etc. 

1.  1 165.  J>a  gyt  points  to  some  future  event  when  "each"  was  not 
"true  to  other,"  undeveloped  in  this  poem,  sulitor-gefaderan  —  HroS- 
gSr  and  IlroSulf,  1.  1018.     Cf.  aiJuni-sworian,  1.  84. 

1.  1 1 67  almost  repeats  1.  500,  iit  fOtuin,  etc.,  where  UnfertJ  is  first 
introduced. 

1.  1 191.  E.  sees  in  this  passage  separate  scats  for  youth  and  middle-aged 
men,  as  in  English  college  halls,  chapels,  convocations,  and  churches  still. 


NOTES.  135 

1.  1 192.  ymbutau,  round  about,  is  sometimes  thus  separated:  ynib 
hie  utan;  of.  Voyage  of  Ohthere,  etc.  (Sw.),  p.  18,  1.  34,  etc.;  Bciwulf, 
11.  S59,  1686,  etc. 

1.  1 194.  bewiigned,  a  a7ra$  XeySnevov,  tr.  offered  by  Th.  Probably 
a  p.p.  wageii,  made  into  a  vb.  by  -ian,  like  own,  drown,  etc.  Cf.  hafe- 
nian  (<hafeii,  <hebban),  etc. 

1.  1 196.  E.  takes  the  expression  to  mean  "mantle  and  its  rings 
or  broaches."  "Rail"  long  survived  in  Mid.  Eng.  {Piers  Ploiv., 
etc.). 

I.  1 196.  This  necklace  was  afterwards  given  by  Beowulf  to  Hygd, 
11.  2173,  2174. 

II.  1199-1215.  From  the  obscure  hints  in  the  passage,  a  part  of  the 
poem  may  be  approximately  dated,  —  if  Hygelac  is  the  Choclii-laicus  of 
Gregory  of  Tours,  Hist.  Francoriim,  iii.  3, — -about  A.D.  512-20. 

1.  1200.  The  Breosinga  men  (Icel.  Brisinga  men)  is  the  necklace  of 
the  goddess  Freya;  cf.  Elder  Edda,  IIa})iarshe»it.  Hama  stole  the 
necklace  from  the  Gothic  King  Eormenric;  cf.  Traveller's  Song,  11.  8,  18, 
88,  III.  The  comparison  of  the  two  necklaces  leads  the  poet  to  antici- 
pate Hygelac's  history,  —  a  suggestion  of  the  poem's  mosaic  construction. 

1.  1200.  For  BrSsiiiga  mene,  cf.  B.,  Beit.  xii.  72.  C.  suggests  fleah, 
—fled,  for  fealh.  placing  semicolon  after  byrig,  and  making  he  suliject 
of  fleiih  and  geceas. 

1.  1202.  B.  conjectures  geceas  eene  raed  to  mean  he  becaine  a  pious 
Dian  and  at  death  went  to  heaven.  Heime  (Hama)  in  the  Thidrekssaga 
goes  into  a  cloister  =  to  choose  the  better  part  (?).  Cf.  H.-So.,  p.  98. 
But  cf.  HroSgar's  language  to  Beowulf,  11.  1760,  1761. 

1.  I2II.  S.  proposes  feoh.,  =  property,  for  feorh,  which  would  be  a 
parallel  for  breost-ge^vaedu  .  .  .  beah  below. 

1.  1 213.  E.  remarks  that  in  the  Laivs  of  Cnut,  i.  26,  the  devil  is  called 
se  ^v6dfreca  werewulf,  the  ravening  -ivenvolf 

1.  1215.  C.  proposes  heals-bege  onfeng.  Beit.  viii.  570.  For  hrea- 
Kl.  suggests  hrae-. 

1.  1227.  The  son  referred  to  is,  according  to  Ettmiiller,  the  one  that 
reigns  after  HroSgar. 

1.  1229.    Kl.  suggests  si,  =  be,  for  is. 

1.  1232.  S.  gives  wine-elated  as  the  meaning  of  druncne.  —  Beit.  ix. 
139;    Kl.  ibid.  189,  194.     But  cf.  Judith,  11.  67,  107. 

1.  1235.    Cf.  1.  119  for  similarity  of  language. 

1.  1235.    Kl.  proposes  gea-sceaft;   but  cf  1.  1267. 

1.  1246.  Ring  armor  was  common  in  the  Middle  Ages.  E.  points  out  the 
numerous   forms   of  byrne    in   cognate    languages,  —  Gothic,    Icelandic, 


136  NOTES. 

one,  Slavonic,  O.  Irish,  Romance,  etc.  Du  Chaillu,  The  Viking  Age, 
i.  126.     Cf.  Murray's  Diet.  s.v. 

1.  1248.  an'wig-gear^ve  =  rifrt^/)' yi?;-  single  combat  (C);  but  cf.  Ila. 
p.  43;   Beit.  ix.  210,  282. 

I.  1252.  Some  consider  \\\\%  fitt  the  beginning  of  Part  (or  Lay)  II.  of 
the  original  epic,  if  not  a  separate  work  in  itself. 

I.  1254.  K.,  W.,  and  Ho.  read  farode  =  wasted;  Kolbing  reads 
furotle;   but  cf.  westen  ^varode,  1.  1266.     MS.  has  ^va^ode. 

II.  1255-1258.  This  passage  is  a  good  illustration  of  the  constant  parallel- 
ism of  word  and  phrase  characteristic  of  A.-S.  poetry,  and  is  quoted  by 
.Sw.  The  changes  are  rung  on  ende  and  swylt,  on  gesj'ne  and  wid- 
cuff,  etc. 

1.  1259.  "That  this  story  of  Grendel's  mother  was  originally  a  separate 
lay  from  the  first  seems  to  be  suggested  by  the  fact  that  the  monsters  are 
described  over  again,  and  many  new  details  added,  such  as  would  l)e 
inserted  by  a  new  singer  who  wished  to  enhance  and  adorn  the  original 
tale."  —  Br.,  p.  41. 

1.  1259.  Cf.  1.  107,  which  also  points  to  the  ancestry  of  murderers  and 
monsters  and  their  descent  from  "  Cain." 

1.  1 26 1.  The  MS.  has  se  J>e,  m.;  changed  by  some  to  seo  J>e.  At 
11.  1393,  1395,  1498,  Grendel's  mother  is  referred  to  as  m.;  at  11.  1293, 
1505,  1541-1546,  etc.,  as  f.,  the  uncertain  pronoun  designating  a  creature 
female  in  certain  aspects,  but  masculine  in  demonic  strength  and  savage- 
ness.  —  H.-So.;   Sw.  p.  202.     Cf.  the  masc.  epithets  at  11.  1380,  2137,  etc. 

1.  1270.  aglaeca  =  Grendel,  though  possibly  referring  to  Beowulf,  as  at 
1.  1513.  — Sw. 

1.  1273.  "It  is  not  certain  whether  an^vaIda  stands  for  Qnn'ealda, 
or  whether  it  should  be  read  an\v('alda,  =  only  ruler.  —  Sw. 

1.  1279.  The  IMS.  has  siinu  J>eod  -wrecan,  which  R.  changes  to  sunn 
}>e6d-Avrccan,  J»t'6d-  =  monstrous ;  but  why  not  regard  )»e6d  as  oppo- 
sition to  suuu,  =  her  sou,  the  prince  ?  See  Sweet's  Reader,  and  Korner's 
discussion,  £ng.  Stud.  i.  500. 

1.  1281.   Ten  Br.  suggests  (for  sOiia)  sara  =  return  of  sorro-os. 

1.  1286.  "gej»ureu  (twice  so  written  in  MSS.)  stands  for  gej>riien, 
forged,  and  is  an  isolated  p.p."  —  Cook's  Sievers'  Gram.,  209.  But  see 
Toller-Bosw.  for  examples;    Sw.,  Gloss.;  March,  p.  100,  etc. 

1.  1292.    J»e  hine  =  zvhom  ;  cf  11.  441,  1437,  1292;   H'cliand,  i.  1308. 

1.  1298.  be  saem  tiveonuni;  cf.  1.  1192;  Hunt's  Exod.  1.  442;  and 
Mod.  Eng.  "to  «j-ward,  etc.  —  Earle's  fhilol.,  p.  449.     Cf.  note,  1.  1 192. 

1.  1 301.  C.  proposes  Offer  him  am  =  another  apartment  'was  assigned 
him. 


NOTES.  137 

1.  1303.  B.  conjectures  unfler  hrSf  genam;  but  Ha.,  p.  45,  shows 
this  to  be  unnecessary,  under  also  meaning  in,  as  in  (or  under)  these 
circumstances. 

1.  1319.  E.  and  Sw.  suggest  naegde  or  negde,  accosted,  <  negan  = 
Mid.  Ger.  nehzvian,  pr.p.  nehwiandans,  approach.  For  hnsegan,  press 
doivn,  vanquish,  see  11.  1275,  1440,  etc. 

1.  1 32 1.  C.  suggests  nead-laffum  for  neod-laffu,  after  crushing  hos- 
tility ;  but  cf.  freond-laiSfu,  1.  1193. 

I.  1334.  K.  and  ten  Br.  conjecture  gefagnod  =  rejoicing  in  her  fill,  a 
parallel  to  sese  wlanc,  1.  1333. 

1.  1340.  B.  translates:  "and  she  has  executed  a  deed  of  blood-ven- 
geance of  far-reaching  consequence."  —  Beit.  xii.  93. 

I.  1345.   B.  reads  ge6  for  eow  {Zachers  Zeitschr.  iv.  205). 

II.  1346-1377.  "This  is  a  tine  piece  of  folk-lore  in  the  oldest  extant 
form.  .  .  .  The  authorities  for  the  story  are  the  rustics  (11.  1346,  1356)." 
—  E. 

1.  1347.   Cf.  scle-raedende  at  1.  51. 

1.  1 35 1.  "The  ge  [of  gewitan]  may  be  merely  a  scribal  error,  —  a 
repetition  (dittography)  of  the  preceding  ge  of  gewislicost."  —  Sw. 

I.  1352.  ides,  like  firas,  men,  etc.,  is  a  poetic  word  supposed  by 
Grimm  to  have  been  applied,  like  Gr.  vvfxcp-q,  to  superhuman  or  semi-divine 
women. 

II.  1360-1495  seq.  E.  compares  this  Dantesque  tarn  and  scenery  with  the 
poetical  accounts  of  yEneid,  vii.  563 ;   Lucretius,  vi.  739,  etc. 

1.  1360.  firgenstream  occurs  also  in  the  Phanix  (Bright,  p.  168) 
1.  100;  Andreas,  11.  779,  3144  (K.);    Gnoinic  Verses,  1.  47,  etc. 

1.  1363.  The  genitive  is  often  thus  used  to  denote  measure  =  by  or  in 
miles;   cf.  1.  3043;    and  contrast  with  partitive  gen.  at  1.  207. 

1.  1364.  The  M.S.  reads  hrinde  =  hrinende  (?),  which  Gr.  adopts; 
K.  and  Th.  read  hrinde-bearwas;  hringde,  encircling  (Sarrazin,  Beit. 
xi.  163);  hrimge  =y;w/j'  (Sw.);  zuith  frost-zuhiting  covered  (Ha.). 
See  Morris,  Blickling  Horn.,  Preface,  vi.,  vii. 

1.  1364.    Cf.  Ruin,  hrimige  edoras  belirofene,  rimy,  roofless  halls. 

1.1366.  niffwundor  may  =  niff-  (as  in  niff-sele,  q.v.)  wundor, 
zvonder  of  the  deep. 

1.  1368.  The  personal  pronoun  is  sometimes  omitted  in  subordinate  and 
even  independent  clauses;    cf.  wite  here;   and  Hunt's  Exod.,  1.  319. 

1.1370.  hornum.  Such  "datives  of  manner  or  respect"  are  not 
infrequent  with  adj. 

1.  1 37 1.  "  seleS  is  not  dependent  on  aer,  for  in  that  case  it  would  be  in 
the  subjunctive,  but  aer  is  simply  an  adverb,  correlative  with  the  conjunc- 


138  NOTES. 

tion  ser  in  the  next  line :  '  he  will  (sooner)  give  up  his  life,  before  he 
will,'  etc."  —  Sw. 

1.  1372.    Cf.  11.  318  and  543  for  willau  with  similar  omitted  inf. 

1.  1373.  heafola  is  found  only  in  poetry.  —  Sw.  It  occurs  thirteen  or 
fourteen  times  in  this  poem.  Cf.  the  poetic  gamol,  swat  (1.  2694),  etc., 
for  eald,  blort. 

1.  1391.  uton:  hortatory  subj.  of  Avitan,  go,  =  let  us  go;  cf.  French 
allotts,  Lat.  eamus,  Ital.  andiamo,  etc.  +  inf.     Cf.  11.  2649,  3102. 

1.  1400.    H.  is  dat.  of  person  indirectly  affected,  =  advantage. 

I.  1402.  geatolic  probably  =  iti  //is  equipments,  as  B.  suggests  {Beit. 
xii.  83),  comparing  searolic. 

II.  1402,  1413  reproduce  the  wk.  form  of  the  prct.  of  gan  (Goth,  gag- 
gida).     Cf.  Andreas,  1.  1096,  etc. 

1.  1405.  S.  {Beit.  ix.  140)  supplies  [\nev  heoj  gegriuui  for;  B.  {ibid. 
.xii.  14)  suggests  hwter  heo. 

1.  141 1.  B.,  Gr.,  and  E.  take  au-paffas  =  paths  wide  enough  for  only 
one,  like  Norwegian  eiiistig;  cf.  stige  nearvve,  just  above.  Trail  is  the 
meaning.     Cf.  enge  aiipaffas,  uncfiU  gclad,  Exod.  (Hunt),  1.  58. 

1.  1421.  Cf.  oncyff,  1.  831.  The  whole  passage  (11.  1411-1442)  is 
replete  with  suggestions  of  walrus-hunting,  seal-fishing,  harpooning  of  sea- 
animals  (1.  1438),  etc. 

1.  1425.    E.  quotes  from  the  8th  cent.  Corpus  Gloss.,  "  Falanx  foeSa." 

1.  1428.  For  other  mention  of  nicors,  cf.  11.  422,  575,  846.  E.  remarks, 
"  it  survives  in  the  phrase  '  Old  Nick  '  .  .  .  a  word  of  high  authority  .  .  . 
Icel.  nykr,  water-goblin,  Dan.  n'ok,  nisse,  Swed.  ndcken,  G.  nix,  nixe,  etc." 
See  Skeat,  N^ick. 

1.  1440.  Sw.  reads  gehiijeged,  prostrated,  and  regards  ni'Sa.  as  gen. 
pi.  "  used  instrumentally,"  =  by  force. 

1.  1 44 1,  -bora  =  bearer,  stirrer ;  occurs  in  other  compds.,  as  iiiund-, 
raed-,  Avoff-bora. 

1.  1447.    him  =  for  /lim,  a  remoter  dative  of  reference.  —  Sw. 

1.  1455.    Gr.  reads  broiidne,  =  flaming. 

1.  1457.  leon  is  the  inf.  of  lah;  cf.  oiilah  (<  onleon)  at  1.  1468. 
lihaii  was  formerly  given  as  the  inf.;    cf.  Itene  =  la'hiic. 

1.  1458.    Cf.  the  similar  dat.  of  possession  as  used  in  Latin. 

1.  1458.  H.-So.  compares  the  Icelandic  saga  account  of  Grettir's  battle 
with  the  giant  in  the  cave,  haft-iiiece  may  be  =  Icel.  heptisax  {Anglia, 
iii.  83),  "hip-knife." 

1.  1459.  "  The  sense  seems  to  be  '  pre-eminent  among  the  old  treasures.' 
.  .  .  But  possibly  foran  is  here  a  prep,  with  the  gen.:  'one  before  the 
old  treasures.'  "  —  Sw.     For  other  examples  of  foran,  cf.  11.  985,  2365, 


NOTES.  139 

1.  1460.    ater-tearuni  =  J>oison-dro/>s  (C,  Bei^.  viii.  571;    S.,  Hit/,  xi. 

359)- 

1.  1467.    J>at,    comp.    relative,  = //^a^  w/iick;  "we   testify   ^/ia(  we    do 

know." 

1.  1480.  forff-gewitenum  is  in  appos.  to  me,  =  fni/ii  defuncto.  —  M. 
Callaway,  Am.  Joiirn.  of  PhiloL,  October,  1889. 

1.  1482.  niine.  Conditional  clauses  of  doubt  or  future  contingency 
take  gif  orbuton  with  subj. ;  cf.  11.  452,  594;  of  fact  or  certainty,  the 
ind.;   cf.  11.  442,  447,  527,  662,  etc.     For  buton,  cf.  11.  967,  1561. 

1.  1487.  "findan  sometimes  has  a  preterit  funde  in  W.  S.  after  the 
manner  of  the  weak  preterits."  —  Cook's  Sievers'  Gram.,  p.  210. 

1.  1490.    Kl.  reads  wal-sweord,  =  battle-sword. 

1.  1507.  "This  cave  under  the  sea  seems  to  be  another  of  those  natural 
phenomena  of  which  the  writer  had  personal  knowledge  (11.  2135,  2277), 
and  which  was  introduced  by  him  into  the  mythical  tale  to  give  it  a  local 
color.  There  are  many  places  of  this  kind.  Their  entrance  is  under  the 
lowest  level  of  the  tide."  —  Br.,  p.  45. 

1.  1 5 14.  B.  (^Beit.  xii.  362)  explains  niSsele,  hrofsele  as  roof-covered 
hall  in  the  deep  ;  cf.  Grettir  Saga  {Anglia,  iii.  83). 

1.  1538.  Sw.,  R.,  and  ten  Br.  suggest  feaxe  for  eaxle,  =  seized  by  the 
hair. 

1.  1543.   and-lean  (R.)  ;   cf.  1.  2095.    The  MS.  has  hand-lean. 

1,  1546.    Sw.  and  S.  read  seax.  —  Beit.  ix.  140. 

1.  1557.  H.-So.  omits  comma  and  places  semicolon  after  yffelice;  Sw. 
and  S.  place  comma  after  gesced. 

I.  1584.    Offer  swylc  =  another  fifteen  (Sw.);    =  fully  as  many  (Ha.). 

II.  1 592-1 61 3  seq.     Cf.  Anglia,  iii.  84  (Grettir  Saga). 

1.  1595.  WoixA^ni^VkTi.  —  grizzly-haired  (Bright,  Reader,  p.  258);  cf. 
Brunanb.,  1.  45  (Bright). 

1.  1599.  gewearff,  impers.  y\y.,  =  agree,  decide  —  many  agreed  upon 
this,  'that,  etc.  (Ha.,  p.  55;    cf.  11.  2025-2027,  1997;    B.,  Beit.  xii.  97). 

1.  1605.    C.  supposes  wiston  =  wiscton  =  %vished.  —  Beit.  viii.  571. 

1.  1607.  broden  mael  is  now  regarded  as  a  comp.  noun,  =  inlaid  or 
damascened  sword.  —  W.,  Ho. 

1.  1611.  ■\\i\\-vA^?i?,  =  water-ropes  =  bands  of  frost  (\.  1610)  (?).  Pos- 
sibly the  Prov.  Eng.  weele,  whirlpool.  Cf.  wael,  gurges,  Wright,  Voc, 
Gnoin.  Verses,  1.  39. —  E. 

1.  161 1,   -waegi-apas  (Sw.)  ==  wave-bands  (Ha.). 

1.  1622.  B.  suggests  eatna  =  eotena,  eardas,  haunts  of  the  giants 
(Northumbr.  ea  for  eo). 

1.  1635.   cynlng-holde  (B.,  Beit.  xii.  369);   cf.  1.  290. 


140  NOTES. 

1.  1650.    H.,  Gr.,  and  Ettniiiller  understand  idese  to  refer  to  the  queen. 

1.  1651.  Cf.  Anglia,  iii.  74,  Beit.  xi.  167,  for  coincidences  witli  the 
Grettir  Saga  (13th  cent.). 

1.  1657.    Restore  MS.  reading  \vigge  in  place  of  wige. 

1.  1664.  B.  proposes  ootenisc  .  .  .  este  for  eacen  .  .  .  of  tost,  omit- 
ting brackets  {Zac/iers  Zeitschr.  iv.  206).      G.  translates  viighty  .  .  .  often. 

I.  1675.  ondraedan.  "  In  late  texts  the  final  u  of  the  preposition  on 
is  frequently  lost  when  it  occurs  in  a  compound  word  or  stereotyped 
phrase,  and  the  prefix  then  appears  as  a :  abiitan,  aniang,  a\veg, 
aright,  adrfedan."  —  Cook's  Sievers'  Gram.,  p.  98. 

II.  1680-1682.  Giants  and  their  work  are  also  referred  to  at  11.  113, 
455.  1563.  1691,  etc. 

I.  1680.  Cf.  ceastra  .  .  .  orffanc  cnta  geweorc,  Guomic  Verses, 
1.  2;   Sweet's  Reader,  p.  186. 

II.  1687-1697.  "In  this  description  of  the  writing  on  the  sword,  we  see 
the  process  of  transition  from  heathen  magic  to  the  notions  of  Christian 
times.  .  .  .  The  history  of  the  flood  and  of  the  giants  .  .  .  were  substi- 
tutes for  names  of  heathen  gods,  and  magic  spells  for  victory."  —  E.  Cf. 
Mohammedan  usage. 

11.  1703,  1704.  J»at  }»e  eorl  naere  geboren  betera  (B.,  Tidskr. 
8,  52). 

1.  1 715.  ana  hvvearf  =  he  died  solitary  and  alone  (B.,  Beit.  xii.  38); 
=  lonely  (Ha.);   =  alo7te  (G.). 

1.  1723.  leod-bealo  longsiiin  =  eternal  hell-torment  (B.,  Beit.  xii. 
38,  who  compares  Ps.  Colt.  57,  Iff  longsum). 

I.  1729.    E.  translates  on  lufan,  towards  possession;  Ha.,  to  possessions. 

1.  1730.  inudgeJ»onc,  like  lig,  sae,  segn,  niht,  etc.,  is  of  double  gen- 
der (m.,  n.  in  the  case  of  mOdge]'.). 

1.  1 74 1.  The  doctrine  of  nemesis  following  close  on  ii/3pts,  or  overween- 
ing pride,  is  here  very  clearly  enunciated.  The  only  protector  against  the 
things  that  "  assault  and  hurt "  the  soul  is  the  "  Bishop  and  Shepherd  t)f 
our  souls"  (1.  1743). 

1.  1745  appears  dimly  to  fore-shadow  the  office  of  the  evil  archer  Loki, 
who  in  the  Scandinavian  mythology  shoots  Balder  with  a  mistletoe  twig. 
The  language  closely  resembles  that  of  Psalm  64. 

1.  1748.  Kl.  regards  Avom  =  AA'0(u)ni;  cf.  woh-bogen,  1.  2828. 
See  Gloss.,  p.  295,  under  ■\vani.  Contrast  the  construction  of  bebeor- 
gan  a  few  lines  below  (1.  1759),  where  the  dat.  and  ace.  are  associated. 

1.  1748.  See  Cook's  Sievers'  Gram.,  p.  167,  for  declension  of  wOh. 
«/r^;;_^  =  gen.  ^v6s  or  W'Oges,  dat.  ■\vofu';ni,  etc.;  pi.  gen.  -worn,  dat. 
wO(u)ni,  etc.;   and  cf.  declension  of  hcah,  hreoli,  ruh,  etc. 


NOTES.  141 

1.  1748.  w^ergan  gastes;  cf.  Blickl.  Horn.  vii. ;  Andreas,  1.  1171. 
^^  Aidd  Wearie  is  used  in  Scotland,  or  was  used  a  few  years  ago,  ...  to 
mean  the  devil."  —  E.  Bede's  Eccles.  Hist,  contains  (naturally)  many 
examples  of  the  expression  —  devil. 

1.  1750.  on  gyld  =  in  reward  (B.  Beit.  xii.  95);  Ha.  translates  boast- 
fully ;  G.,for  boasting;  Gr.,  to  incite  to  boastfulness.     Cf.  Christ,  1.  818. 

1.  1767.  E.  thinks  this  an  allusion  to  the  widespread  superstition  of  the 
evil  eye  (w«/  occhio,  viativais  a'il).  Cf.  Vergil,  Eel.  iii.  103.  He 
remarks  that  Pius  IX.,  Gambetta,  and  President  Carnot  were  charged  by 
their  enemies  with  possessing  this  weapon. 

1.  1784.  wigge  geweorSad  (MS.  Avigge  Aveorffad)  is  C.'s  conjec- 
ture;   cf.  Elene,  1.  150.     So  G.,  honored  in  war. 

1.  1785.  The  future  generally  implied  in  the  present  of  beon  is  plainly 
seen  in  this  line;    cf.  11.  1826,  661,  1830,  1763,  etc. 

1.  1794.  Some  impers.  vbs.  take  ace.  (as  here,  Geat)  (if  the  person 
afTected;  others  (as  }>yncan)  take  the  dat.  of  the  person,  as  at  11.  688, 
1749,  etc.  Cf.  verbs  of  dreaming,  being  ashamed,  desiring,  etc.  —  March, 
A.-S.  Gram.,  p.  145. 

1.  1802.  E.  remarks  that  the  blaca  hrefii  here  is  a  bird  of  good  omen, 
as  opposed  to  se  woniia  hrefii  of  1.  3025.  The  raven,  wolf,  and  eagle 
are  the  regular  epic  accompaniments  of  battle  and  carnage.  Cf.  II.  3025- 
3028;   JMaldon,  106;    Judith,  205-210,  etc. 

I.  1803.  S.  emends  to  read:  "then  came  the  light,  going  bright  after 
darkness:  the  warriors,"  etc.  Cf.  Ho.,  p.  41,  1.  23.  G.  puts  period  before 
"  the  warriors."     For  onettan,  cf.  Sw.'s  Gloss,  and  Bright's  Read.,  Gloss. 

II.  1808-1810.  Miillenh.  and  Grundt.  refer  se  hearda  to  Beowulf, 
correct  sunu  (MS.)  to  suna  Ecglafes  (i.e.  Unferth);  \_he\  (Beo.) 
thanked  hifH  (\]n.)  for  the  loan.     Cf.  11.  344,  581,  1915. 

11.  1823-1840.  "  Beowulf  departing  pledges  his  services  to  Hro6'gar,  to 
be  what  afterwards  in  the  mature  language  of  chivalry  was  called  his  '  true 
knight.'"  — E. 

1.  1832.    Kl.  corrects  to  dryhtne,  in  appos.  with  HigelSce. 

'•  '835.    gar-holt  more  properly  means  spear-shaft ;  cf.  asc-holt. 

I.  1855.    sel  =  better  (Grundt.;   B.,  Beit.  xii.  96),  instead  of  MS.  Avel. 

II.  1855-1866.  "An  ideal  picture  of  international  amity  according  to 
the  experience  and  doctrine  of  the  eighth  century."  —  E. 

1.  1858.  S.  and  Kl.  correct  to  gemaene,  agreeing  with  sib.  —  Beit.  ix. 
140,  190. 

1.  1862.  "The  gannet  is  a  great  diver,  plunging  down  into  the  sea  from 
a  considerable  height,  such  as  forty  feet."  —  E. 

1.  1863.    Kl.  suggests  heafu,  =  seas. 


142  NOTES. 

1.  1865.  B.  proposes  geJ»ohte,  =  with  firm  thought,  for  geworhte; 
cf.  1.  611. 

1.  1876.  geseon  =  see  again  (Kl.,  Beit.  ix.  190).  S.  and  B.  insert  na 
to  modify  geseon  and  explain  IlroSgar's  tears.  Ha.  and  G.  follow 
1  leyne's  text.     Cf.  1.  567. 

1.  1 88 1.  Is  beorn  here  =  beam  (be-arn  ?)  of  1.  67  ?  or  more  likely  = 
born,  barn,  =  burned? — S.,  Th. 

1.  1887.  orleahtre  is  a  ctTraf  Xeyo/jievov.  E.  compares  Tennyson's 
"blameless"  king.     Cf.  also  11.  2015,  2145;   and  the  god  cyning  of  1.  11. 

1.  1896.  scafSan  —  7oarriors  (cf.  1.  1804)  has  been  proposed  by  C; 
liUt  cf.  1.  253. 

1.1897.  'he  boat  had  been  left,  at  11.  294-302,  in  the"  keeping  of 
HroSgar's  men;  at  1.  1901  the  bSt-weard  is  specially  honored  by  Beo- 
wulf with  a  sword  and  becomes  a  "  sworded  squire."  —  F,.  This  circum- 
stance appears  to  weld  the  poem  together.  Cf.  also  the  speed  of  the 
journey  home  with  ymb  an-tid  oJ»res  dogores  of  1.  219,  and  the  simi- 
larity of  language  in  both  passages  (faniig-heals,  olifu,  niissas,  saelde, 
brim,  etc.).  —  The  nautical  terms  in  Beowulf  would  form  an  interesting 
study. 

1.  1904.  R.  proposes,  geAvat  him  on  naca,  =  the  vessel  set  out,  on 
alliterating  as  at  1.  2524  {Zachers  Zeitschr.  iii.  402).  B.  reads  on  nacan, 
l)ut  inserts  irrelevant  matter  (^Beit.  xii.  97). 

1.  1913.  Cf.  the  same  use  of  ceol,  =  ship,  in  the  A.-S.  Chron.,  ed.  Earle- 
Plummer;    Gnomic  Verses,  etc. 

1.  1914.    S.  inserts  }»at  hf'  before  on  lande. 

1.  1916.  B.  makes  leOfra  manna  depend  on  wlixtoAe,  =  looked  for 
the  dear  men  ready  at  the  coast  {Beit.  xii.  97). 

1.  1924.  Gr.,  W.,  and  Ho.  jjropose  >viinade,  =  remained ;  but  cf. 
1.  1929.     S.  conceives  11.  1924,  1925  as  "direct  speech"  {^Beit.  ix.  141). 

1.  \()2']  seq.  "The  women  of  Beowulf  are  of  the  fine  northern  type; 
trusted  and  loved  by  their  husbands  and  by  the  nobles  and  people;  gen- 
erous, gentle,  and  holding  their  place  with  dignity."  —  Br.,  p.  67.  Thrytho 
is  the  exception,  1.  1932  seq. 

\.  1933.  C.  suggests  freonii,  =  dangerous,  bold,  for  Thrytho  could  not 
be  called  "excellent."  G.  writes  "  Modthrytho "  as  her  name.  The 
womanly  Hygd  seems  purposely  here  contrasted  with  the  terrible  Thrytho, 
just  as,  at  1.  902  seq.,  Sigemund  and  Heremod  are  contrasted.  For 
Thrytho,  etc.,  cf.  Gr.,  Jahrb.  fiir  rorn.  u.  eng.  Lit.  iv.  279;  Mullcnhoff, 
Ifaupts  Zeitschr.  xiv.  216;  Matthew  Paris;  Suchier,  Beit.  iv.  500-521; 
R.  Zachers  Zeitschr.  iii.  402;  B.,  ibid.  iv.  206;  Korner,  Eng.  Stud.  i. 
489-492;    H.-Sc,  p.  106. 


NOTES.  143 

11.  1932-1963.  K.  first  pointed  out  the  connection  between  the  histori- 
cal Offa,  King  of  Mercia,  and  his  wife  Cwendrida,  and  the  Offa  and 
prySo  (Gr.'s  Drida  of  the  Vita  Offce  Secundi)  of  the  present  passage. 
The  tale  is  told  of  her,  not  of  Hygd. 

1.  1936.  Suchier  proposes  andaeges,  =  ^^'^  to  eye;  Leo  proposes  an- 
da?ges,  =  the  zv/iole  day ;  G.,  by  day.  No  change  is  necessary  if  an  be 
taken  to  govern  hire,  =  on  her,  and  dages  be  explained  (like  nihtes, 
etc.)  as  a  genitive  of  time,  =  by  day. 

1.  1943.    R.  and  Suchier  propose  onsece,  =  seek,  require  ;  hut  of.  2955. 

1.  1966.  Cf.  the  heofoncandel  of  Exod.  1.  1 15  (Hunt).  Shak.'s  'night's 
candles.' 

1.  1969.  Cf.  1.  2487  seq.  for  the  actual  slayer  of  Ongen)ie6w,  i.e.  Eofor, 
to  whom  Hygelac  gave  his  only  daughter  as  a  reward,  1.  2998. 

1.  1981.  meodu-scenciim  =  with  mead-pourers  or  mead-cups  (G., 
Ha.);    draught  or  cup  of  mead  (Toller-Bosvv.). 

1.  1982.   K.,  Th.,  W.,  H.  supply  [heal-]reoed  ;  Moller  [hea-]. 

1.  1984.  B.  defends  the  MS.,  reading  Iiae  nu  (for  hfeffnii),  which  he 
regards  as  —  Heinir,  the  inhabitants  of  the  Jutish  "heaths"  (hajiJ).  Cf. 
H.-So.,  p.  107;  Beit.  xii.  9. 

1.  1985.  sinne.  "  In  poetry  there  is  a  reflexive  possessive  of  the  third 
person,  sin  (declined  like  iiiin).  It  is  used  not  only  as  a  true  reflexive, 
but  also  as  a  non-reflexive  (=  Lat.  ejus')."  —  Sw.;  Cook's  Sievers'  Gram., 
p.  185.     Cf.  11.  1508,  1961,  2284,  2790. 

1.  1994.  Cf.  1.  190  for  a  similar  use  of  sedS;  cf.  to  "glow"  with  emo- 
tion, "  boil "  with  indignation,  "  burn  "  with  anger,  etc.  weallan  is  often 
so  used;    cf.  11.  2332,  2066,  etc. 

1.  2010.  B.  proposes  facne,  =  in  treachery,  for  fenne.  Cf.  Juliana, 
I.  350;   Beit.  xii.  97. 

1.  2022.  Food  of  specific  sorts  is  rarely,  if  at  all,  mentioned  in  the  poem. 
Drink,  on  the  other  hand,  occurs  in  its  primitive  varieties,  —  ale  (as 
here:  ealu-^vaeg),  mead,  beer,  wine,  li^  (cider  ?  Goth.  lei\>us,  Prov.  Ger. 
leit-  in  leit-haus,  ale-house),  etc. 

1.  2025.    Kl.  proposes  is  for  ^^'as. 

I.  2027.  Cf.  1.  1599  for  a  similar  use  of  'weorSan,  =  agree,  be  pleased 
luith  (Ha.);   appear  (Sw.,  Reader,  6th  ed.). 

II.  2030,  2031.  Ten  Br.  proposes:  oft  seldan  (^  — gave)  ■waere  after 
leod-hryre:  lytle  hwile  bongar  beiges',  J>eah  seo  bryd  duge  = 
oft  has  a  treaty  been  given  after  the  fall  of  a  prince :  but  little  while  the 
murder-spear  resteth,  hoiuever  excellent  the  bride  be.  Cf.  Kl.,  Beit.  ix.  190; 
B.,  Beit.  xii.  369 ;  R.,  Zachers  Zeitschr.  iii.  404 ;  Ha.,  p.  69 ;  G.,  p.  62. 

1.  2036.    Cf.  Kl.,  Beit.  ix.  191;   R.,  Zachers  Zeitschr.  iii.  404. 


144  NOTES. 

1.  2042.    For  beuh  B.  reads  ba,  =  both,  i.e.  Freavvare  and  the  Dane. 

1.  2063.  Thorkelin  and  Conybeare  propose  ■wigende,  —fighting,  for 
liligeude. 

1.  2068.  W.'s  edition  begins  section  xxx.  (not  marked  in  the  MS.)  with 
this  line.  Section  xxxix.  (xxxviii.  in  copies  A  and  B,  xxxix.  in  Thorkelin) 
is  not  so  designated  in  the  MS.,  though  J>a  (at  1.  2822)  is  written  with 
capitals  and  xl.  begins  at  1.  2893. 

1.  2095.    Cf.  1.  1542,  and  note. 

1.  21 15  seq.     B.  restores  thus: 

t'rer  on  innan  giong 
niSSa  n.ithwylc,  neode  to  gefeng 
hoe'Snum  horde;  hond  atgenam 

seleful  since  fSh ;         ne  he  |  at  sySSan  Sgeaf, 
heah  he  he  slaepende         besyrede  hyrde 
Jjeofes  crafte  :  \>2X  se  ^ioden  onfand, 

by-folc  beorna,         jjat  he  gebolgen  was. 

—  Beit.  xii.  99;    7.achers  Zeitschr.  iv.  210. 

1.  2128.    atbjir  here  =  bear  aivay,  not  given  in  the  Gloss. 

1.  2129.  B.  proposes  fcerunga,  =  suddenly,  for  Gr.'s  reading  in  the 
text.  —  Beit.  xii.  98. 

1.  2132.  JVIS.  has  >ine  life,  which  Leo  translates  by  thy  leave  (—  ON. 
le}fi)  ;   B.,  by  thy  life.  —  Beit.  xii.  369. 

1.  2150.  B.  renders  gen,  etc.,  by  "now  I  serve  thee  alone  again  as  my 
gracious  king"  {Beit.  xii.  99). 

1.  215 1.  The  forms  liafu  [liafo],  hafast,  hafad',  are  poetic  archaisms. 
—  Sw. 

1.  2153.  Kl.  proposes  ealdor,  =  prince,  for  eafor.  W.  proposes  the 
compd.  eafor-heafod.segii,  =  helm  ;  cf.  1.  1245. 

1.  2157.  The  wk.  form  of  the  adj.  is  frequent  in  the  vocative,  especially 
when  postponed  :  "  Beowulf  leofa,"  1.  1 759.  So,  often,  in  poetry  in  nom. : 
wudii  Selesta,  etc. 

1.  2158.  aerest  is  possibly  the  verbal  subs,  from  arisan,  to  arise,  = 
arising,  origin.  R.  suggested  aerist,  arising,  origin.  Cf.  Bede,  Ecdes. 
Hist.,  ed.  Miller,  where  the  word  is  spelt  as  above,  but  =  (as  usual)  res- 
urrection. .See  Sweet,  Reader,  p.  21 1;  E.-Plummer's  Chronicle,  p.  302, 
etc.     The  MS.  has  est.     See  Ha.,  p.  73;  S.,  Beit.  x.  222;   and  cf.  1.  2166. 

1.  2188.  Gr.,  \V.,  11.  supply  [^ven]dou,  =  zoeened,  instead  of  Th.'s 
[oft  sagjdon. 

1.2188.  The  "slack"  Beowulf,  like  the  sluggish  Brutus,  ultimately 
reveals  his  true  character,  and  is  presented  with  a  historic  sword  of  honor. 


NOTES.  145 

It  is  "laid  on  his  breast"   (1.  2195)    as   Hun  laid  Lifing  on  Hengest's 
breast,  1.  1 145. 

1.  2180.  "The  boy  was  at  first  slothful,  and  the  Geats  thought  him  an 
unwarlike  prince,  and  long  despised  him.  Then,  like  many  a  lazy  third 
son  in  the  folk  tales,  a  change  came,  he  suddenly  showed  wonderful  daring 
and  was  passionate  for  adventure/'  —  Br.,  p.  22. 

1.2196.  "  Seven  of  thousands,  manor  and  lordship"  (Ha.).  K\.,  Bei^. 
ix.  191,  thinks  with  Ettm.  that  >usendo  means  a  hide  of  land  (see 
Schmid,  Ges.  der  Aiigl.  610),  Bede's  fainilia  =  \  sq.  meter;  seofan 
being  used  (Hke  hund,  1.  2995)  only  for  the  alliteration. 

1.  2196.  "A  vast  Honour  of  7000  hides,  a  mansion,  and  a  judgment- 
seat"  [throne].  —  E. 

1.  2210.    MS.  has  the  more  correct  Avintra. 

1.  221 1.  Cf.  similar  language  about  the  dragon  at  1.  100.  Beowulf's 
"jubilee"  is  fitly  solemnized  by  his  third  and  last  dragon-fight. 

1.  2213.  B.  proposes  se  >e  on  hearge  hsegfen  hord  beweotode; 
cf.  Ha.,  p.  75. 

1.  2215.  "The  dragon  lies  round  the  treasures  in  a  cave,  as  Fafnir,  hke 
a  Python,  lay  coiled  over  his  hoard.  So  constant  was  this  habit  among 
the  dragons  that  gold  is  called  Worms'  bed,  Fafnir's  couch,  Worms'  bed- 
fire.  Even  in  India,  the  cobras  ...  are  guardians  of  treasure."  —  Br., 
p.  50. 

1.2216.  neode.  E.  translates  deftly;  Ha.,  with  ardor.  H.-So.  reads 
neode,  =  with  desire,  greedily,  instr.  of  neod. 

1.  2223.  E.  begins  his  "  Part  Third  "  at  this  point  as  he  begins  "  Part 
Second"  at  1.  1252,  each  dragon-fight  forming  part  of  a  trilogy. 

11.2224,  2225.  B.  proposes:  iiealles  mid  gewealdum  wyrmes 
weard  giist  sylfes  willum. —  Zachers  Zeitschr.  iv.  21 1;   Beit.  xii.  100. 

1.  2225.    For  J^eoAV  read  J^egn. — K.  and  Z. 

1.  2225.   l>e6\A',  St.  m.,  slave,  serf  (not  in  H.-So.). 

I.  2227.    For  ofer-J»earfe  read  semes  J>earfa.  —  Z. 

II.  2229-2231.    B.  proposes: 

secg  synbysig         sona  onwlatode, 
t)eah  bam  gyste         gryrebroga  stod, 
hwa'iSre  earmsceapen         innganges  J'earfa 

feasceapen,         b^  hyne  se  fser  begeat. 

—  B^it.  xii.  101.     Cf.  Ha.,  p.  69. 

1.  2232.    W.   suggests    seah   or   scir    for   geseah,    and    Gr.   suggests 
searolic. 


146  NOTES. 

1.  2233.    Z.  surmises  eorff-huse  (for  -scriife). 

1.2241.  B.  proposes  lxn-jrestre6nii,  =  Oa/isi^orv,  etc.;  Th.,  R.  pro- 
pose leng  (=  longer^  gestreona;  S.  accepts  the  text  but  translates  "the 
long  accumulating  treasure." 

1.2246.  B.  proposed  (i)  hard-fyndne,  = /mr^/ /o /««'/  (2)  hord- 
wyniie  dael,  =  «  deal  of  treasure-joy  (cf.  1.  2271). —  Zachers  Zeitschr. 
iv.  211;    Beit.  xii.  102. 

1.  2247.    fecword  =  banning  words  (?)     MS.  has  fee. 

1.  2254.  Others  read  feor-[niie],  —furbish,  for  fetige  :  I  oivn  not  one 
"who  may,  etc. 

1.2261.  The  Danes  themselves  were  sometimes  called  the  "Ring- 
Danes,"  =  clad  in  ringed  (or  a  ring  of)  armor,  or  possessing  rings.  Cf. 
11.  116,  1280. 

1.  2264.  Note  the  early  reference  to  hawking.  Minstrelsy  (hearpan 
wyn),  saga-tellmg,  racing,  swimming,  harpooning  of  sea-animals,  feasting, 
and  the  bestowal  of  jewels,  swords,  and  rings,  are  the  other  amusements 
most  frequent  in  Bedivulf. 

I.    2264.    Cf.  Maldon,  11.  8,  9,  for  a  reference  to  hawking. 

1.  2276.  Z.  suggests  swyiffe  ondrajdaff;  Ho.  puts  gesecean  for  Gr.'s 
gewunian. 

1.  2277.  Z.  and  K.  read:  hord  on  hrusan.  "Three  hundred  win- 
ters," at  1.  2279,  is  probably  conventional  for  "  a  long  time,"  like  hiind 
missera,  1.  1499;  hiind  t>usenda,  1.  2995;  J>ritig  (of  Beowulf's 
strength),!.  379;  J>ritig  (of  the  men  slain  by  Grendel),  1.  123;  seofan 
Jjusendo,  1.  2196,  etc. 

1.  2285.  B.  objects  to  hord  as  repeated  in  11.  2284,  2285;  but  cf.  Ha., 
p.  77.  C.  prefers  sum  to  hord.  onboren  =  inminutus ;  cf.  B.,  Beit. 
xii.  102. 

1.  2285.  onberan  is  found  also  at  line  991,  =  carry  off,  with  on-  =  E. 
un-  {iin-bind,  -loose,  -tie,  etc.),  G.  ent-.  The  negro  still  pronounces 
<j«-do,  etc. 

1.  2299.  Cf.  H.-.So.,  p.  112,  for  a  defense  of  the  te.xt  as  it  stands.  B. 
proposes  "  nor  was  there  any  man  in  that  desert  who  rejoiced  in  conflict," 
etc.     So  ten  Br. 

1.  2326.    B.  and  ten  Br.  propose  ham,  =  /lome,  for  him.  — Beit.  xii.  103. 

1.  2335.  E.  translates  eaiond  utan  by  tlie  sea-board  front,  the  water- 
washed  land  on  the  {its)  outside.     See  B.,  Beit.  xii.  i,  5. 

1.  2346.  Cf.  1.  425,  where  Beowulf  resolves  to  fight  the  dragon  single- 
handed.     E.  compares  Gtiy  of  Warwick,  11.  49,  376. 

1.  2355.    Ten  Br.  proposes  latTan  cynne  as  apposition  to  maigum. 

1.  2360.    Cf.  Beowulfs  other  swimming-feat  with  Breca,  11.  506  seq. 


NOTES.  147 

1.2362.  Gr.  inserts  a,n-A,  =  lone-goiug,  before  xxx. :  approved  by  B.; 
and  Kriiger,  BeiL  ix.  575.     Cf.  1.  379. 

1.  2362.  "  Beowulf  has  the  strength  of  thirty  men  in  the  original  tale. 
Here,  then,  the  new  inventor  makes  him  carry  off  thirty  coats  of  mail."  — 
Br.,  p.  48. 

1.  2364.  Het'ware  =  Chattuarii,  a  nation  allied  against  Hygelac  in  his 
Frisian  expedition;    cf.  11.  1208  seq.,  2917,  etc. 

1.  2368.  B.  proposes  ijmet  sea  as  trans,  of  sioleSa  bigong,  and  com- 
pares Goth,  luiasilan,  to  be  still;  Swed.  dial,  sil,  still  water  between 
waterfalls. —  Zachers  Zejtschr.  iv.  214. 

1.  2380.    liyne  =  Heardred;   so  him,  1.  2358. 

1.  2384.  E.  calls  attention  to  Swio-rice  as  identical  with  the  modern 
Sverige  —  Sweden;    cf.  1.  2496. 

1.  2386.  Gr.  reads  on  feorme,  =  at  the  banquet;  cf.  MoUer,  Altetig. 
Volksepos,  III,  who  reads  (f)or  feorine.     The  MS.  has  or. 

1.  2391.   Cf.  1.  II. 

1.  2394.  B.,  Gr.,  and  Miillenh.  understand  11.  2393-2397  to  mean  that 
Eadgils,  Ohthere's  son,  driven  from  Sweden,  returns  later,  supported  by 
Beowulf,  takes  the  life  of  his  uncle  Onela,  and  probably  becomes  himself 
O.'s  successor  and  king  of  Sweden.  For  another  view  see  H.-So.,  p.  115. 
MS.  has  freond  (1.  2394),  which  Leo,  etc.,  change  to  feond.  G.  trans- 
lates/rzi-^r/.  —  Beit.  xii.  13;    Aiizeiger  f.  d.  Altert.  iii.  177. 

1.2395.  Eadgils  IS  Ohthere's  son;  cf.  1.  2381;  Onela  is  Ohthere's 
brother:    cf.  11.  2933,  2617. 

1.2402.  "Twelfsome";  cf.  "  fifteensome  "  at  1.  207,  etc.  As  Bedumlf 
is  essentially  the  Epic  of  Philanthropy,  of  the  true  love  of  man,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  ordinary  love- epic,  the  number  twelve  in  this  passage 
may  be  reminiscent  of  another  Friend  of  Man  and  another  Twelve.  In 
each  case  all  but  one  desert  the  hero. 

1.  2437.  R.  proposes  styred,  =  ordej-ed,  decreed,  for  stred.  —  Zachers 
Zeitschr.  iii.  409. 

1.  2439.  B.  corrects  to  freo-Avine  =  noble  friend,  asking,  "  How  can 
Herebeald  be  called  Hse^cyn's  frea-wine  [M.S.],  lord?''' 

1.  2442.  feohletls  gefeoht,  "  a  homicide  which  cannot  be  atoned  for 
by  money  —  in  this  case  an  unintentional  fratricide."  —  Sw. 

1.  2445.    See  Ha.,  pp.  82,  83,  for  a  discussion  of  11.  2445-2463.     Cf.  G., 

P-  75- 

1.  2447.  MS.  reads  wrece,  justified  by  B.  {Tidskr.  viii.  56).  W.  con- 
ceives wrece  as  optative  or  hortative,  and  places  a  colon  before  J>onne. 

1.  2449.  For  taelpan  read  helpe.  —  K.,  Th.,  S.  (^Zeitschr.  f.  D.  Phil, 
xxi.  3.  357)- 


148  NOTES. 

11.  2454-2455.    (I)  Mullenh.  {Hatipts  Zei/sc/ir.  xiv.  232)  proposes: 

bonne  se  Sn  hafa'5 
|>urh  dreda  nyd         deatSes  gefandod. 

(2)  B.  proposes : 

burh  dreda  ntS         deifies  gefondad. 

—  Zac/iers  Zeitschr.  iv.  215. 

1.2458.  Cf.  sceotend,  pi.,  11.  704,  1155,  like  riflend.  Cf.  Judith, 
1.  305,  etc. 

1.  2474.  Th.  considers  the  "wide  water"  here  as  the  Malar  lake,  the 
boundary  between  Swedes  and  Goths. 

1.  2477.    ^"  oJ»J>e  =  and,  cf.  B.,  Tidskr.  viii.  57.     See  Ha.,  p.  83. 

1.  2489.    B.  proposes  hresi-blac  for  Gr.'s  heoro-. —  7  ikskr.  viii.  297. 

1.  2494.   S.  suggests  efifel-^'ynue. 

I.  2502.    E.  translates  for  dugeffiini,  0/  my  prozvess  ;  so  Ettmiiller. 

II.  2520-2522.  Gr.  and  S.  translate,  "if  I  knew  how  else  I  might  oni- 
hat  the  monster's  boastfulness."  —  Ha.,  p.  85. 

1.  2524.  aiul-hrtttros  is  H.'s  invention.  Gr.  reads  oreiJes  and  attres, 
blast  and  venom.  Cf.  oruS',  1.  2558,  and  1.  2840  (where  attor-  also 
occurs). 

1.  2526.    E.  quotes  fleon  fotes  tryin  from  Maldon,  1.  247. 

1.  2546.  Gr.,  H.-So.,  and  Ho.  read  staudan  stan-bogan  (for  stud  on 
stan-bogan)  depending  on  geseah. 

1.  2550.    Grundt.  and  B.  propose  deor,  brave  one,  i.e.  Beowulf,  for  deop. 

I.  2565.  MS.  has  nnglca^v  (K.,  Th.),  unglaw  (Grundt.).  B.  pro- 
poses unsla^v,  =  sharp.  —  Beit.  xii.  104.     So' H.-So.,  Ha.,  p.  86. 

II.  2570,-  2571.  (i)  May  not  gescife  (MS.  to  gscipe)  =  German  schief, 
"  crooked,"  "  bent,"  "  aslant,"  and  hence  be  a  parallel  to  gebogen,  bent, 
coiled?  cf.  1.  2568,  J>a  se  ^vyrni  gebcah  snilde  tOsonine,  and  1.  2828. 
Coiled  serpents  spring  more  powerfully  for  the  coiling.  (2)  Or  perhaps 
destroy  comma  after  to  and  read  gescape,  =  his  fate ;  cf.  1.  26:  hhn  J»a 
Scyld  gewat  to  gescap-li>vile.     G.  appar.  adopts  this  reading,  p.  78. 

1.  2589.  grund-^vong  =  the  field,  not  the  earth  (so  B.);  H.-So.,  cave, 
as  at  1.  2771.     So  Ha.,  p.  87. 

1.  2595.    S.  proposes  colon  after  stefne.  —  Beit.  ix.  141. 

1.  2604.  Mullenh.  explains  leod  Scylfinga  in  Anzeiger  f.  d.  Altert. 
iii.  176-178. 

1.  2607.   are  —possessions,  holding  (Kl.,  Beit.  ix.  192;    Ha.,  p.  88). 

1.  2609.  folorihta.  Add  "  folk-right  "  to  the  meanings  in  the  Gloss.; 
and  cf.  eiflPel-,  land-riht,  >vord-riht. 


NOTES.  149 

I.  2614.    H.-So.   reads   with   Gr.   wrseocan   Aviueledsuni    Weohstan 

bana,  =:  -whom,  a  friendless  exile^   W.  had  slain. 

II.  2635-61.  E.  quotes  Tacitus,  Germania,  xiv. :  "  turpe  comitatui  vir- 
tutem  principis  non  adaequare."  Beowulf  had  been  deserted  by  his 
comi  talus. 

1.  2643.    B.  proposes  user. —  Zachers  Zeitschr.  iv.  216. 

1.  2649.  -wutun;  1.  3102,  utou  =  pres.  subj.  pi.  ist  person  of  witan, 
to  go,  used  like  Mod.  Eng.  let  us  +  inf.,  Lat.  eajiius.,  Ital.  andiaino,  Fr. 
allojis;  M.  E.  {Layamon)  titen.  Cf.  Psa.  ii.  3,  etc.  March,  ^.-5.  Gravi., 
pp.  104,  196. 

1.  2650.    B.  suggests  hat  for  liyt.  —  Beit.  xii.  105. 

I.  2656.   fane  =  fah-iie;   cf.  fara  =  fah-ra,  1.  57S;  so  heaoue  (MS.) 

—  heah-ne,  etc.,  1.  984.     See  Cook's  Sievers'  Gram. 

II.  2660,  2661.  Why  not  read  beacUi-scriul,  as  at  1.  453,  =  battle-shirt  ? 
B.  and  R.  suppose  two  half-verses  omitted  between  byrdu-scrud  and 
bain  genisene.  B.  reads  by«'dn,  =  handsome,  etc.  Gr.  suggests  unc 
nu,  =  to  us  t7vo  no7c>,  for  uruni;  and  K.  and  Grundt.  read  beon  geinaene 
for  bam,  etc.     This  makes  sense.     Cf.  Ha.,  p.  89. 

1.  2666.    Cf.  the  dat.  absolute  without  preposition. 

1.  2681.  Nagling;  cf.  Hriinting,  Lilting,  and  other  famous  wundor- 
sniid'a  ge'weorc  of  the  poem. 

1.  2687.    B.  changes  J>onne  into  J>oue  (rel.  pro.)  =  which.  —  Beit.  xii.  105. 

1.  2688.    B.  supports  the  MS.  reading,  -wunduni. 

1.  2688.    Cf.  1.  2278  for  similar  language. 

1.  2698.  B.  (^Beit.  xii.  105)  renders:  "he  did  not  heed  the  head  of  the 
dragon  (which  Beowulf  with  his  sword  had  struck  without  effect),  but  he 
struck  the  dragon  somewhat  further  down."     Cf.  Saxo,  vi.  p.  272. 

1.  2698.  Cf.  the  language  used  at  11.  446  and  1373,  where  liafelan  also 
occurs;   and  hydan. 

1.  2700.  hweue;  cf.  Lowl.  Sc.  loheen,  a  number;  Chaucer's  ivoon, 
number. 

1.  2702.  S.  proposes  1>3/  (for  J»at)  J>at  fyr,  etc.,  =  wheji  the  fire  began, 
etc. 

1.  2704.  "The  (hup)-seax  has  often  been  found  in  Saxon  graves  on 
the  hip  of  the  skeleton."  —  E. 

1.  2707.  Kl.  proposes:  feorh  ealne  \vrac,  =  droz^e  out  all  the  life;  cf. 
Gen.  1.  1385.  —  Beit.  ix.  192.     S.  suggests  gefylde,  =  he  felled  the  foe,  etc. 

—  Ibid.     Parentheses  seem  unnecessary. 

1.  2727.    djig-hwil  =  time  allotted,  lifetime. 

1.  2745,  2745.  Ho.  removes  geong  from  the  beginning  of  1.  2745  and 
places  it  at  the  end  of  1.  2744. 


150  NOTES. 

1.  2750.    R.  proposes  sigle  searogimmas,  as  at  1.  1158. 

1.  2767.  (i)  B.  proposes  douljtfuUy  oferhigean  or  oferhigan,  = 
Goth,  ufarhauhjan,  p.p.  iifarhauhids  (Gr.  Tu0a;0eis)  =  exceed  in  value. 
—  Tidskr.  viii.  60.  (2)  Kl.  proposes  ofcrhj'dian,  =  to  inake  arrogant, 
infatuate;  cf.  oferhj'd. — Beit.  ix.  192. 

1.  2770.  gelocen  leoffocraftuiii  =  (i)  spell-bound  (Th.,  Arnold,  E.) ; 
(2)  wrought  with  h,ntd-cra/t  (G.)  ;  (3)  meshed,  linked  together  (II.,  Ho.); 
cf.  Elene,  11.  1 251,  522. 

1.  2778.  B.  considers  bill  .  .  .  ealdhlafordes  as  Beowulfs  short 
sword,  with  which  he  killed  the  dragon,  1.  2704  ( y'/V/f/'r.  viii.  299).  K. 
proposes  ealdhlaforde.  MUllcnh.  understands  ealdhlaford  tu  mean 
the  former  possessor  of  the  hoard.  \V.  agrees  to  this,  but  conceives 
a^rgest'od  as  a  compd.  =  aere  I'alceatus,  sheathed  in  brass.  Ila.  trans- 
lates tergescod  as  vh.  and  adv. 

1.  2791.   Cf.  1.  224,  eoletes  at  cude;   landes  at  ende,  Exod.  (Hunt). 

1.  2792.  MS.  reads  ■wiiteres  iveorpan,  which  R.  would  change  to 
wiitere  sweorfaii. 

1.  2806.  "  Men  saw  from  its  height  the  whales  tumbling  in  the  waves, 
and  called  it  Whale's  Ness  (Hrone.s-nfes)."  —  Br.  p.  28.     Cf.  1.  3137. 

1.  2815.  WJglaf  was  the  next  of  kin,  the  last  of  the  race,  and  hence  the 
recipient  of  Beowulf's  kingly  insignia.  There  is  a  possible  play  on  the 
word  laf  (Wtg-/r?/;  ende-/r//). 

1.  2818.   gingeste  word;   cf.  novissitna  verba,  and  Gtt.  jiingst,  lately. 

1.  2837.  E.  translates  on  lande,  in  the  world,  comparing  on  life,  on 
worulde. 

1.  2840.  geraesde  =  pret.  of  geraesan  (omitted  from  the  Gloss.),  same 
as  raesan;   cf.  1.  2691. 

1.  2859.  B.  proposes  deaiflf  artcdan,  =  determine  death.  —  Beit.  xii. 
106. 

1.  2861.  Change  geongiini  to  geongan  as  a  scribal  error  (?),  but  cf. 
Lichtenheld,  Haupts  Zeitschr.  xvi.  353-355. 

1.  2871.    S.  and  W.  propose  ower.  — Beit.  ix.  142. 

1.  2873.    S.  punctuates  :    ^v^a^'e  for^vurpe,  ]>a,  etc. 

1.  2874.  H.-So.  begins  a  new  sentence  with  nealles,  ending  the  pre- 
ceding one  with  beget. 

I.  2879.    iitgifan  =  to  render,  to  afford ;  omitted  in  Gloss. 

II.  28S5-2892.  "This  passage  .  .  .  equals  the  passage  in  Tacitus  which 
describes  the  tie  of  chief  to  companion  and  companion  to  chief  among  the 
Germans,  and  which  recounts  the  shame  that  fell  on  those  who  survived 
their  lord."  —  Br.,  p.  56. 

1.  28S6.    cyn  thus  has  the  meaning  of  gens  or  clan,  just  as  in  many 


NOTES.  151 

Oriental  towns  all  are  of  one  blood.  E.  compares  Tacitus,  Germania, 
7;    and  cf.  "kith  and  kin." 

1.  2892.    Death  is  preferable  to  dishonor.     Cf.  Kemble,  Saxons,  i.  235. 

1.  2901.    The  Hy^eXos  begins  his  d,77eXi'a  here. 

1.  2910.  S.  proposes  higemeSe,  sad  of  soul ;  cf.  11.  2853  and  2864 
{Beit.  ix.  142).  B.  considers  higeineUuin  a  dat.  or  instr.  pi.  of  an  ab- 
stract in  -u  {Beit.  xii.  106).  H.  makes  it  a  dat.  pi.  =  for  the  dead.  For 
heafod-\vearde,  etc.,  cf.  note  on  1.  446. 

1.  2920-2921.  B.  explains  "he  could  not  this  time,  as  usual,  give  jewels 
to  his  followers."  —  Beit.  xii.  106. 

1.  2922.    The  Merovingian  or  Prankish  race. 

1,  2940  seq.    B.  conjectures  : 

cwa'S  hte  on  mergenne         meces  ecgum 
getan  wolde,         sumon  galgtreowu 
aheawan  on  holte         ond  hie  ahoan  on  hd 
fuglum  to  gamene. 

—  Beit.  xii.  107,  372.   Cf.  S.,  Beit.  ix.  143.    getan  =  cause  blood  to  be  shed. 

1.  2950. _B.  proposes  gomela  for  gOda;  "a  surprising  epithet  for  a 
Geat  to  apply  to  the  'terrible'  Ongentheow." — Ha.  p.  99.  But  "good" 
does  not  necessarily  mean  "morally  excellent,"  as  a  "good"  hater,  a 
"good"  fighter. 

1.  2959.  See  H.-So.  for  an  explanatory  quotation  from  Paulus  Diaconus, 
etc.  B.,  K.,  and  Th.  read  segii  Higelaces,  =  H.'s  banner  uplifted 
began  to  pursue  the  Swede-men.  —  Beit.  xii.  108.  S.  suggests  saecc,  = 
pursuit. 

1.  2977.   ge^vyrpton :  this  vb.  is  also  used  reflexively  m  Exod.  (Hunt), 

I.  130:  wyrpton  hie  Averige. 

1.  2989.  bar  is  Grundt.'s  reading,  after  the  MS.  "The  surviving  victor 
is  the  heir   of  the    slaughtered   foe."  —  H.-So.      Cf.   Hildebrajids   Lied, 

II.  61,  62. 

1.  2995.  "A  hundred  of  thousands  in  land  and  rings"  (Ha.,  p.  100). 
Cf.  11.  2196,  3051.  Cf.  B.,  Beit.  xii.  20,  who  quotes  Saxo's  bis  senas 
getttes  and  remarks :  "  Hrolf  Kraki,  who  rewards  his  follower,  for  the 
slaying  of  the  foreign  king,  with  jewels,  rich  lands,  and  his  only  daughter's 
hand,  answers  to  the  Jutish  king  Hygelac,  who  rewards  his  liegeman,  for 
the  slaying  of  Ongentheow,  with  jewels,  enormous  estates,  and  his  only 
daughter's  hand." 

1.  3006.  H.-So.  suggests  Scilfiingas  for  Scyldingas,  because,  at  1.  2397, 
Beowulf  kills  the  Scylting  Eadgils  and  probably  acquires  his  lands.  Thus 
11.  3002,  3005,  3006,  would  indicate  that,  after  Beowulf  s  death,  the  Swedes 


152  NOTES. 

desired  to  shake  off  his  hated  yoke.  Mullenh.,  however,  regards  1.  3006 
as  a  thoughtless  repetition  of  1.  2053.  —  Ilaupts  Zeitschr.  xiv.  239. 

1.  3008.    Cf.  the  same  proverb  at  1.  256;   and  Exod.  (Hunt.)  1.  293. 

1.  3022.    E.  quotes: 

"  Thai  token  an  harp  in  gle  and  game 
And  maked  a  lai  and  )  af  it  name." 

—  Weber,  I.  358. 

and  from  Percy,  "The  word  glee,  which  jjeculiarly  denoted  their  art  (the 
minstrels'),  continues  still  in  our  own  language  ...  it  is  to  this  day  used 
in  a  musical  sense,  and  applied  to  a  peculiar  piece  of  composition." 

1.  3025.  "This  is  a  fmer  use  than  usual  of  the  common  poetic  attendants 
of  a  battle,  the  wolf,  the  eagle,  and  the  raven.  The  three  are  here  like 
three  Valkyrie,  talking  of  all  that  they  have  done."  —  Br.,  p.  57. 

1.  3033.    Cf.  Hunt's  Dan.  1.  731,  for  similar  language. 

1,  3039.    B.  supplies  a  supposed  gap  here : 

[banan  eac  fundon         bennum  seocne 

(ne)  cer  hi  htem         gesegan  syllicran  wiht] 

wyrm  on  wonge  ...  —  Beit.  xii.  372. 

Cf.  Ha.,  p.  102.     W.  and  Ho.  insert  [J'aer]  before  gesegan. 

1.  3042.  Cf.  1.  2561,  where  gryre-giest  occurs  as  an  epithet  of  the 
dragon.     B.  proposes  gry[re-fah]. 

I.  3044.  lyft-wynne,  in  the  pride  of  the  air,  E.;  to  rejoice  in  the  air. 
Ha. 

1-  3057-  (0  He  (God)  is  men's  hope;  (2)  he  is  the  heroes'  hope; 
(3)  gehyld  =  the  secret  place  of  enchanters;  cf.  helsiiianna  gehyld, 
Gr.'s  reading,  after  A.-S.  hfelsere,  haruspex,  augur. 

1.3060.  B.  suggests  ^liyx'^iS'X^,  =  plundered  (i.e.  by  the  thief),  for 
gehj'dde. 

II.  3063-3066.  (O  B.  suggests  wundur  [deAffe]  hwar  >onne  eorl 
ellenrof  ende  gefere  =  let  a  brave  man  then  somewhere  meet  his  end  by 
'wondrous  venture,  etc.  —  Zachers  Zeitschr.  iv.  241 ;  cf.  1.  3038.  (2)  S. 
supposes  an  indirect  question  introduced  by  hwar  and  dependent  upon 
wundur,  =  a  mystery  is  it  when  it  happens  that  the  hero  is  to  die,  if  he 
is  no  longer  to  linger  among  his  people.  —  Beit.  ix.  143.  (3)  Miillenh. 
suggests :  is  it  to  be  wondereti  at  that  a  man  should  die  when  he  can  no 
longer  live? — Zachers  Zeitschr.  xiv.  241.      (4)  Possibly  thus: 

Wundra'5  hwat  )>onne, 
eorl  ellen-rof,         ende  gefere 
Itf-gesceafta,         l^onne  leng  ne  mag  (etc.), 


NOTES.  153 

in  which  hw^at  would  =  J>urh  hwiit  at  1.  3069,  and  eorl  would  be  sub- 
ject of  the  conjectural  vb.  \viiiitlra9' :  "  the  valiant  earl  wondereth  then 
through  what  he  shall  attain  his  life's  end,  when  he  no  longer  may  live. 
...  So  Beowulf  knew  not  (wondered  how)  through  what  his  end 
should  come,"  etc.  W.  and  Ho.  join  J»oniie  to  the  next  line.  Or,  for 
Iiwar  read  Wfere:  Wundur  vv^aere  }>onne  (=  gif),  etc.,  =  "would  it 
be  any  wonder  if  a  lirave  man,"  etc.,  which  is  virtually  MiillenhofPs. 

1.  3053.  galdre  beAviiiiden,  spell-bound,  throws  light  on  1.  2770,  gelo- 
cen  leoSTo-craftum.  The  "  accursed  "  gold  of  legend  is  often  dragon- 
guarded  and  placed  under  a  spell.  Even  human  ashes  (as  Shakespeare's) 
are  thus  banned.     11.  3047-3058  recall  the  so-called  "Treasury  of  Atreus." 

1.  3073.  herh,  liearh,  temple,  is  conjectured  by  E.  to  survive  in  Harrow. 
Temple,  barroiv,  etc.,  have  thus  been  raised  to  proper  names.  Cf.  Bio- 
wulfes  biorh  of  1.  2808. 

1.  3074.  H.-.So  has  strudc,  =  ravage,  and  compares  1.  3127.  MS.  has 
strade.     S.  suggests  stride,  =  tread. 

1.  3074.  H.-So.  omits  stradan,  =  tread,  stride  over,  from  the  Gloss., 
referring  11.  3174  and  3074  to  strudan,  q.v. 

1.  3075.  S.  proposes :  nils  he  goldh^vates  gearwor  hafde,  etc.,  = 
Beowulf  had  not  before  seen  the  greedy  possessor's  favor.  — Beit.  ix.  143. 
B.  reads,  goldh\vate  gear>vor  hiifde,  etc.,  making  goldh^vate  modify 
est,  =  golden  favor  ;  but  see  Beit.  xii.  373,  for  B.'s  later  view. 

1.  3086-3087.  B.  translates,  "  that  which  (i.e.  the  treasure)  drew  the 
king  thither  was  granted  indeed,  but  it  overwhelmed  us."  —  Beit.  xii.  109. 

1.  3097.  B.  and  S.  propose  after  wine  deadum,  =  /«  memory  of  the 
dead  friend.  —  Beit.  ix.  144. 

1.  3106.  The  brad  gold  here  possibly  includes  the  ifi-nionna  gold  of 
1.  3053  and  the  -wunden  gold  of  1.  3135.     E.  translates  brad  by  bullion. 

1.  31 14.  B.  supposes  folc-agende  to  be  dat.  sg.  to  gSdiim,  referring 
to  Beowulf. 

I.  31 16.  C.  considers  'weaxan,  =  Lat.  vescor,  to  devour,  as  a  parallel 
to  fretan,  and  discards  parentheses.  —  Beit.  viii.  573. 

1.3120.  tus=  furnished  with;  a  meaning  which  must  be  added  to 
those  in  the  Gloss. 

II.  3124-3125.    S.  proposes: 

eode  eahta  sum         under  inwit-hrof 
hilderinca :         sum  on  handa  bar,  etc. 

—  Beit.  ix.  144. 

1.  3136.    H.-So.  corrects  (after  B.)  to  affelingc,  the  MS.  having  e. 

1.  3145.    "  It  was  their  [the  Icelanders']  belief  that  the  higher  the  smoke 


154  NOTES. 

rose  in  the  air  the  more  glorious  would  the  burnt  man  be  in  heaven."  — 
Ynglinga  Saga,  lo  (quoted  by  E.).     Cf.  the  funeral  pyre  of  Herakles. 
1.  3 1 46-3 1 47.    B.  conjectures : 

.  .  .  swogende  lee 
wope  bewunden         windblonda  leg 
(lee  from  lacan,  see  Gloss.).  —  Beit.  xii.  1 10.    Why  not  ^vilKlblonda  lae? 

1.  3147.  Miillenhoff  rejected  ^vind-bIon(l  geliig  because  a  .great  tire 
raises  rather  than  "lays"  the  wind;  hence  B.,  as  above,  =  "  swoughing 
sported  the  flame  wound  with  the  howling  of  wind-currents." 

1.  3151  seq.    B.  restores  conjecturally : 

swylce  giomor-gyd         sio  geo-meowle 

[after  Beowulfe]         bunden-heorde 

[song]  sorg-cearig,         ssede  geneahhe, 

}>at  hio  hyre  [hearm-]dagas         hearde  on  [dr]§de, 

walfylla  worn,         [wjtgendes  egesan, 

h^[n]'5o  ond  haftn^d,         heof  on  rtce  wealg. 

—  Beit.  xii.  100. 

Here  ge6-lneo^vle  =  0/^  -woman   or   w/^ok;/   bunden-heorde  =  TwiV/z 

bound  locks :  \\^bi  —  lamentation ;  cf.  1.  3143.  on  rice  \vealg  is  less 
preferable  than  the  MS.  reading,  lieofoii  reee  s^vealg  =  heaven  s7oal- 
lowed  the  smoke.  —  H.-So.  B.  thinlcs  Beowulf's  widow  (geomeowle) 
was  probably  Hygd;   cf.  11.  2370,  301 7-3021. 

1.  3162.  H.-.So.  reads  (with  MS.)  bronda  be  lafe,  for  betost,  and 
omits  colon  after  been.     So  B.,  Zachers  Zeitschr.  iv.  224. 

1.  31  71.  E.  quotes  Gibbon's  accounts  of  the  burial  of  Attila  when  the 
"chosen  squadrons  of  the  Ilun,  wheeling  round  in  measured  evolutions, 
chanted  a  funeral  song  to  the  memory  of  a  hero." 

11- 3173-3174-    B.  proposes: 

woldon  gen  cwlSan         [ond]  kyning 
wordgyd  wrecan        ond  ymb  wel  sprecan. 

—  Beit.  xii.  112. 

1.  3183.   Z.,  K.,  Th.  read  manna  for  niannuni. 

1.  3184.  "It  is  the  English  ideal  of  a  hero  as  it  was  conceived  by  an 
tinglishman  some  twelve  hundred  years  ago." —  Br.,  p.  18. 


NOTES.  155 


NOTES  TO   THE    FIGHT   AT   FINNSBURG. 

The  original  MS.  of  this  fragment  has  vanished,  but  a  copy  had  been 
made  and  printed  by  Hickes  in  his  Thesanrtis  Lingiiarum  Septentriona- 
lium,  i.  192.  The  original  was  written  on  a  single  sheet  attached  to  a 
codex  of  homilies  in  the  Lambeth  Library.  Moller,  Alteng.  Epos,  p.  65, 
places  the  fragment  in  the  Finn  episode,  between  11.  1 146  and  1147. 
Bugge  {Beit.  xii.  20)  makes  it  illustrate  the  conflict  in  which  Hnaf  fell,  i.e. 
as  described  in  Bedwulf  2.1,  antecedent  to  the  events  there  given.  Heinzel 
{Anzeiger  f.  d.  Altert.),  however,  calls  attention  to  the  fact  that  Hengest 
in  the  fragment  is  called  cyning,  whereas  in  Bedzmilf,  1.  1086,  he  is  called 
J>egn.     See  H.-So.,  p.  125. 

"  The  Fig/i(  at  Fiunshurg  and  the  lays  from  which  our  BeSwulf  was 
composed  were,  as  it  seems  to  me,  sung  among  the  English  who  dwelt  in 
the  north  of  Denmark  and  the  south  of  Sweden,  and  whose  tribal  name 
was  the  Jutes  or  Goths."  —  Br.,  p.  loi. 

1.  I.  R.  supposes  [horjnas,  and  conjectures  such  an  introductory  con- 
versation as  follows :  "  Is  it  dawning  in  the  east,  or  is  a  fiery  dragon  flying 
about,  or  are  the  turrets  of  some  castle  burning?"  questions  which  the 
king  negatives  in  the  same  order.  Then  comes  the  positive  declaration, 
"  rather  they  are  warriors  marching  whose  armor  gleams  in  the  moonlight." 
—  Alt-  unci  A7igels.  Lesebuch,  1861.  Heinzel  and  B.  conjecture,  [beorh- 
tor  hor]nas  byrnaaf  iia?fre.  So.  G.  —  Beit.  xii.  22;  Anzeiger  f.  d. 
Altert.  X.  229. 

1.  5.    B.  conjectures  fugelas  to  mean  arnrws,  and  supplies: 

ac  her  forS  bera'5  [fyrdsearu  rincas, 

flacre  flanbogan],         fugelas  singa'5. 

He  compares  Saxo,  p.  95,  eristatis  galeis  hastisque  sonantibus  instant,  as 
explanatory  of  1.  6.  —  Beit.  xii.   22.     But  see  Brooke,  Early  Eng.  Litera- 
ture, who  supposes  fugelas  =  raven  and  eagle^  while  graeg-liama  is  = 
wolf  {\h&  "  grey-coated  one"),  the  ordinary  accompaniers  of  battle. 
1.  II.    hicgeaij,  etc.:  cf.  Maiden,  \,  5;   Exod.  1.  218. 

I.  15.    Cf  B.  (yBeit.  xii.  25),  etc.,  and  Saxo,  p.  loi,  for  1.  13. 

II.  18-21.  H.-So.  remarks:  "If,  according  to  Moller  and  Bugge,  Garulf 
is  one  of  the  attackers,  one  of  Finn's  men,  this  does  not  harmonize  with 
his  character  as  GfiSlaf's  son  (1.  11),  who  (1.  16,  and  BeSiuulf,  1.  1149)  is  a 
Dane,  therefore  one  of  Finn's  antagonists."     B.  {^Beit.  xii.  25)  conjectures  : 

J'a  gyt  G(i•^'dene         Garulf  styrode, 
J^at  he  swa  freoltc  feorh         forman  stSe 


1 56  NOTES. 

t8  bsere  healle  durum         hyrsta  ne  baere, 
nd  lite  ntiNa  heard  anyman  wolde; 

in  which  GuUdene  is  the  same  as  SigefercS,  1.   24;   he   (1.  22)  refers  to 
Oarulf;    and  hie  (1.  21)  to  hyrsta. 

1.  27.    swsiSer  =  either  (had  or  good,  hfe  or  death). —  H.-So. 

1.29.  celod:  meaning  doubtful;  of.  Maldoii,  \.  283.  G.  renders 
"  curved  board  " ;   Sw.  suggests  "  round  "  ?  "  hollow  "  ? 

1.30.  B.  suggests  bar-helm,  —boar-helm.  Cf.  Saxo,  p.  96.  —  Beit. 
xii.  26. 

1.  34.  B.  conjectures :  (i)  hwearf  flaera  hrsew  hrafen,  waiulrode; 
(2)  hwearf  flaera  hraew  hriifeii  fram  Off  rum  —flew  from  one  corpse 
to  another.  —  Beit.  xii.  27. 

1.  43.  B.  supposes  wuiid  hiileff  to  be  a  Dane,  folces  hyrde  to  be 
Hnaf,  in  opposition  to  Holtzmann  {Germania,  viii.  494),  who  supposes 
the  wounded  man  to  be  a  Parisian,  and  folees  hyrde  to  be  their  king, 
P'inn.  —  Beit.  xii.  28. 

1.45.  B.  adopts  Th.'s  reading  heresceorp  unhror  =  ei/ui/>ments  use- 
less.—  Beit.  xii.  28. 

1.  47.  "Though  wounded,  they  had  retained  their  strength  and  activity 
in  battle."  —  B. ,  Beit.  xii.  28. 


ADDENDA. 


11.  105  and  218.    MS.  and  Ho.  read  won-saeli  and  fami-heals. 

11.  143,  183,  186,  etc.     Read  >iBm  for  J»am. 

1.  299.    MS.  reads  <j;od-freminendra.     So  H.-So. 

1.  338.    Ho.  marivs  wriic-  and  its  group  long. 

1.  530.    Hwiit    should  here  probably  be  printed  as  an  interj.,  hwiit! 

Cf.  11.  I,  943.  2249. 

1.  2263.    Koeppel  suggests  nis  for  nas. 

The  editors  are  much  indebted  to   E.  Koeppel  (in  Efig.  Stud.  xiii.  3) 
for  numerous  corrections  in  text  and  glossary. 

1.  3070.    H.-So.  begins  a  new  line  with  swft. 


GLOSSARY. 


a«)  conj.  denoting  contrariety  :  hence 

1)  but  (like  N.H.G.  sondern),  109, 
135.  339.  etc.— 2)  but  (N.H.G. 
aber),  nevertheless,  602,  697,  etc. 
—  3)  in  direct  questions  :  nonne, 
numquid,   1 991. 

aglseca,  ahlseca,  aglaeca,  -cea, 
w.  m.  (cf.  Goth,  agio,  trouble,  O.N. 
agi,  terror,  +  lac,  gift,  sport:  = 
misery,  vexation,  —  bringer  of 
trouble:  hence):  i)  evil  spirit, 
demon,  a  demo7t-like  being;  of 
Grendel,  159,  433,  593,  etc.;  of 
the    drake,    2535,     2906,    etc.  — 

2)  great  hero,  mighty  warrior; 
of  Sigemund,  894;  of  Beowulf: 
gen.  sg.  agkT;can(?),  1513;  of  Beo- 
wulf and  the  drake:  nom.  pi.  \>% 
agltecean,  2593. 

aglfec--wif,  st.  n.,  demon,  devil,  in 
the  form  of  a  wo?nan;  of  Grendel's 
mother,  1260. 

aldor.     See  ealdor. 

al-wealda.     See  eal-w. 

ani-biht  (from  and-b.,  Goth,  and- 
baht-s),  St.  m.,  servant,  man-ser- 
vant:  nom.  sg.  ombeht,  of  the 
coast-guard,  287;  ombiht,  of  Wulf- 

gar,  336. 

ainbiht-J»egii  (from  ambiht  n.  offi- 
cium  and  J'egn,  which  see), servant, 
man-servant :  dat.  sg.  ombiht- 
t>egne,  of  Be6wulf 's  servant,  674. 


an,  prep,  with  the  dat.,  on,  in,  with 

respect  to,  678  ;  with,  among,  at, 
upon  (position  after  the  governed 
word),  1936;  with  the  ace,  1248. 
Elsewhere  on,  which  see. 

ancor,  st.  m.,  a7ichor :  dat.  sg.  ancre, 
303,  1S84. 

ancor-bend,  m.  (?)  f.  (?),  anchor - 
cable  :  dat.  pi.  oncer-bendum,  19 19. 

and,  conj.  (ond  is  usual  form;  for 
example,  601,  1149,  2041),  and  ;i;i, 
39,  40,  etc.     (See  Appendix.) 

anda,  w.  m.,  excitement,  vexation, 
horror:  dat.wra'Sum  on  andan,  709, 

2315- 

and-git,  st.  n.,  insight,  understand- 
ing:  nom.  sg.,  1060.     See  gitan. 

and-hator,  st.  m.  n.,  heat  corjiing 
against  ojie :  gen.  sg.  rS'Ses  and- 
hattres,  2524. 

and-lang,  -long,  adj.,  very  long. 
hence  i)  at  whole  length,  raised  up 
high :  ace.  andlongne  eorl,  2696 
(cf.  Bugge  upon  this  point,  Zach- 
ers  Ztschr.,  4, 21 7) . —  2)  continual, 
entire;  andlangne  dag,  21 16,  the 
whole  day  ;  andlonge  niht,  2939. 

and-ledn,  St.  n.,  reward, payment  in 
full :  ace.  sg.,  1542,  2095  (hand-, 
hond-lean,  MS.). 

and-risno,  st.  f.  (see  risan,  surgere, 
decere),  that  which  is  to  be  ob- 
served, that  which  is  proper,  eti- 
quette :  dat.  pi.  for  andrysnum,  ac' 
cording  to  etiquette,  1 797. 


158 


GLOSSARY. 


anfl-saca,  w.  m.,  adversary :  godes 
andsaca  (Grendel),  7S7,  16S3. 

and-slyht,  st.  m.,  bhiu  in  retttm  : 
ace.  sg.,  2930,  2973  (MS.  both 
times  hond-slyhf). 

an(l-s\varu,st.  f.,  act  of  accosting :  i ) 
to  persons  coming  up,  an  address, 
2S61.  —  2)  in  reply  to  SDmothing 
said,  an  answer,  n^,  I494i   1S41. 

au(I-\veard,  adj.,  present,  existing: 
ace.  sg.  n.  swin  ofer  lielme  and- 
vveard  (jJie  image  of  the  boar,  which 
stands  on  his  helm),  12S8. 

and-wlitci,  "w.m.,  countenance  :  ace. 
sg.  -an,  690. 

an-sund,  adj.,  entirely  unharmed : 
riom.  sg.  m.,  lOOI. 

an-sjri,  f.,  the  state  of  being  seen  : 
hence  l)  the  exterior,  the  form, 
251  :  diWsyn  yw'de,  shoTved  his  form, 
i.e.  appeared,  2S35.  —  2)  aspect, 
af'pearance,  929;  on-syn,  2773. 

an-\valda,  w.  m.,  He  who  rules  over 
all,  (iod,  1273.     See  Note. 

atol,  adj.  (also  eatol,  2075,  etc.),  hos- 
lilc,  frightful,  cruel :  of  Grendel, 
'59.  '65,  593,  2075,  etc.;  of  Gren- 
del's  mother's  hands  (dat.  pi.  ato- 
lan),  1503  ;  of  the  undulation  of 
the  waves,  849  ;  of  battle,  597, 
2479.  —  cf.  O.N.  atall,  fortis,  stre- 
nuus. 

att'lTc,  adj.,  terrible,  dreadful :  ate- 
Itc  egesa,  7S5. 


A,  adv.  (Goth,  aiv,  ace.  from  aiv-s 
^^\'\ym),ever,  always,  455^  882,931, 
1479:  S  sy'5*San,  ever  afterwards, 
ever,  ever  after,  283,  292 1 .  —  ever, 
780.  —  Comp.  nd. 

M.^'iX.m. funeral  pile :  ace.  sg.  Sd, 
3139;  dat.  sg.  Sde,  llii,  1115. 


ad-fani,  St.  f.,  way  to  the  funeral  pile, 
dat.  sg.  on  ad-fare,  3011. 

S^^y%\..{.,  sickness,  1737,  1764,  1849. 

aij,  St.  m.,  oath  in  general,  2740;  oatk 
cf  allegiance,  472  (?);  oath  of 
reconciliation  of  two  %varring  peo- 
ples, 1098,  1 108. 

aU-s  weord,  st.  n.,thesolem  n  takingoj 
an  oath,  the  s:i'rai-i/ig  of  an  oath  : 
nom.  pi.,  2065.     See  sweord. 

a3'ain-s\vcrian,  m.  pi.,  son-in-law 
and  father-in-law  :  dat.  pi.,  84. 

agan,  verb,  pret.  and  pres.,  to  have, 
to  possess,  w.  ace. :  III.  prs.  sg.  ah, 
1728;  inf.  Sgan,  1089;  prt.  ahte, 
487,  522,  533;  with  object,  ge- 
\veald,tobesupplied,3i.  I<"orm con- 
tracted with  the  negative :  prs.  sg. 
I.  nSh  hwa  sweord  vvege  {I  have 
no  one  to  ivield  the  sivord),  2253. 

agen,  adj.,  oion,  peculiar,  2677. 

agend  (prs.  part,  of  Sgan),  possessor, 
owner,  lord :  gen.  sg.  agendes,  0/ 
God,  3076.  —  Compounds  :  blaed-, 
bold-,  folc-,  magen-agend. 

agend-fred,  w.  m.,  owner,  lord:  gen. 
sg.  agend-frean,  1884. 

Tihsian,  ge-ahsian,  vv.  v. :  i)  to  ex- 
amine, to  find  out  by  inqniring : 
pret.  part,  ge-ah.sod,  433.  —  2)  to 
experience,  to  endure :  pret.  Sh- 
sode,  1207;  pi.  ahsodon,  423. 

alitjSt.  n.  (contracted  from  S-wiht, 
which  see),  something,  anything: 
Sht  cwices,  2315. 

&n,  num.  The  meaning  of  this  word 
betrays  its  aj^parcnt  demonstrative 
character:  i)  this,  that,  241 1,  of 
the  hall  in  the  earth  mentioned 
before;  similarly,  100  (of  (jrendel, 
already  mentioned),  cf.  also  2775. 
—  2)  one,  a  particular  one  among 
many,  a  single  one,  in  numerical 
sense :  ymb  fine  niht  {the  next 
night),  135;  Jjurh  4nes  craft,  700; 


GLOSSARY. 


159 


J)ira  anum,  1038;  Sn  after  Snum, 
one  for  the  other  (Hre'Sel  for 
Herebeald),  2462:  similarly,  Sn 
after  eallum,  2269;  Snes  hwat,  sotm 
single  thing,  a  part,  301 1;  se  in 
leoda  duguSe,/"/^^  one  of  the  heroes  of 
the  people,  2238;  z.vi&'s,W\Wz.\-\,for  the 
sake  of  a  single  one,  3078,  etc.  — 
Hence,  again,  3)  alone,  distin- 
guished, 1459,  1886.  —  4)  a,\Vi  the 
sense  of  an  indefinite  article :  in . . . 
feond,  100;  gen.  sg.dnre  bene  (or  to 
No.2[?]),428;  in...draca, 2211 — 

5)  gen.  pi.  inra,  in  connection  with 
a  pronoun,  single;  inra  gehwilces, 
every  single  one,  733;  inra  geh- 
wylcum,  785.  Similarly,  the  dat.  pi. 
in  this  sense  :  nemne  feaum  Snum, 

^except  a  fe%v  single  ones,  1082.  — 

6)  solus,  alone:  in  the  strong  form, 
1378,  2965 ;  in  the  weak  form,  145, 
425,  431,  889,  etc.;  with  the  gen., 
Sna  Gedta  duguSe,  alone  of  the 
warriors  of  the  Gedtas,  2658.  —  7) 
solitarius,  alone,  lonely,  see  sen. — 
Comp.  nan. 

3.n-feald,  adj., simple, plain,  without 
reserve  :  ace.  sg.  infealdne  geboht, 
simple  opinion,  256. 

an-genga,  -gengea,  w.  m.,  he  -who 
goes  alone,  of  Grendel,  165,  449. 

an-haga,  w.  m.,  he  who  stands  alone, 
solitarius,  2369. 

an-hydig,  adj.  (like  the  O.N.  ein- 
rad-r,  of  one  resolve,  i.e.  of  firm  re- 
solve), of  one  opinion,  i.e.  firm, 
brave,  decided,  2668. 

S.nga,  adj.  (only  in  the  weak  form), 
single,  only  :  ace.  sg.  Sngan  dohtor, 
375,  2998;  Sngan  eaferan,  1548; 
dat.  sg.  Sngan  br^'Ser,  1263. 

S.n-pad',  St.  m.,  lonely  way, path:  ace. 
pi.  dnpa'Sas,  I411. 

ftn-rsed,  adj.  (of.  under  in-hydig), 


of  firm  resolution,  resolved,  1530, 

1576. 
a.n-tid,st. f.,<?«^  time,  i.e.   the   same 

time     ymb  Sn-tid  o'Sres  dogores, 

about  the  same  time  the  second  da  1 

(they  sail  ed  twenty-four  hours),  2 1 9 

—  Sn  stands  as  in  dn-mod,  O.II.Ci. 

ein-muuti,  harmonious,  of  the  sanu 

disposition. 
anunga,  adv.,  throughout,  entirely, 

wholly,  635. 
ftr,  st.  m.,    afnbassador,    messenger, 

336,  2784. 
ftr,  st.f.,  i) honor, dignity:  drum  heal- 

dan,  to  hold  in  honor,  296;  similai 

ly,   1 100,  1 183.  —  2)  favor,  gracc', 

support :   ace.  sg.  are,  1273,  2607; 

dat.  sg.  Sre,  2379;  gen.  pi.  hwat . . 

Srna,    I188.  — Comp.    worold-ar: 

also  written  ser. 
ar-fast,    adj.,    honorable,    upright, 

1 1 69;  of  HfinferS  (with  reference 

to  588).     See  fast, 
arian,  w.  v.,  (Jo  be  gracious^,  to  spare: 

Ill.sg.  prs.  w.  dat.  nasnegum  SraS; 

of  Grendel,  599. 
ar-staf,st.  m.,(elementum    honoris), 

grace,  favor  :  dat.  pi.  mid  Srstafum, 

317-  —  tielp,  stipport:  dat.  pi.  for 

ar-stafum,  to   the   assistance,  382, 

458.     See  staf. 
ater-tpar,  m.,  poisonous  drop :  dat. 

pi.     iren    ater-tearum    fih    (steel 

which  is  dipped   in  poison   or  in 

poisonous  sap  of  plants),  1460. 
attor,  St.  n.,/<7wo»,  here  of  the  poison 

of  the  dragon's  bite:  nom.,  2716, 
attor-sceaffa,     w.   m.,    poisonous 

enemy,  of  the  poisonous  dragon  : 

gen.  sg.  -scea'San,  2840. 
awa,  adv.  (certainly  not  the  dative, 

but  a  reduplicated  form  of  S,  which 

see),  ever  :  Swi  t3  aldre,  for  ever 

and  ever,  956. 


•KiO 


GLOSSARY. 


iidre,  adv.,  hastily,  directly,  imme- 
diately, 11,  354,  3107.     [aedre.] 

jiffele,  adj.,  nohle  :  nom.  sg.,  of  lieo- 
wulf,  198,  1 31 3;  of  Beowulf's  fath- 
er, 263,  where  il  can  l;e  understood 
as  well  in  a  moral  as  in  a  genealo- 
gical sense;  the  latter  prevails  de- 
cidedly in  the  gen.  sg.  iiXelan  cyn- 
nes,  2235. 

ilffeling,  st.  ni.,  nobleman,  man  of 
noble  descent,  especially  the  appel- 
lation of  a  man  of  royal  birth  ;  so  of 
the  kings  of  the  Danes,  3;  of  Scyld, 
33;  of  HroSgdr,  130;  of  Sigemund, 
889;  of  Beowulf,  1226,  1245,  1597, 
1816,  2189,  2343,  2375,  2425,  2716, 
3136;  perhaps  also  of  Daghrefn, 
2507;  — then,  in  a  broader  sense, 
also  denoting  other  noble-born 
men:  Aschere,  1295;  HroSgjlr's 
courtiers,  1 1 8,  983;  Heremod's 
courtiers,  907;  Hengest's  warriors, 
1 1 13;  Beowulf's  retinue,  1805,1921, 
3172;  noble-born  in  general,  2889. 
—  Conip.  sib-iiSeling. 

u3'<'lu,st.n.,only  in  the  \>\.,  noble  di'- 
scent,  nobility,  in  the  sense  of  noble 
lineage:  ace.  pi.  aSclu,  392;  dat. 
pi.  cyning  aSelum  god,  the  king, 
of  noble  birth,  1871  ;  a^elum 
diore,  worthy  on  account  of  no- 
ble lineage,  1950;  aSelum  (hsele- 
I'um,  MS.),  332. —  Comp.  fiidcr- 
iiiNelii. 

ufiiaii,  w.  V.  w.  ace,  to  prrforiii,  to 
carry  out,  to  accomplish  :  inf.  clleii- 
weorc  iifnan,  to  do  a  heroic  deed, 
1465;  pret.  unriht  iifnde,  perpe- 
trated'wrong,  1255. 

ge-iifnan,  i)  to  carry  out,  to  do,  to 
accomplish :  pret.  pi.  )'at  geafndon 
swS,  so  carried  that  out,  538;  pret. 
part.  &tS  was  geafned,  the  oath  was 


sworn,  H08.  —  2)  get  r^a*/)/, /rf- 
/rtr^/ pret.  part,  geafned,  3107.  See 
efnan. 
after  (comparative  of  af,  Ags.  of, 
which  see;  hence  it  expresses  the 
idea  oi  forth,  away,  from,  back), 
a)  3.(i\.,  thereupon,  afterwards,  12, 
341,  1390,  2155. —  ic  him  after 
sceal ,  /  shall  go  after  them,  2817;  in 
word  after  cwiiN,  315,  the  sense 
seems  to  be,  spoke  back,  having 
turned;  b)  prep.  w.  dat.,  l)  (tem- 
poral) after,  1 19,  128,  187,  825, 
1939,  etc.;  after  beorne,  after  the 
(death  of)  the  hero,  2261,  so  2262; 
after  maSSum-welan,  after  (obtain- 
ing) the  treasure,  275 1 . — 2)  (causal) 
as  proceeding  from  something,  de- 
noting result  and  purpose,  hence, 
in  consequence  of,  conformably  to  : 
after  rihte,  in  accordance  with  right, 
1050,  21  n;  after  faroSe,  %vith  the 
current,  580;  so  1321,  1721,  1944, 
2180,  etc.,  after  hea'So-swate,  in 
consequence  of  the  blood  of  battle, 
1607 ;  after  walniSe, in  consequence 
of  mortal  entnity,  85 ;  /';/  accordance 
tvith,  on  account  of,  after,  about : 
after  aSeluni  (h£elelnmi,MS.)fragn, 
asked  about  the  descent,  332  ;  ne  frin 
Ini  after  sa;lum,  ask  not  after  my 
welfare,  1323;  after  sincgy fan  greo- 
te<S,  weeps  for  the  giver  of  trea- 
sure, 1343;  him  after  deorum  men 
dyrne  langa'5,  longs  in  secret  for 
the  dear  man,  18S0;  .in  after  .anum, 
one  for  the  other,  2462,  etc.  —  3) 
(local),  along:  after  gumcynnum, 
throughout  the  races  of  men, among 
men,  945;  sohte  bed  after  bftrum, 
sought  a  bed  among  the  rooms  of 
the  castle  (the  castle  was  fortified, 
the  hall  was  not),  140;  after  recede 
wlat,  looked  along  the  hall,  1573; 
Stone  after  stdne,  smelt  along  the 


GLOSSARY. 


161 


rocks,  2289;  after  lyfte,  along  the 
air.  through  the  air,  2833;  simi- 
larly, 996,  1068,  131 7,  etc. 

af-J»unca,  w.  m.,  anger,  chagrin, 
vexatious  affair  :  nom.,  502. 

aglfecea.     See  aglaecea. 

tiled  (Old  Sax.  eld,  O.N.  eld-r), 
St.  m.,fire,  3016.      [oeled.] 

aled-leoma,  w.  m.,  {fire- light), 
torch:  ace.  sg.  leoman,  3126.  See 
leoma. 

al-fylce  (from  al-,  Goth,  ali-s,  &\Xos, 
and  fylce,  O.N.  fylki,  collective 
form  from  folc),  st.  n.,  o/hrr  folk, 
hostile  army  :  dat.  pi.  vviiS  alfyl- 
cum,  2372. 

al-mihtig  (for  eal-m.),  adj.,  al- 
mighty :  nom.  sg.  m.,  of  the  weak 
form,  se  al-mihtiga,  92. 

al-wiht,  St.  m.,  icing  of  another  spe- 
cies, monster :  gen.  pi.  al-vvihta 
card,  of  the  dwelling-place  of  Gren- 
del's  kindred,  1501. 

iippel-fealu,  adj.,  dappled  sorrel, 
or  apple-yelknv :  nom.  pi.  iippel- 
fealuwe  mearas,  apple-yellow  steeds, 
2166. 

am,  St.  n.,  house,  in  the  compounds 
heal-,  hord-,  medo-,  hry  5-,  win-arn. 

asc,  St.  m.,  ash  (does  not  occur  in 
Beowulf  in  this  sense) ,  lance,  spear, 
because  the  shaft  consists  of  ash 
wood:  dat.  pi.  (qua  instr.)  ascum 
and  ecgum,  with  spears  and sxvords, 

1773- 

asc-holt,  St.  n.,  ash  xvood,  ashen 
shaft :  nom.  pi.  asc-holt  ufan  graeg, 
the  ashen  shafts  gray  above  (spears 
with  iron  points),  330. 

tisc-wiga,  w.  m.,  spear-fighter,  war- 
rior armed  zvith  the  spear  :  nom. 
sg.,  2043. 

at,  prep.  w.  dat.,  with  the  fundamen- 
tal meaning  of  nearness  to  some- 
thing, hence  I )  local,  a)  with,  near. 


at,  on,  in  (rest)  :  at  liy'Se,  in  har- 
bor, 32;  at  symle,  at  the  meal,  81 ; 
at  Sde,  OH  the  funeral-pile,  nil, 
1 1 15 ;  at  he  anum.  'tvith  thee  atone, 
1378;  atwige,  in  the  fight,  1338; 
at  hilde,  1660,  2682;  at  aste,  in  eat- 
ing, 3027,  etc.  b)  to,  to'ivards,  at, 
on  (motion  to)  :  deaSes  wylm  hr2n 
at  heortan,  seized  upon  (he  heart, 
2271;  geheton  at  hargtrafum, 
vowed  at  (or  to)  the  temples  of  the 
gods,  175.  c)  with  verbs  of  taking 
away,  away  from  (as  starting  from 
near  an  object)  :  ge}ieah  J'jit  ful  at 
Wealhl'eon,  took  the  cup  from  W., 
630 ;  fela  ic  gebad  grynna  at  Gren- 
dle,  from  Grendel,  931 ;  at  minum 
fader  genam,  took  me  from  my  fath- 
er to  himself,  2430.—  2)  temporal,  at, 
in,  at  the  time  of:  at  frumsceafte, 
in  the  beginning,  45;  at  ende,  ai 
an  end,  224;  fand  s.inne  dryhten 
ealdres  at  ende,  at  the  end  of  life, 
dying,  2791  ;  similarly,  2823;  at 
feohgyftum,  in  giving  gifts,  1090; 
at  si"5estan,y?«rt//)',  3014. 

jit-graepe,  adj.,  laying  hold  of,  pre- 
hendens,  1 270. 

at-rihte,  adv.,  almost,  1658. 


m 

aedre,  edre,  st.  f.,  aqueduct,  canai 
(not  in  Be6w.),i'fi«  (notinBeow.), 
stream,  violent  pouring  forth  :  dat. 
pi.  swat  sedrum  sprong,  the  blood 
sprang  in  streams,  2967 ;  blod 
edrum  dranc,  drank  the  blood  in 
streamsij),  743. 

aeffiii,  St.  m.,  breath,  gasp,  snort: 
instr.  Sg.  hreJSer  ae'Sme  weoll,  the 
breast  (of  the  drake)  heaved  with 
snorting,  2594. 

aefen,  st.  m.,  evening,  1236. 


162 


GLOSSARY. 


sefeii-gram,  adj.,  hostile  at  evening, 
night-enemy :  nom.  sg.  m.  aefen- 
grom,  of  Grendel,  2075. 

eefen-leoht,  st.  n.,  evening-light: 
nom.  sg.,  413. 

sefen-riist,  st.  f.,  evening-rest :  ace. 
sg.  -raste,  647,  1253. 

aefen-spraec,  st.  f.,  evening-talk  : 
ace.  sg.  gemunde  .  .  .  aefen-spraeee, 
thought  about  what  he  had  spoken 
in  the  evening,  760. 

aefre,  adv.,  ever,  at  any  titne,  70, 
280,  504,  693,  etc. :  in  negative 
sentences,  asfre  ne,  never,  2601. — 
Comp.  noefre. 

aeg-hwa  (O.H.G.  60-ga-hwer), 
pron.,  every,  each :  dat.  sg.  seg- 
hwism,  1385.  The  gen.  sg.  in  adver- 
bial sense,  in  all,  throughout,  thor- 
oughly :  aeghwas  untsele,  thoroughly 
blameless,  1S66;  «gh-was  unrim, 
entirely  innumerable  quantity,  i.e. 
an  enormous  muliitude,  2625,  3136. 

ifig-h'vviiiS'er  (O.H.G.  eo-ga-h\ve- 
dar)  :  i)  each  (of  two)  :  nom.  sg. 
hafde  a:gh\vaiSer  ende  gcfcred,  each 
of  the  t7uo  (Beowulf  and  the  drake) 
had  reached  the  end,  2845;  ^^'-  ^S- 
reghvvaSrum  wasbroga  framoSrum, 
to  each  of  the  tivo  (Beowulf  and  the 
drake)  was  fear  of  the  other,  2565 ; 
gen.  sg.aeghwaSres  .  .  .  worda  and 
vvorca,  287.  —  2)  each  (of  several) : 
dat.  sg.  heora  seghwaSruni,  1637. 

eeg-liTvaer,  adv.,  everywhere,  1060. 

aeg-hwilc  (O.H.G.  eo-gi-hwelih), 
pron.,  unusquisque,  every  (one)  : 
i)  used  as  an  adj.:  ace.  sg.  m.  da:l 
aeghwylcne,  622.  —  2)  as  substan- 
tive, a)  with  the  partitive  genitive : 
nom.  sg.  aeg-hwylc,  9,  2888;  dat. 
sg.  aeghwylcum,  105 1.  Ij)  without 
gen. :  nom.  sg.  asghwylc,  985, 988; 
(was)  aeghwylc  oSrum  trywc,  each 
one  (of  two)  true  to  the  other,  1 166. 


aeg-weard,  st.  f.,  watch  on  tne  sea 
shore:  ace.  sg.  seg-wearde,  241. 

aeht  (abstract  form  from  Sgan,  de- 
noting the  state  of  possessing),  st 
f . :  I )  possession,  pozuer  :  ace.  sg. 
on  flodes  aeht,  42;  on  wateres  asht, 
into  the  power  of  the  water,  516; 
on  aeht  gehwearf  Denigea  frean, 
passed  over  into  the  possession  of  a 
Danish  master,  1680.  —  2)  prop- 
erty, possessions,  goods :  ace.  pi. 
ashte,  2249.  —  Comp.  mdSm-,  gold- 
aeht. 

aeht  (O.H.G.  Shta),  st.  {.,  pursuit : 
nom.  hS  was  ffiht  boden  Sweona 
leodum,  segn  Higelace,  then  was 
pursuit  offered  to  the  people  of  the 
S'cveonas,  (^their)  banner  to  IIv- 
geldc  (i.e.  the  banner  of  the  Swedes, 
taken  during  their  flight,  fell  into 
the  hands  of  Hygelac),  2958. 

ge-aehtan,  w.  v.,  to  prize,  to  speak 
in  praise  of:  pret.  part,  geaehted, 
1866.      [geahtan.] 

ge-aehtla,  w.  m.,  or  ge-aehtle, 
w.  f.,  a  speaking  of  with  praise, 
high  esteem  :  gen.  sg.  hy  . . .  wyrSe 
HneeaS  eorlagexhtlan,  j^^w?  worthy 
of  the  high  esteem  of  the  noble-born, 
369.     [geiihtla.J 

aen-  ((oblique  form  of  in),  num.,  one: 
ace.  sg.  m.  hone  aenne  I'one  .  .  ., 
the  ojie  whom  . . .,  1054;  oftormicle 
{jonne  on  ccnne  si5,  much  oftener 
than  one  time,  1580;  for'5  onsen- 
don  a:nne,  sent  him  f>r/h  alone,  46 

aene,  adv.,  once:  oft  nallesaene,  3020. 

sBnig,  pron.,  one,  any  one,  474,  503, 
510,  534,  e'c  :  instr.  sg.  nolde  .  .  . 
aenige  binga,  woui.J  in  no  xvay,  not 
at  all, ']()2\  lyt  ainig  mearn,  little 
did  any  one  sorrow  (i.e.  no  one), 
3130.  —  With  the  article:  nas  se 
folceyning  .  .  .  aenig,  no  people's 
king,  2735.  —  Comp.  naenig. 


GLOSSARY. 


1G3 


een-lic,  adj.,  alone,  excellent,  distin- 
guished: oenlic  ans>'n,  distinguished 
appearance,  ^'^i;    I'eah  he  hio  aan- 
licu   s^,   though    she   be   beautiful, 
1942. 
aer  (comparative  form,  from  a)  :   i) 
adv.,    sooner,    before,    beforehaiid, 
15,  656,  695,  758,  etc.,  for  a  long 
time,    2596 :     eft    swS    aer,    again 
as  formerly.   643  ;   asr  ne  siSSan, 
neither  sooner  nor  later,  "Jig;   cer 
2,.-n6.%V^, sooner n)id later {s.\\  times), 
2501 ;    no   \>y  set  (^not  so  much  the 
•sooner),  yet  not,  755,  1503,  2082, 
21 61,  2467.  —  2)  conjunct.,  btfore, 
ere :  a)  with  the  ind. :  aer  hio  to 
sctle  geong,  2020.     b)  w.  subjimc. : 
cer  gc  fyr  feran,  before  you  travel 
fa7-ther,  252 ;  aer  he  on  weg  hwurfe, 
264,   so  677,   2S19  ;    p^r    |)on   dag 
cwome,  ere  the  day  break,  732;   aer 
correlative  to  ser  adv. :  ser  he  feorh 
sele'5,  aldor  an  ofre,  eer  he  wille 
.  .  .,  he  will  sooner  (rather)  leave 
his  life  upon  the  shore,  before  (than) 
he  ivill  .  .  .,    1372.  — 3)    prepos. 
with  dat.,  before  :  xt  deacSe,  before 
death,   1389  ;   xr  dages  hwile,  be- 
fore  daybreak,    2321  ;    aer  swylt- 
djige,  before  the  day  of  death,  2799. 
aeror,    comp.    adv.,    sootier,   before- 
hand, 810 ;  formerly,  2655. 
aerra,  comp.  adj.,  earlier  :  instr.  pi., 
a;rran    niaelum,    in  former  titnes, 
90S,  2238,  3036. 
aerest,  superl. :  i)  adv.,  first  of  all, 
foremost,  6,  617,  1698,  etc.  —  2)  as 
subst.    n.,    relation   to,  the   begin- 
ni7ig:  ace.  \>'iX  ic  his  aerest  Jjc  eft 
gesagde  {to  tell  thee  in  what  rela- 
tion it  stood  at  first  to  the  coat  of 
mail   that   has    been    presented), 
2158.     See  Note. 
»r-dag,st. m.  {before-day), morning- 
twilight,  gray  of  morning :  dat.  sg. 


mid  aerdage,  126;  samod  aerdage, 
1 31 2,  2943. 

serende,  st.  n.,  errand,  trust :  ace. 
sg.,  270,  345. 

aer-fader,  st.  m.,  late  father,  de- 
ceased father :  nom.  sg.  swS  his 
aerfader,  2623. 

ser-gestreon,  st.  n.,  old  treasure, 
possessions  dating  from  old  times  : 
ace.  sg.,  1758;  gen.  sg.  swylcra 
fela  aergestreona,  wz^f/i  of  such  old 
treasure,  2233.     See  gestreon. 

aer-ge'woorc,  st.  n.,  work  dating 
from  old  times :  nom.  sg.  enta  asr- 
geweorc,  the  old-ioork  of  the  giants 
(of  the  golden  sword-hilt  from 
Grendel's  water-hall),  1680.  See 
ge^veorc . 

aer-god,  adj.,  good  since  old  times, 
long  invested  with  dignity  or  ad 
vantages :  adding  asrgod,  13c  ; 
(eorl)  aergod,  1330 ;  iren  aergjd 
{excellent  sword),  990,  2587. 

ser-wela,  w.  m.,  old  possessions,  riches 
dating  from  old  times :  ace.  sg. 
aerwelan,  2748.     See  wela. 

aes,  St.  n.,  carcass,  carrion :  dat. 
(instr.)  sg.  aese,  of  Aschere's  corpse, 

1333- 

ai.t,  St.  m.,  food,  7neat :  dat.  sg.,  hQ 
him  at  aete  speow,  how  he  fared 
well  at  meat,  3027. 

settreu  (see  attor),  ^^\.,  poisonous  : 
was  )>a.t  blod  to  l^as  hat,  aitlren 
ellorgast,  se  l^cer  inne  swealt,  so 
hot  was  the  blood,  {and)  poisonous 
the  demon  (Grendel's  mother)  who 
died  therein,  1618 


B 


baua,  bona,  w.  m.,  murderer,  158, 
588,  1 103,  etc.:  ace.  sg.  bonan 
Ongent>e6wes,  of  HygelSc.although 


164 


GLOSSARY. 


in  reality  his  men  slew  Ongenl-eou 
(2965  ff.),  1969.  Figuratively  of 
inanimate  objects :  ne  was  ecg 
bona,  2507;  wear's  wracu  Weoh- 
stanesbana,  2614.  —  Comp. :  ecg-, 
feorh-,  gast-,  hand-,  mflS-bana. 
bon-gar,  st.  m.    murdering  spear, 

2032. 
ge-bannan,    st.  v.  w.  ace.  of  the 
thing  and    dat.  of   the  person,  to 
commanii,  to  bid :  inf.,  74. 
bad,  St.  I., pledge,  only  in  comp. :  n^d- 

bM. 

ban,  St.  n.,  bone :  dat.  sg.  on  bane 

(on  the  bony  sl;in  of  the  drake), 

2579;    dat.  pi.  heals  ealne  ymbe- 

feng  biteran  banum    (here  of  the 

teeth  of  the  drake),  2693. 

b&n-cofa,  w.  ni.,  "  cubile  ossium  " 

(Grimm)    of   the    body :    dat.   sg. 

-co  fan,  1446. 

b&n-fag,      adj.,      variegated     with 

bones,  either  with  ornaments  made 

of   bone-work,    or    adorned    with 

bone,    perhaps    deer-antlers;    of 

Hro-Sgar's    hall,     781.     The    last 

meaning  seems  the  more  probable. 

ban-filt,  St.  n.,  bone-vessel,  i.e.  the 

body:  ace.  pi.  bSn-fatu,  1 117. 
ban-hring,  st.  m.,   the   bone-struc- 
ture, joint,   bone-joint :    ace.   pi. 
hire  wi'5  halse  .  .  .  banhringas  brae 
(^jroke  her  neck-joint),  1568. 
bfl.n-hus,  St.  n.,  bo7te-house,  i.e.  the 
body :     ace.   sg.    b^nhfls    gebrac, 
2509;   similarly,  3148. 
ban-loca,  w.  m.,  the  enclosure  of  the 
bones,  i.e.  the  body:  ace.  sg.  bSt 
bSnlocan,  bit  the  body,  743;   nom. 
pi.  burston  bSnlocan,  the  body  burst 
(of  Grendel,  because  his  arm  was 
torn  out),  819. 
bat,  St.  m.,  boat,  craft,  ship,  211. — 

Comp.  sai-bSt. 
bat-'weard,  st.  m.,  boat-watcher,  he 


who    kcips  -Match  OTer  the   crafl; 
dat.  sg.  -wearde,  1 901. 
biiU,  St.  n.,  bath  :  ace.  sg.  ofer  gano- 
tes  baN,  over  the  diverts  bath  (i.e. 
the  sea),  1862. 
barnaii,  w.  v.,  to  cause  to  burn,  to 
burn :  inf.  h^t  .  .  .  binfatu  bar- 
nan,  bade  that  the  bodies  be  burned, 
1 1 1 7 ;  ongan  .  .  .  beorht  hofu  bar- 
nan,  began  to  consume  the  splendid 
country-seats  (the  dragon),  2314. 
for-barnan,  w.  v.,  consume  with 
fire  :  inf.  hy  hine  ne  moston  .  .  . 
bronde for-barnan, /'//^_)'(the  Danes) 
could    not   burn    him    (the    dead 
Aschere)    upon   the  funeral-pile, 
2127. 
baedan  (Goth,  baidjan,   O.N.   bei- 
ISa), /^  incite,  to  encourage:  pret. 
ba:dde    byre   geonge,   encouraged 
the  youths  (at  the  banquet),  2019. 
ge -baedan,  w.  v.,  to  press  hard:  pret. 
part,  bysigum  gebreded,  distressed 
by  trouble,  difficulty,  danger   (of 
battle),    2581;    to    drive,  to  send 
forth  :  stiTela  storm  strengum  ge- 
bceded,  the  storm  of  arrows  sent 
with    strength,    3118;     overcome: 
draca   .  .  .  bealwe    geboeded,    the 
dragon  .  .  .  overcome  by  the  ills  of 
battle,  2827. 
bsel    (O.N.   \M'),'i.\..x^.,fire,flames : 
(wyrm)     mid     bxle     for,  passed 
{through  the  air)  with  fire,  2309 ; 
hafde  landwara  lige  befangan,  btele 
and  bronde,  with  fire  and  burn- 
ing, 2323.  —  Especially,  the  fire  of 
the  funeral-pile,  the  funeral-pile, 
1110,1117,2127;  Kr  he  bail  cure, 
ere   he   sottght   the    burning   (i.e. 
died),  2819  ;    hata'S  .  .  .  hlasw  ge- 
wyrcean  .  .  .  after  baele,  ajter  lam 
burned,    let   a    burial  mound   be 
thrown    up    (Be6wulf's    words), 
2804. 


GLOSSARY. 


165 


bael-fyr,  st.  n.,  bale-fire,  fire  0/  the 
funeral- pile :  gen.  pi.  bselfyra 
msest,  3144. 

bail-stede,  st.  m.,  place  for  the  fu- 
neral.pile :  dat.  sg.  in  bjel-stede, 
3098. 

bael-wudn,  st.  m.,  wood  for  the  fu- 
neral-pile, 31 1 3. 

baer,  st.  f.,  bier,  3106. 

g  e  -  baeran,  w.v..  to  conduct  one'' s  self, 
behave:  inf.  w.  adv.,  ne  gefragen  ic 
hu  masgSe  .  .  .  sel  gebaeran,  /  did 
not  hear  that  a  troop  bore  itself 
better,  maintained  a  nobler  de- 
portment, 1013;  he  on  eorSan 
geseah  hone  leofestan  Itfes  at  ende 
bleate  gebaeran,  swlV  the  best-beloved 
upon  the  earth,  at  the  end  of  his 
life,  struggling  miserably  (i.e.  in  a 
helpless  situation),  2825. 

g  e  -  baetan  (denominative  frombaete, 
the  bit),  w.  v.,  to  place  the  bit  in 
the  mouth  of  an  animal,  to  bridle  : 
pret.  part.  J>S  was  Hroflgare  hors 
gebseted,  1400. 

be,  prep.  w.  dat.  (with  the  funda- 
mental meaning  near,  "  but  not  of 
one  direction,  as  at,  but  more  gen- 
eral ")  :  l)  local,  near  by,  near, 
at,  on  (rest)  :  be  ydlafe  uppe  te- 
gon,  lay  above,  tipon  the  deposit  of 
the  waves  (upon  the  strand,  of 
the  slain  nixies),  566;  hafde  be 
honda,  held  by  the  hand  (Beowulf 
held  Grendel)  ,815;  be  ssem  tweo- 
num,  in  the  circuit  of  both  the  seas, 
S59,  1686  ;  be  maste,  on  the  mast, 
1906;  be  iyxe,  by  the  fire,  2220; 
be  nasse,  at  the  promontory,  2244; 
sat  be  Jiaem  gebroSrum  twtem,  sat 
by  the  two  brothers,  II92  ;  was  se 
gryre  lassa  efne  swa  micle  swa 
biS  mag'Sa  craft  be  wsepnedmen, 
the  terror  was  jus*,  so  much  less,  as 
is  the  strength  of  woman   to   the 


7varrior  (i.e.  is  valued  by),  1285, 
etc.  —  2)  also  local,  but  of  motion 
from  the  subject  in  the  direction 
of  the  object,  oji,  upon,  by  :  gefeng 
be  ea.xle,  seized  by  the  shoulder, 
1538;  aledon  leofne  l^eoden  be 
maste,  laid  the  dear  lord  near  the 
mast,  36  ;  be  healse  genam,  took 
him  by  the  neck,  fell  upon  his  neck, 
1873 ;  waepen  hafenade  be  hiltum, 
grasped  the  weapon  by  the  hilt, 
1575,  etc.  —  3)  with  this  is  con- 
nected the  causal  force,  on  account 
of,  for,  according  to :  ic  his  gid 
be  he  awrac,  /  spake  this  solemn 
speech  for  thee,  for  thy  sake,  1724  ; 
hfl  he  Iser  be  hon,  learn  according 
to  this,  from  this,  1723  ;  be  fader 
lare,  according  to  her  father'' s  di- 
rection, 1 95 1. —  4)  temporal,  w//?7^, 
during  :  be  he  lifigendum,  while 
thou  livest,  during  thy  life,  2666. 
See  bi. 

bed,  St.  n.,  bed,  couch  :  ace.  sg.  bed, 
140,  677;  gen.  sg.  beddes,  1792; 
dat.  pi.  beddum,  1241.  —  Comp. : 
dea'5-,  hlin-,  lager-,  mor'Sor-,  wal- 
bed. 

g  e  -  bedde,  w.  f.,  bed-fellow  :  dat.  sg. 
wolde  secan  cwen  to  gebeddan, 
wished  to  seek  the  queen  as  bed-fel- 
low, to  go  to  bed  with  her,  666.  — 
Comp.  heals-gebedde. 

begen,  fem.  \)A,both:  nom.  m.,536, 
770,  2708;  ace.  fem.  on  bShealfa, 
on  two  sides  (i.e.  Grendel  and  his 
mother),  1306;  dat.  m.  bim,  2197; 
and  in  connection  with  the  posses- 
sive instead  of  the  personal  pro- 
noun, drum  bam,  2661 ;  gen.  n. 
bega,  1874,  2896;  begagehwaSres, 
each  one  of  the  two,  1044 ;  bega 
io\cQS,  of  both  peoples,  11 25. 

g  e  -  belgan,  st.  v.  (properly,  to  causi 
to  swell,  to  swell) ,  to  irritate  :  w. 


1(^.(1 


GLOSSARY. 


dat.  (pret.  subj.)  t'St  he  ecean 
dryhtne  bitre  gel)ulge,  that  he  had 
bitterly  attgered  the  eternal  Lord, 
2332;  pret.  part,  gebolgen,  1540; 
(gebolge, MS.),2222;  pl.geholgne, 
1432;  more  according  to  the  origi- 
nal meaning  in  tome  gebolgen, 
2402. 

i-belgan,  to  anger:  pret.  sg.  vv. 
ace.  85  Jjjit  hyne  Sn  dbealh  mon  on 
mode,  till  a  man  a^igered  him  in 
his  heart,  2281 ;  pret.  part.  Sbol- 
gen,  724. 

ben,  St.  f.,  wound :  ace.  sg.  benne, 
2725.  —  Comp. :  feorh-,  seax-ben. 

bene,  St.  f.,  bench  :  nom.  sg.  bene, 
492;  dat.  sg.  bence,  327,  1014, 
1 189,  1244.  —  Comp. :  ealu-,  medu- 
benc. 

benc-s\veg,  st.  ni.,  {bench-rejoic- 
ing),  rejoicing  which  resounds 
from  the  benches,  II 62. 

benc-}>cl,  st.  n.,  bench-board,  the 
wuinscotted space  7uhere  the  benches 
stand:  nom.  pi.  benc-J'elu,  486; 
ace.  pi.  benc)jelu  beredon,  cleared 
the  bench-boards  (i.e.  by  taking 
away  the  benches,  so  as  to  prepare 
couches),  1240. 

bend, St.  m.  f.,  bond,  fetter  :  ace.  sg. 
forstes  bend,  frosCs  bond,  1610; 
dat.  pi.  bendum,  978.  —  Comp. : 
f$>r-,  hell-,  hyge-,  tren-,  oncer-, 
searo-,  wal-bend. 

ben-geat,  st.  n.,  {-wound -gate), 
wound-opening :  nom.  pi.  beu- 
geato,  1 122. 

bera  (O.N.  beri),  w.  m.,  bearer  :  in 
comp.  hleor-bera. 

beran,  st.  v.  w.  ace,  to  carry  •  III. 
sg.  pres.  byre's,  296,  448;  l^one 
md'SSum  byre's,  carries  the  treas- 
ure ^upon  his  person),  2056;  pres. 
subj.  here,  437;  pi.  beren,  2654; 
inf.  beran,  48,  231,  291,  etc.;   heht 


\>^  se  hearda  Hrunting  beran,  to 
bring  I/runtittg,  1808;  up  beran, 
1921;  in  beran,  2153;  pret.  bar, 
495,  712,  847,  etc.;  mandryhtne 
bar  fated  wEge,  brought  the  lord 
the  costly  vessel,  2282;  pi.  bjeron, 
213,  1636,  etc.;  bseran,  2851 ;  pret 
part,  boren,  1 193,  1648,  3136. — 
The  following  expressions  arc  po- 
etic paraphrases  of  the  forms  go, 
come :  \>'i.t  we  rondas  beren  eft  to 
earde,  2654;  gewftaS  for"5  beran 
waspen  and  gewa;du,  29 1;  ic  ge- 
fragn  sunu  Wihstanes  hringnet  be- 
ran, 2755 ;  wigheafolan  liar,  2662; 
helmas  baeron,  240  (conjecture) ; 
scyldas  basran,  285 1 :  they  lay 
stress  upon  the  connection  of  the 
man  with  his  weapons. 

at-beran,  to  carry  to  :  inf.  to  bea- 
dolace  {battle)  atberan,  1562; 
pret.  I'd  hine  on  morgenltd  on 
Hea'(Sora;mas  holm  up  atbar,  the 
sea  bore  him  up  to  the  //ea'^or(Cinas, 
519;  hio  Beowuife  medofal  alba*. 
brought  Bed'wulf  the  mead-cup, 
625;  magenbyrSenne  .  .  .  hidcr  fit 
atbar  cyninge  mtnum,  bore  the  great 
burden  hither  to  my  king,  3093; 
pi.  ht  hyne  atbreron  to  brimes  fn- 
ro'Se,  28. 

for-beran,  to  hold,  to  suppress  :  inf. 
hat  he  hone  brcostwylm  forberan 
ne  mehte,  that  he  could  not  suppress 
the  emotions  of  his  breast,  1878. 

ge-beran, /o  bri  tig  forth,  to  bear: 
pret.  part,  hat  IS  mag  secgan  se  he 
so^  and  riht  fremeN  on  folce  .  .  . 
I'iit  hes  eorl  waere  geboren  betera 
{that  mccy  every  just  man  of  the 
people  say,  that  this  nobleman  is 
better  born),  1704. 

6'5-beran,  to  bring  hither:  pret. 
hS  mec  sse  otSbar  on  Finna  land, 
579- 


GLOSSARY. 


1^1 


on-beran  (O.H.G.  in  beran,  intpe- 
ran,  but  in  the  sense  of  carere),  au- 
ferre,  to  carry  off,  to  take  away  : 
inf.  tren    Eergod    I'at    has  ahlffican 
blodge  beadufolme  onberan  wolde, 
excellent  snwrd  which  would  sweep 
off  the  bloody  hand  of  the  demon, 
991;    pret.   part,    (was)    onboien 
beaga   hord,   the   treasure   of  the 
rings  had  been  carried  off,  2285. 
—  Compounds  with  the  pres.  part. : 
helm-,  sawl-berend. 
berian     (denominative    from    bar, 
naked),  w.   v.,  to  make  bare,  to 
clear :  pret.  pi.  bencl>elu  beredon, 
cleared  the  bench-place  (by  remov- 
ing the  benches),  1240. 
berstan,  st.  v.,  to  break,  to  burst: 
pret.    pi.    burston  banlocan,  819; 
bengeato  burston,  1122. — tocrack, 
to  make  the  noise  of  breaking  :  fin- 
gras  burston,  the  fingers  cracked 
(from  Beowulf's  gripe),  761. 
for-berstan,  break,  to  fly  asunder  : 
pret.    Nagling    forbarst,   N'dgliitg 
(Beowulf's   sword)  broke   in  two, 
2681. 
betera,  adj.  (comp.),  better:   nom. 

sg.  m.  betera,  469,  1704. 
bet-lic,    adj.,    excellent,    splendid: 
nom.   sg.   n.,   of   HroNgar's   hall, 
781;  of  Hygelac's  residence,  1926. 
betst,    betost    (superl.),    best,   the 
best :  nom.  sg.  m.  betst  beadurinca, 
1 1  lO;   neut.  nu  is  ofost  betost,  VHi 
we  . . .,  now  is  haste  the  best,  that 
■we  .  .  .,  3008;   voc.  m.  secg  betsta, 
948;   neut.  ace.  beaduscrflda  betst, 
453;     ace.    sg.    m.    J>egn    betstan, 
1872. 
bScn,  St.  n.,  {beacon),  token,  mark, 
sign  :  ace.  sg.  betimbredon  beado- 
rofes   been   (of  Beowulfs   grave- 
mound),  3162.     See  beacen. 
be^.    See  bedg. 


ben,  St.  f.,  entreaty  :  gen.  sg.  bSne, 

428,  2285. 
bena,  w.  m.,  suppliant,  supplex : 
nom.  sg.  swa  t>u  bena  eart  (as  thou 
entreatest),  2S^y  swS  he  bena  was 
(as  he  had  asked),  3141 ;  nom.  pi. 
hy  benan  synt,  364. 

ge-betan:  i)  to  make  good,  to  re- 
move: pret.ac  hu  Hro'Sgare  wtdcfi'S- 
ne  wean  wihte  gebettest,  hast  thou 
in  anyway  relieved  Hro'Sgdr  of  the 
evil  knowtt  afar,  1992;  pret.  part, 
ace.  sg.  swylce  oncySSe  ealle  ge- 
bette,  retnoved  all  trouble,  83 1. — 
2)  to  avenge  :  inf.  wihte  ne  meahte 
on  ham  feorhbonan  fsehSe  gebetan, 
could  in  no  way  avenge  the  death 
upon  the  slayer,  2466. 

beadu,  st.  f.,  battle,  strife,  combat : 
dat.  sg.  (as  instr.)  beadwe,  in  com- 
bat, 1 540;  gen.  pi.  bad  beadwa 
ge-Jnnges,  waited  for  the  combats 
(with  Grendel)  that  7vere  in  store 
for  him,  710. 

beadu-folm,  st.  f.,  battle-hand :  ace. 
sg.  -folme,  of  Grendel's  hand,  991. 

beado-grima,  w.  m.,  (battle-mask), 
helmet:  ace.  pi.  -griman,  225S. 

beado-hriigl,  st.  n.,  (battle-gar- 
ment), corselet,  shirt  of  mail,  552. 

beado-lac,  st.  n.,  (exercise  in  arms, 
tilting),  combat,  battle :  dat.  sg.  to 
beado-lace,  1562. 

beado-leoma,  w.  m.,  (battle- light] , 
sword:  nom.  sg.,  1524. 

beado-niece,  st.  m.,  battle-sword: 
nom.  pi.  beado-mecas,  1455. 

beado-rinc,  st.  m.,  battle-hero,  war- 
rior: gen.  pi.  betst  beadorinca,  1 1 10. 

beadu-rOf,  adj.,  strong  in  battle: 
gen.  sg.  -rofes,  of  Beowu'f,  3162. 

beadu-run,  st.  f.,  mystery  of  battle  : 
ace.  sg.  onband  beadu-rftne,  solved 
the  mystery  of  the  combat,  i.e.  gave 
battle,  commenced  the  fight,  501. 


168 


GLOSSARY. 


boadu-scearp,    adj.,    battle-sharp, 

sharp  for  the  battle,  2705. 

bcadu-scrud,  st.  n.,  {battle-dress'), 
corselet,  shirt  of  mail :  gen.  pi. 
beaduscrftda  betst,  453. 

beadu-serce,  \v.  {., {battle-garment), 
corselet,  shirt  of  mail :  ace.  sg. 
brogdne  beadu-sercean  (because  it 
consists  of  interlaced  metal  rings), 
2756. 

boado-'weorc,  st.  n.,  {battle-iuork), 
battle  :  gen.  sg.  gefeh  beado- 
weorces,  rejoiced  at  the  battle, 
2300. 

boald,  adj.,  bold,  brave:  in  conip. 
cyning-beald. 

bcaldiau,  w.  v.,  to  show  otters  self 
brave:  pret.  bealdode  godum  dae- 
dum  {through  brave  deeds),  2178. 

bealdor,  st.  m.,  lord,  prince  :  noin. 
sg.  sinca  baldor,  2429;  winia  beal- 
dor, 2568. 

bcalu,  St.  n.,  evil,  ruin,  destruction  : 
instr.  sg.  beahve,  2827 ;  gen.  pi. 
bealuwa,  281  ;  bealewa,  20S3 ; 
bealwa,  910.  —  Comp. :  cvvealm-, 
ealdor-,  hre'Ser-,  leod-,  niorSor-, 
niht-,  sweord-,  wig-bealu. 

bealu,  adj.,  deadly,  dangerous,  bad : 
instr.  sg.  hyne  sar  hafa^  befongen 
balvvon  bendum,  pain  has  en- 
twined hitn  in  deadly  bands,  978. 

bealo-CAvealin,  st.  ni.,  violent  death, 
death  by  the  sword {}),  2266. 

bealo-hycgende,  pres.  part.,  think- 
ing of  death,  meditating  destruc- 
tion :  gen.  pi.  acgh\va"(5rum  bealo- 
hycgcndra,  2566. 

bealo-hydig,  adj.,  thinking  of  death, 
meditating  destruction  :  of  Gren- 
del,  724. 

bealo-niU,  st.  m.,  {zeal  for  destruc- 
tion), deadly  enmity:  noni.  sg., 
2405  ;  destructive  struggle :  ace. 
sg.  bebeorh  \>t  J^one  bealontIS,  be- 


ware of  destructive  striving,  1759; 
death-bringing  rage  :  nova.  sg.  hira 
on  bredstum  bealo-ntS  weoll,  in 
his  breast  raged  deadly  fury  (of 
the  dragon's  poison),  2715. 

bearhtin  (see  beorlit)  :  i)  st.  m., 
splendor,  brightness,  clearness : 
nom.  sg.  eagena  bearhtm,  1767.  — 
2)  sound,  tone :  ace.  sg.  bearhtm 
ongeaton,  gflcihorn  galan,  they 
heard  the  sound,  {heard)  the  bat- 
tle-horn sound,  1432. 

bearin,  m.,  gremium,  sinus,  lap, 
bosoTn :  nom.  sg,  foldan  bearm, 
1 1 38;  ace.  sg.  on  bearm  scipes, 
35>  S97  ;  on  bearm  nacan,  214; 
him  on  bearm  hladan  bunan  and 
discas,  2776.  —  2)  figuratively, /oj- 
session,  property,  because  things 
bestowed  were  placed  in  the  lap 
of  the  receiver  (1145  and  2195, 
on  bearm  licgan,  alecgan) ;  dat. 
sg.  him  to  bearme  cwom  ma'SSum- 
fat  mx»re,  came  into  his  posses- 
sion, 2405. 

bcariijSt.n.,  i)  child,  son  :  nom.  sg. 
beam  Healfdenes,  469,  etc. ;  EcglS- 
fes  beam,  499,  etc. ;  dat.  sg.  bearne, 
2371 ;  nom.  pi.  beam,  59;  dat.  pi. 
bearnum,  1075.  —  2)  in  a  broader 
sense,  scion,  offspring,  descendant : 
nom.  sg.  Ongen^eow's  beam,  of 
his  grandson,  2388  ;  nom.  pi.  yldo 
beam,  70 ;  gumena  beam,  chil- 
dren of  men,  879  ;  hale'Sa  beam, 
1 190;  aSelinga  beam,  3172  ;  ace. 
pi.  ofer  ylda  beam,  606 ;  dat.  pi. 
ylda  bearnum,  150  ;  gen.  pi.  ni'^'Sa 
bearna,  1006.  —  Comp. :  bro"i5or-, 
dryht-beam. 

bearn-gebyrdu,  f.,  birth,  birth  of 
a  son :  gen.  sg.  hat  hyre  eald- 
metod  6ste  wasre  beam-gebyrdo, 
has  been  gracious  through  the  birth 
of  such  a  son  (i.e.  as  Be6wulf  ),  947 


GLOSSARY. 


169 


bcaru,  st.  m.,  {Jite  b:arer,  hence 
properly  only  the  fruit-tree,  espe- 
cially the  oak  and  the  beech),  tree, 
collectively /(7;'«/.'  nom.  pi.  hrtmge 
bearwas,  rime-covered  or  ice-clad, 
1364. 

bedcen,  st.  n.,  sign,  banner,  vexil- 
lum  :  nom.  sg.  beorht  beacen 
godes,  0/  the  sun,  570  ;  gen.  pi. 
beacnabeorhtost,  2778.  See  been. 

ge-bedcnian,  \v.  v.,  to  mark,  to  in- 
dicate :  pret.  part,  ge-beacnod,  140. 

bedg,  St.  m.,  ring,  ornament :  nom. 
sg.  beah  (^neck-ring'),  1 212;  ace. 
sg.  beah  (the  collar  of  the  mur- 
dered king  of  the  HeaSobeardnas), 
2042 ;  beg  (collective  for  the  ace. 
pi.),  3165  ;  dat.  sg.  cwom  Wealh- 
l^eo  for 5  gan  under  gyldnum  beage, 
she  walked  along  under  a  golden 
head-ring,  wore  a  golden  diadem, 
1 1 64;  gen.  sg.  beages  (of.  a  col- 
lar), 1217;  ace.  pi.  beagas  (rings 
in  general),  80,  523,  etc.;  gen.  pi. 
beaga,  35,  352,  1488,  2285,  etc.— 
Comp. :   earm-,  heals-beag. 

be^g-gj'fa,  \v.  m.,  ring-giver,  des- 
ignation of  the  prince :  gen.  sg. 
-gyfan,  1 103. 

bedg-hroden,  adj.,  adorned  with 
rings,  ornamented  with  clasps  : 
nom.  sg.  beaghroden,  cwen,  of 
Hro'Sgar's  consort,  perhaps  with 
reference  to  her  diadem  (cf.  1 164), 
624. 

liedli-hord,  st.  m.  n.,  ring-hoard, 
treasure  consisting  of  rings:  gen. 
j>g.  beah-hoides,  895 ;  dat.  pi.  beah- 
hordum,  2827  ;  gen.  pi.  beah-hor- 
da  vveard,  of  King  Hr6(5gar,  922. 

bedh-sele,  st.  m.,  ring-hall,  hall  in 
which  the  rings  were  distributed : 
nom.  sg.,  of  Heorot,  11 78. 

be4h-J>egu,  St.  f.,  the  receiving  of  the 
ring: dat.  sg.  after  beah->ege, 2177. 


bedh-wriffa, \v.  m.  ring-band,  ring 
wdth  prominence  given  to  its  having 
the  form  of  a  band :  ace.  sg.  beah- 
wriSan,  2019. 

bedni,  st  m.,  tree,  only  in  the  com- 
pounds fyrgen-,  gleo-beam. 

bedtan,  st.  v.,  thrust,  strike  :  pres. 
sg.  mearh  burhstede  beate^,  tin 
steed  beats  the  castle-ground  (place 
where  the  castle  is  built),  i.e.  with 
his  hoofs,  2266 ;  pret.  part,  swealt 
bille  ge-beaten,  died,  struck  by  the 
battle-axe,  2360. 

beorb,  St.  m. :  i)  mountain,  rock: 
dat.  Sg.  beorge,  211  ;  gen.  sg.  be- 
orges,  2525,  2756 ;  ace.  pi.  beorgas, 
222.  —  "i)  grave-mound,  tomb-hill : 
ace.  sg.  biorh,  2808;  beorh,  3098,^ 
3165.  A  grave-mound  serves  the 
drake  as  a  retreat  (cf.  2277,  2412)  : 
nom.  sg.  beorh,  2242  ;  gen.  sg.  be- 
orges,  2323.  —  Comp.  stan-bsorh. 

beorh,  st.  f.,  veil,  covering,  cap; 
only  in  the  comp.  heaford-beorh. 

beorgan,  st.  v.  (w.  dat.  of  the  in- 
terested person  or  thing), /o  save,  io 
shield :  inf.  wolde  feore  beorgan, 
place  her  life  in  safety,  1294;  here- 
byrne  .  .  .  seo  \>&  bancofan  beorgan 
cfti^e,  which  could  protect  his  body, 
1446;  pret.  pi.  ealdre  burgan, 
2600. 

be-beorgan  (w.  dat.  refl.  of  pers. 
and  ace.  of  the  thing),  to  take  care, 
to  defend  one's  self  from  :  inf.  him 
be-beorgan  ne  con  worn,  cannot 
keep  himself  from  stain  (fault), 
1747;  imp.  bebeorh  \>&  )'one  bea- 
lon«,  1759. 

gc-beorgan  (w.  dat.  of  person  or 
thing  to  be  saved),  to  save,  to  pro- 
tect: pret.  sg.  }>at  gebearh  feore, 
protected  the  life,  1549;  scyld  wel 
gebearg  life  and  lice,  2571. 

ymb-beorgan,  to  surround  pyo- 


170 


GLOSSARY. 


Uctingly :  pret.  sg.  bring  fltan  ymb- 
liearh,  1504. 
beorht,  byrht,  adj.:  i)  gleaming, 
shilling,  radiant,  shimmering  : 
nom.  sg.  beorht,  of  the  sun,  570, 
1803;  beorhta,  of  Heorot,  11 78; 
^at  beorhte  bold,  998;  ace.  sg. 
beorhtne,  of  Beowulf's  grave- 
niouiui,  2804 ;  dat.  sg.  to  [nEre 
hyrhtaii  (liere-byrhtan,  MS.)  byiig, 
1200;  ace.  pi.  beorhte  fratwe,  214, 
897;  beorhte  randas,  231;  bord- 
wudu  beorhtan,  1244;  n.  beorht 
hofu, 2314.  Super].:  beacnabeoih- 
tost,  2778.  —  2)  excellent,  remark- 
able :  gen.  sg.  beorhlre  bote,  158. 
—  Comp. :  sadol-,  wlite-beorht. 

beorhte,  adv.,  brilliantly,  brightly, 
radiajitly,  15 18. 

bcorlitiaii,  w.  v.,  to  sound  clearly  : 
pret.  sg.  beorhtode  benc-sweg, 
1162. 

beorn,  sc.  m.,  hero,  warrior,  noble 
man:  nom.  sg.  (HroSgir),  1881, 
(Beowulf),  2434,  etc.  ;  ace.  sg. 
(Beow.),  1025,  (Aschere),  1300; 
dat.  sg.  beorne,  2261  ;  nom.  pi. 
beornas  (Beowulf  and  his  com- 
panions), 211,  (Hro(5gar's  guests), 
857;  gen.  pi.  biorna  (Beowulf's 
liege-men),  2405.  —  Comp.:  folc-, 
gft'S-beorn. 

beornan,  st.  v.,  to  burn  :  pres.  part, 
oyrnende  (of  the  drake),  2273. — 
Comp.  un-byrnende. 

for-beornan,  to  be  consumed,  to 
burn:  pret.  sg.  for-barn,  161 7, 
1668 ;   for-born,  2673. 

ge-beornan,  to  be  burned:  pret. 
gebarn,  2698. 

beorn-cynlng,  st.  m.,  king  of  war- 
riors, king  of  heroes  :  nom.  sg.  (as 
voc),  2149. 

beodan,  st.  v.:  \)  to  announce,  to 
inform^  to  make  known  :  inf.  bid- 


dan,  2893.  >—  2)  to  offer,  to  proffer 
(as  the  notifying  of  a  transaction 
in  direct  reference  to  the  person 
concerned  in  it) :  pret.  pi.  him 
geHngo  budon,  offered  then  an 
agreement,  1086 ;  pret.  part.  \>3l 
was  ffiht  boden  Sweona  leodum, 
then  was  pursuit  offered  the  Siued- 
ish  people,  2958;  inf.  ic  t>am  godan 
sceal  mSSmas  beodan,  /shall  offer 
the  excellent  man  treasures,  385. 

i  -  b  e  6  d  a  n ,  /^i  present,  to  announce : 
pret.  word  inne  ahead,  made  knouni 
the  words  7aithin,  390  ;  to  offer,  to 
tender,  to  wish  :  pret.  him  hocl 
ahead,  wished  him  health  (greeted 
him),  654.  Similarly,  htelo  ^bead, 
2419  ;  eoton  weard  ahead,  offered 
the  giant  a  watcher,  669. 

be-be6dan,/(7  command,  to  order : 
pret.  sw5  him  se  hearda  behead,  as 
the  strong  man  commanded  them, 
401.  Similarly,  swi  se  rica  be- 
head, 1976. 

ge- beodan:  l)  to  command,  to 
order:  inf.  h£t  \>^  gebeodan  byre 
Wihstanes  haleSa  monegum,  \>?x 
hie  .  .  .,  the  son  of  Wihstan  caused 
orders  to  be  given  to  many  of  the 
men  ...,3111.  —  2)  to  offer  :  him 
Hygd  gebead  herd  and  rice,  of- 
fered' him  the  treasure  and  the 
chief  power,  2370 ;  inf.  gCiiie  ge- 
beodan, to  offer  battle,  604. 

beod-genedt,  st.  m.,  table-compan- 
ion :  nom.  and  ace.  pi.  geneatas, 

343.  1714- 
beon,  verb,  to  be,  generally  in  the 
future  sense,  will  be:  pres.  sg.  1. 
gftSgeweorca  ic  beo  gearo  s8na, 
/  shall  immediately  be  ready  for 
warlike  deeds,  1826  ;  sg.  III.  w5 
bi'5  ham  J^e  sceal  .  .  .,  'tvoe  to  him 
who  .  .  . !  183  ;  so,  186  ;  gifeSe 
biS  is  given,  299  ;   ne  biS  |>e  wilna 


GLOSSARY. 


171 


g4d  {no  wish  will  be  denied  thee'), 
66l;  hser  be  biS  manna  bearf,  if 
thou  shall  need  the  warriors,  1836  ; 
ne  biS  swylc  cwenlic  t>eaw,  is  not 
becoming,  honorable  to  a  woman, 
1941  ;  eft  sona  biS,  will  happen 
directly,  1763;  similarly,  1768,  etc.; 
pi.  bonne  bioS  brocene,  then  are 
broken,  2064 ;  feor  cySSe  beo^S 
selran  gesohte  l>ani  be  .  .  .,  "  terrae 
longinquae  meliores  sunt  visitatu 
eiqui  .  .  ."  (Grein),  1839;  imp.  beo 
(bio)  bu  on  ofeste,  hasten  !  386, 
2748 ;  beo  vvi'5  Geatas  glad,  be 
gracious  to  the  Gedtas,  1 1 74. 

beor,  St.  n.,  beer  :  dat.  sg.  at  beore, 
at  beer-drinking,  2042  ;  instr.  sg. 
beore  druncen,  531 ;  beore  drunc- 
ne,  4S0. 

beor-scealc,  st.  m.,  keeper  of  the 
beer,  cup-bearer :  gen.  pi.  beor- 
scealca  sum  (one  of  1  IrotSgar's  fol- 
lowers, because  they  served  the 
Geatas  at  meals),  1241. 

beor-sele,  st.  m.,  beer-hall,  hall  in 
which  beer  is  drunk :  dat.  sg.  in 
(on)  bedrsele,  4S2,  492,  1095  ; 
biorsele,  2636. 

be6r-J>egu,  st.  f.,  beer-dl-inking, 
beer-ba7iquet :  dat.  sg.  after  beor- 
bege,  117;   at  brere  beorbege,  618. 

be6t,  St.  w.,  promise,  binding  agree- 
ment to  something  that  is  to  be 
undertaken:  ace.  sg.  he  beot  ne 
il§h,  did  not  break  his  pledge,  80  ; 
beot  eal .  . .  geloeste,  performed  all 
that  he  had  pledged  himself  to,  523. 

ge-beotian,  w.  v.,  to  pledge  one's 
self  to  an  undertaking,  to  bind 
one's  self:  pret.  gebeotedon,  480, 
536. 

beot- word,  st.  n.,  same  as  beot : 
dat.  pi.  beot-wordum  sprac,  251 1. 

blddau,  St.  v.,  to  beg,  to  ask,  to  pray: 
pres.  sg.  I.  do  5  swS  ic  bidde  !  1232; 


inf.  (w.  ace.  of  the  pers.  and  gen. 
of  the  thing  asked  for)  ic  be  bid- 
dan  wille  Unre  bene,  beg  thee  for 
one,  427;  pret.  swa  he  selfa  bad, 
as  he  himself' had  requested,  29  ; 
bad  hine  TJTT^ine  (supply  wesan)  a' 
baere  beorbege,  'T)egged  him  to  be 
cheerful  at  the ^>eer-banquet,  618  ; 
ic  be  large  bad  bat  bu  .  .  .,  begged 
you  a  long  tit?ie  that  yon,  1995  ; 
frio'Sowjere  bad  hlaford  sinne, 
begged  his  lord  for  protectiin 
(ace.  of  pers.  and  gen.  of  thing), 
2283  ;  bad  bat  ge  geworhton, 
asked  that  yon  .  .  .,  3097;  pi.  wor- 
dum  baedon  bat  .  .  .,  1 76. 
on-bidian,  \v.  v.,  to  await:  inf. 
laeta'S  hilde-bord  her  onbidian  .  .  . 
worda  gebinges,  let  the  shields 
await  here  the  result  of  the  con- 
ference (lay  the  shields  aside  here) 

397- 

YyTlfSi.n. sword:  nom.  sg.  bil,  1568; 
bill,  277S  ;  ace.  sg.  bil,  155S  ; 
instr.  sg.  bille,  2360;  gen.  sg.  billes, 
2061,  etc.  :  instr.  pi.  biilum,  40  ; 
gen.  pi.  billa,  583,  1145. —  Comp. : 
gG'S-,  hilde-,  wig-bil. 

bindan,  st.  v.,  to  bind,  to  tie .  pret. 
part.  ace.  sg.  wudu  bundenne,  the 
bound  wood,  i.e.  the  built  ship,  216; 
bunden  golde  sw  urd,  a  stoord bound 
with  gold,  i.e.  either  having  its  hilt 
inlaid  with  gold,  or  ha\ing  gold 
chains  upon  the  hilt  (swords  of 
both  kinds  have  been  found), 
1901  ;  nom.  sg.  heoru  bunden, 
1286,  has  probably  a  similar  mean- 
ing. 

ge-bindan,  to  bind:  pret.  sg.  \>xt 
ic  fife  geband,  where  I  had  bound 
five(fi),  420;  pret.  part,  cyninges 
t>egn  word  oSer  fand  so^'e  gebun- 
den,  the  king's  man  found  (after 
many  had  already  praised  Beowulf's 


172 


GLOSSARY. 


deed)  other  'words  (also  referring 
to  Be6wuir,  but  in  connection  with 
Sigemund)  rightly  bound  together, 
i.e.  in  good  alliterative  verses,  as 
are  becoming  to  a  gid,  872;  wun- 
denmael  wrJittuni  gebunden,  sword 
bound  with  ornaments,  i.e.  inlaid, 
1532;  bisgum  gebunden,  bound 
together  by  sorrow,  1744;  gomel 
gflivvjga  eldo  gebunden,  hoary 
hero  bound  by  old  age  (fettered, 
oppressed),  21 12. 

o  n  -  b  i  n  d  a  n ,  to  unbind,  to  untie,  to 
loose :  pret.  onband,  501. 

ge-bind,  st.  n.  coll.,  that  which 
binds,  fetters  :  in  conip.  is-gebind. 

bite,  St.  m.,  bite,  figuratively  of  the 
cut  of  the  sword :  ace.  sg.  bite 
irena,  the  swords'  bite,  2260;  dat. 
sg.  after  billes  bite,  2061.  —  Comp. 
laS-bite. 

biter  (primary  meaning  that  of  bit- 
ing), adj.:  i)  sharp,  cutting,  cut- 
ting in  :  ace.  sg.  biter  (of  a  short 
sword),  2705;  instr.  sg.  biteran 
strale,  1747;  instr.  pi.  biteran  ba- 
num,  with  sharp  teeth,  2693.  — 
2)  irritated,  furious :  nom.  pi. 
bitere,  1432. 

bitre,  adv.,  bitterly  (in  a  moral 
sense),  2332. 

bi,  big  (fuller  form  of  the  prep,  be, 
which  see),  prep.  w.  dat. :  l)  near, 
at,  on,  about,  by  (as  under  be, 
No.  i)  :  bi  saem  tweonum,  in  the 
circuit  of  both  seas,  1957;  Sias  bi 
ronde,  raised  himself  tip  by  the 
shield,  2^2>9''  ''•'  vvealle  gesat,  ja/ (^/ 
the  wall,  2718.  With  a  freer  posi- 
tion :  him  big  stodan  hunan  and 
orcas,  round  about  him,  3048.  — 
2)  to,  towards  (motion)  :  hwearf 
\A  bi  bence,  turned  then  towards 
the  bench,  1189;  ge6ng  bi  scsse, 
went  to  the  seat,  2757. 


bid  (see  bidan),  st.  n.,  tarrying 
hesitation  :  haer  wear'6  Ongenl>i<5 
on  bid  wrecen,  forced  to  tarry, 
2963. 

bidan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  delay,  to  stay,  to 
remain,  to  wait :  inf.  no  on  wealle 
leng  bidan  wolde,  would  x-ot  stay 
longer  within  the  wall  (the  drake), 
2309;  pret.  in  hystrum  bad,  re- 
viained  in  darkness,  87 ;  flota  stille 
bdd,  the  craft  lay  still,  301 ;  rece- 
da  .  .  .  on  ))am  se  rica  bSd,  where 
the  mighty  one  dwelt,  310;  haer 
se  snottra  bad,  where  the  wise  man 
(Hro^"gar)  -waited,  1314;  he  on 
searwum  bSd,  lie  (Beowulf)  stood 
there  armed,  2569;  ic  on  earde  bdd 
mslgesceafta,  lived  upon  the  pater- 
nal grou)id  the  time  appointed  me 
by  fate,  2737;  pret.  pi.  sume  \>xi 
bidon,.fow^  remained,  ivaited there, 
400.  —  2)  to  await,  to  wait  for, 
with  the  gen.  of  that  which  is 
awaited  :  inf.  bidan  woldon  Gren- 
dles  gfli'^e,  wished  to  aivait  the  com- 
bat with  Grendel,  to  undertake  it, 
482;  similarly,  528;  wiges  bidan, 
await  the  combat,  1269;  nalas  and- 
sware  bidan  wolde,  would  await 
no  answer,  1 495 ;  pret.  bad  bead wa 
gehinges,  awaited  the  evoit  of  the 
battle,  710;  scEgenga  bad  Sgend- 
frean,  the  sea-goer  (boat)  awaited 
its  owner,  1SS3;  sele  .  .  .  heaSo- 
wylma  bad,  laSan  liges  (the  poet 
probably  means  to  indicate  by 
these  words  that  the  hall  Ileorot 
was  destroyed  later  in  a  fight  by 
fire;  an  occurrence,  indeed,  about 
which  we  know  nothing,  but  which 
1 165  and  1 1 66,  and  again  2068  ff. 
seem  to  indicate),  82. 

S -bidan,  to  await,  with  the  gen.: 
inf.,  978. 

ge-bldan:    i)  to  tarry,   to   wait 


GLOSSARY. 


173 


imp.  geblde  ge  on  beorge,  wait  ye 
on  ike  mowitain,  2530;   pret.  part. 
I'edh  [)e  wintra  lyt  under  burhlocan 
gebiden   habbe    Hare'Ses    dohtor, 
although  Hh  daughter  had  divelt 
only  a  few  years   in   tjie   castle, 
1929.  —  2)    to    live    through,   to 
experieyice,   to   expect  (w.   ace.)  : 
inf.  sceal  endedag  mi  one  gebidan, 
shall  live  my  last  day,   639 ;    ne 
vvende  .  .  .  bote  gebidan,  did  not 
hope  .  .  .  to  live  to  see  reparation, 
935 ;  fela  sceal  gebidan  leofes  and 
liSes,  expej-ience  much  good  and 
much  affliction,  1061 ;   ende  gebi- 
dan, 1387,  2343;  pret.  he  has  frofre 
gebad,  received  consolation  (com- 
pensation) therefor,  7;  gebSd  win- 
tra worn,  lived  a  great  number  of 
years,  264;   in  a  similar  construc- 
tion, 816,  930,  1619,  2259,  3117. 
With  gen. :  inf.  to  gebidanne  oSres 
yrfevveardes,  to  await  another  heir , 
2453.     With  depend,  clause :  inf. 
to  gebidanne  ViX  his  byre  ride  on 
galgan,  to  live  to  see  it,  that  his  son 
hattg  upon  the  gallows,  2446;  pret. 
dream-leas  gebad  ^at  he  .  .  .,  joy- 
less he  experienced  it,  that  he  .  .  ., 
1 721;   Jjas  J'C  ic  on  aldre  gebM  I'at 
ic  .  .  .,  for  this,  that  I,  in  my  old 
age,  lived  to  see  that .  .  .,  1780. 
or  -bidan,  to  zuait,  to  await :  pret. 
hordweard  onbad  earfoSlice  oS  \>'iX 
sefen  cwom,  scarcely  waited,  could 
scarcely  delay  till  it  was  evening, 

2303. 
bitan,  St.  v.,  to  bite,  of  the  cutting  of 

swords:    inf.    bitan,    1455,   1524; 

pret.  bit  bSnlocan,  bit  into  his  body 

(Grendel),  743;   bSt  unswiiSor,  c«/ 

with  less  force  (Beowulfs  sword), 

2579. 
blanca,  w.  m.,  properly  that  which 

shines    here  of  the  horse,  not  so 


much  of  the  white  horse  as  the 
dappled :  dat.  pi.  on  blancum,  857. 
ge -bland,  ge -blond,  st.  n.,  mix- 
ture, heaving  mass,  a  turning.  — 
Comp. :  sund-,  ^S-geblond,  wind- 
blond. 
blanden-feax,blonden-feax,adj., 
fnixed,  i.e.  having  gray  hair,  gray- 
headed,  as  epithet  of  an  old  man . 
nom.  sg.  blondenfeax,  1792;  blon- 
denfexa,  2963;   dat.  sg.  blonden- 
feaxuni,  1874;    nom.  pi.  blonden- 
feaxe,  1595. 
bliic,    adj.,    dark,  black :    nom.  sg 

hrefn  blaca,  1802. 
blac,  adj.:    i)  gleaming,  shitting: 
ace.  sg.  blacne  leoman,  a  brilliant 
gleam,    15 18.  —  2)   of   the    white 
death-color, /rt/d"/  in  comp.  heoro- 
blac. 
blaed,  st.m. :  i) strength, force, vigor: 
nom.  sg.  was  hira  blsed  scacen  (of 
both  tnhc?,),  strength  zvas gone,  i.e. 
the  bravest  of  both  tribes  lay  slain, 
1 1 25;     nu  is  )nnes   magnes   bloed 
Sne  hwile,  now  the  fidness  of  thy 
strength  lasts  for  a  time,   1 762.  — 
2)  reputation,  renown,  knoinlcdge 
(with  stress  upon  the  idea  of  filling 
up,  spreading  out)  :  nom.  sg.  bted, 
18;    (Jsin)  blaed  is  arsered,  thy  re- 
nown is  spread  abroad,  1 704. 
blaed-agend,  pt.,   having  renown, 
renowned  :  nom.  pi.  blsed-dgende, 
1014. 
blsed-fiist,  5.d].,firm  inrenown,  re- 
nowned,   known    afar:    ace.   sg. 
blaedfastne  beorn  (of  Aschere,  v/ith 
reference  to  1329),  1300. 
bledt,  adj.,  miser  able, helpless  ;  only 

in  comp.  wal-bleat. 
bleat e,  adv.,  miserably,  helplessly, 

2825. 
blican,  St.  v.,  shine, gleam  :  inf.,  222 
bliije,  adj. :  i)  blithe,  joyous,  happy 


174 


GLOSSARY. 


ace.  sg.  bli^ne,  6i8.  — 2)  gracious, 
pleasing:  nom.  sg.  bliSe,  436. — 
Comp.  un-bli'tSe. 
bliff-heort,    adj.,  joyous   in  heart, 

happy:  nom.  sg.,  1803. 

blOd,  St.  n.,  blood:  nom.  sg.,   11 22; 

ace.  sg.,  743;  dat.  sg.  bl8de,  848; 

after  deorum  men  him  langa S  beorn 

wi«  blode,  (he  hero  ( I  Iro  Sgdr)  longs 

for   the  beloved  man    contrary  to 

blood,  i.e.  he  loves  him  although  he 

is  not  related   to    him    by    blood, 

1881 ;  dat.  as  instr.  blode,  486,  935, 

1595,  etc. 

blod-fag,   adj.,    spotted  with   blood, 

bloody,  2061. 
blOdig,  adj.,  bloody  :  ace.  sg.  f.  blod- 
ge,  991  ;  ace.  sg.  n.  blodig,  448; 
instr.  sg.  blodigan  gare,  2441. 
ge-blOdian,  w.  v.,  to  make  bloody, 
to  sprinkle  'ivitli  blood:  pret.  part, 
ge-blodegod,  2693. 
blodig-to3',  adj.,  with  bloody  teeth  : 
nom.  sg.  bona  blodig-toS  (of  Gren- 
del,  because  he  bites  his  victims  to 
death),  2003. 
Dl5d-re6w,  adj .,  bloodthirsty,  bloody- 
minded :  nom.  sg.  him  on  feihSe 
gre6vv  breost-hord  blod-reow,    in 
his  bosom  there  grew  a  bloodthirsty 
feeling,  1 720. 
be-bod,  St.  n.,  command,  order  ;  in 

comp.  wundor-bebod. 
bodiaii,  w.  v.,  {to  be  a  messenger), 
to  announce,  to  make  known  :  pret. 
hrefn  blaca  heofones  wynne  bliS- 
heort  bodode,  the  black  raven  an- 
nounced joyfully  heaven's  delight 
(the  rising  sun),  1S03. 
boga,  w.  m.,  boiu,  of  the  bended 
form;  here  of  the  dragon,  in  comp. 
hring-boga;  as  an  instrument  for 
shooting,  in  the  comp.  flSn-,  horn- 
boga;  bow  of  the  arch,  in  comp. 
stSn-boga. 


bolca,  w.  m.,  "  forus  navis  "  (Grein), 
gangway;  here  probably  the  planks 
which  at  landing  are  laid  from  the 
ship   to   the   shore:    ace.  sg.  ofer 
bolcan,  231. 
bold,  St.  n.,  building,  house,  edifice  . 
nom.  sg.  (Heorot),  998;    (Hyge- 
ISc's  residence),  1926;    (BeowulPs 
residence),    2197,    2327.  —  Comp. 
fold-bold. 
bold-agend,  pt.,  house-owner,  prop- 
erty-holder :    gen.    pi.    monegum 
boldSgendra,  31 13. 
bolgen-inOd,  adj.,  angry  at  heart, 

angry,  710,  17 14. 
bolster,  st.  m.,  bolster,  cushion,  pil- 
low :  dat.  pi.   (reced)  geond-brse- 
ded  wear^  beddum  and  bolstrum, 
was  covered  loith  beds  and  bolsters, 
1 24 1.  —  Comp.  hleor-bolster. 
bon-.     See  ban-, 
bora,  w.  m.,  carrier,  bringer,  leader: 
in  the  comp.  nuind-,  rDed-,wreg-bora. 
bord,  St.  n.,  shield :  nom.  sg.,  2674; 
ace.  sg.,  2525;   gen.  pi.  ofer  borda 
gebrac,  over  the   crashing  of  the 
shields,     2260.  —  Comp.:     hilde-, 
wig-bord. 
bord-habboiid,  pt.,  one  having  a 
shield,  shi:  Id-bearer  :  nom.  pi.  hiib- 
bende,  2896. 
bord-hreoiSa,    w.  m.,   shield-cover, 
shield  with  particular  reference  to 
its  cover  (of  hides  or  linden  bark)  : 
dat.  sg.  -hreoSan,  2204. 
bord-rand,  st.  m.,  shield :  ace.  sg., 

2560. 
bord-weall,  St.  m.,  shield-wall,  wall 

of  shields  :  ace.  sg.,  29S1. 
bord-\vudu,  st.  m.,  shield-wood, 
shield:  ace.  pi.  beorhtan  beord- 
wudu,  1244. 
botni,  St.  m.,  bottom  :  dat.  sg.  t3 
botme  (here  of  the  bottom  of  the 
fen-lake),  1507. 


GLOSSARY. 


175 


bOt  (emendation,  cf.  bStan),  st.  f. :  i) 
relief,  remedy:  noni.  sg.,  281 ;  ace. 

sg.  bote,  935;  ace.  sg.  bote,  910. — 
2)  a  performance  in  expiation,  a 
giving  satisfaction,  tribute  :  gen. 
sg.  bote,  1 58. 

braud,  brond,  st.  m. :  i)  burning, 
fire  :  nom.  sg.  ha  sceal  brond  fre- 
tan  {the  burning  of  Ike  body) ,  3015; 
instr.  sg.  hy  hine  ne  moston  .  .  . 
bronde  forbarnan  {could  not  be- 
stoiv  uponhim  the  solemn  burning^, 
2127;  hafde  landwara  lige  befan- 
gen,  ba?Ie  and  bronde,  tuith  glow, 
fire,  and  flame,  2323. —  2)  in  the 
passage,  ]?at  hine  no  brond  ne  bea- 
domScas  bitan  ne  meahton,  1455, 
brond  has  been  translated  sxvord, 
brand  (after  the  O.N.  brand-r). 
The  meaning  fire  may  be  justified 
as  well,  if  we  consider  that  the  old 
helmets  were  generally  made  of 
leather,  and  only  the  principal 
parts  were  mounted  with  bronze. 
The  poet  wishes  here  to  emphasize 
the  fact  that  the  helmet  was  made 
entirely  of  metal,  a  thing  which  was 
very  unusual.  —  3)  in  the  passage, 
forgeaf  ha  Beowulfe  brand  Healf- 
denes  segen  gyldenne,  1021,  our 
text,  with  other  editions,  has  emen- 
dated, beam,  since  brand,  if  it 
be  intended  as  a  designation  of 
Hro'SgSr  (perhaps  son'),  has  not 
up  to  this  time  been  found  in  this 
sense  in  A.-S. 

brant,  bront,  adj.,  raging,  foaming, 
going  high,  of  ships  and  of  waves  : 
ace.  sg.  brontne,  238,  568. 

brad,  adj. :  l)  extended,  wide  :  nom. 
pi.  brade  rice,  2208.  —  2)  broad: 
nom.  sg.  heah  and  brid  (of  Beo- 
wulf's grave-mound),  3159;  ace. 
sg.  bradne  mece,  2979;  (seax) 
brSd    [and]    brClnecg,    the   broad. 


short  s-cvord  zvitk  bright  edge,  1547. 

—  3)  massive,  in  abundance .  ace. 
sg.  brad  gold,  3106. 

ge-brac,  st.  n.,  noise,  crash:  ace. 
sg.  borda  gebrae,  2260. 

g  e  o  n  d  -  braedan,  w.  v.,  to  spreaa 
over,  to  cover  entirely  :  pret.  part, 
geond-breeded,  1240. 

brecan,  st.  v. :  i')  to  break,  to  break 
to  pieces:  pret.  bdnhringas  brae, 
(the  sword)  broke  the  joints,  1568. 
In  a  moral  sense :  pret.  subj.  hat 
hasr  a;nig  mon  wsere  ne  brsece,  that 
no  one  shoitld break  the  agreement, 
iioi;  pret.  part,  honne  bioS  bro- 
cene  .  .  .  S5-s\\  eord  eorla,  then  are 
the  oaths  of  the  men  broken,  2064. 

—  2)  probably  also  simply  to  break 
in  ttpo7i  something,  to  press  upon, 
w.  ace. :  pret.  sg.  saede6r  rnonig 
hildetuxum  heresyrcan  brae,  many 
a  sea-animal  pressed  zvith  his  bat- 
tle-teeth upon  the  shirt  of  mail  {A\d 
not  break  it,  for,  according  to  1549 
f.,  1553  f.,  it  was  still  unharmed). 
15 1 2.  —  3)  to  break  out,  to  spring 
out :  inf.  geseah  .  .  .  stream  fit  bre- 
can of  beorge,  saw  a  stream  bren  k 
out  from  the  rocks,  2547 ;  letdsf 
hearda  HigelSces  hegn  brSdne 
mece  .  .  .  brecan  ofer  bordweal, 
ca  used  the  broadsiuord  to  spring  out 
over  the  wall  of  shields,  2981. — 
4)  figuratively,  to  vex,  not  to  lei 
rest :  pret.  hine  fyrwyt  brae,  furi- 
osity tormented  (N.H.G.  brachte 
die  Neugier  urn),  232,  1986,  2785. 

ge-breean,/o  break  to  pieces  :  pret. 

banhfis  gebrae,  broke  in  pieces  his 

body    (Beowulf    in    combat    with 

Daghrefn),  2509. 
to-breean,/i3  break  in  pieces  :  inf., 

781;   pret.  part,  to-brocen,  99S. 
t>urh-brecan,   to   break   through. 

pret.  wordes  ord  breosthord  hurh- 


17(i 


GLOSSARY. 


brae,  the  word^s point  broke  through 
his  closed  breast,  i.e.  a  word  burst 
out  from  his  breast,  2793. 

b  Tecs',  St.  f.,  condition  of  being  brok- 
en, breach  :  nom.  pi.  modes  brec'Sa 
(^sorrow  of  hea  rt)  ,171. 

fl-brednian,  w,  v.  w.  ace,  to  fell 
to  the  ground,  to  hill(?):  pret. 
dbredwade,  2620. 

bregdan,  st.  v.,  properly  to  sruing 
round,  hence:  i)  to  seeing:  inf. 
undtTScezdnhregdan,  swingamong 
the  shadows,  to  send  into  the  realm 
of  shadows,  708;  pret.  bragd  ealde 
lafe,  swung  the  old  tveapon,  796; 
bragd  feorh-geni'Slan,  STvung  his 
mortal  enemy  (Grendel's  mother), 
threw  her  down,  1540;  pi.  git 
eagorstream  .  .  .  mundum  brugdon, 
stirred  the  sea  with  your  hands  (of 
the  movement  of  the  hands  in  swim- 
ming), 514;  pret.  part,  broden 
(brogden)  mrel,  the  draiun  sword, 
1617,  1668.  —  2)  to  knit,  to  knot, 
to  plait :  inf.,  figuratively,  inwitnet 
oSrum  bregdan,  to  weave  a  way- 
laying net  for  atiolher  (as  we  say 
in  the  same  way,  to  lay  a  trap  for 
another,  to  dig  a  pit  for  another), 
2168;  pret.  part,  beadohragl  bro- 
den, a  woven  shirt  of  mail  (because 
it  consisted  of  metal  rings  joined 
together),  552;  similarly,  1549; 
brogdnebeadusercean,  2756. 

S-bregdan,  to  s~ving :  pret.  hond 
up  S-brad,  szvung,  raised  his  hand, 
2576. 

ge- bregdan:  i)  swing:  pret.  hring- 
mail  gebragd,  sivung  the  ringed 
sword,  1565;  eald  sweord  eacen 
.  .  .  \>dX  ic  }>^  wcepne  gebi  ad,  an  old 
heavy  s-iuord  that  I  swung  as  my 
weapofi,  1665;  with  interchanging 
instr.  and  ace.  wallseaxe  gebrad, 
biter  and  beadu-scearp,  2704;  also. 


to  draw  out  of  the  sheath  •  sweord 
asr  gebrad,  had  drawn  the  s'.vord 
before,  2563.  —  2)  to  knit,  to  knot, 
to  plait :  pret.  part,  here-byrne 
hondum  gebroden,  1444. 
o  n  -  b  r  e  g  d  a  n  ,  to  tear  open,  to  throw 
open :  pret.  onbrad  \>k  recedes 
mftSan,  had  then  thrown  open  the 
entrance  of  the  hall  (onbregdan  is 
used  because  the  opening  door 
swings  upon  its  hinges),  724. 
brego,  St.  m., prince,  ruler:  nom.  sg. 

427,  610. 
brego-rOf,    adj.,    powerful,   like   a 
-    ruler,  of  heroic  strength  :  nom.  sg. 

m.,  1926. 
brego-stol,  st.  m.,  throne,  figura- 
tively for  rule :  ace.  sg.  him  ge- 
sealde  seofon  J^fisendo,  bold  and 
hxego-'s\.o\, gave  him  seven  thousand 
(see  under  see  at),  a  country- 
scat,  and  the  dignity  of  a  prince, 
2197;  \>xr  him  llygd  gebead  .  .  . 
brego-stol,  where  II.  offered  him 
the  chief  power,  2371 ;  let  hone 
bregostol  Beowulf  healdan,  gave 
over  to  Bedzvulf  the  chief  power 
(did  not  prevent  Beowulf  from 
entering  u]ion  the  government), 
2390. 
brenie,  adj.,  knozun  afar,  renowned. 

nom.  sg.,  18. 
brcnting  (see  brant),  st.  m.,  ship 
craft:  nom.  pi.  brentingas,  280S. 
S-bredtan,  st.  v.,  to  break,  to  break 
in  pieces,  to  kill :  pret.  abre6t  brim- 
wisan,  killed  the   sea-king  (King 
Hce^cyn),  2931.     See  brcotan. 
breost,  st.  n.:   i)  breast:  nom.  sg., 
2177  ;  often  used  in  the  pi.,  so  ace 
hat  mine  bredst  were 5,  'which  p>p 
tects  my  breast,  453;    dat.  pi.  bea 
dohragl  broden  on  breostum  lag 
552. —  2)  the  inmost  thoughts,  thi 
mind,  the  heart,  the  bosom  :  nom. 


GLOSSARY. 


177 


sg.  bre6st  innan  weoll  J'eostrum  ge- 
Jjoncum,  his  breast  heaved  with 
troubled  thoughts,  2332;  dat.  pi. 
let  bd  of  breostum  word  fit  faran, 
caused  the  words  to  come  out  front 
his  bosom,  2551. 

breost-gehygd,  st.  n.  f.,  breast- 
thotigkt,  secret  thought:  instr.  pi. 
-gehj'gdum,  2819. 

breost-gewaedu,  st.  n.  pi.,  breast- 
clothing,  garment  covering  the 
breast,  of  the  coat  of  mail:  nom., 
1212;   ace,  2163. 

breost-hord,  st.  m.,  breast-hoard, 
that  which  is  locked  in  the  breast, 
heart,  mind,  thought,  soul:  nom. 
sg.,  1720;   ace.  sg.,  2793. 

breost-net,  st.  n.,  breast-net,  shirt 
of  chain-mail,  coat  of  mail :  nom. 
sg.  breost-net  broden,  1549. 

b^e6st-^veo^3'ung,  st.  f.,  ornament 
that  is  ivorn  tipon  the  breast :  ace. 
sg.  breost-weorSunge,  2505  :  here 
the  collar  is  meant  which  Beowulf 
receives  from  Wea]hl>e6w  (1196, 
2174)  as  a  present,  and  which  B., 
according  to  2173,  presents  to 
Hygd,  while,  according  to  1203,  it 
is  in  the  possession  of  her  husband 
Hygelac.  In  front  the  collar  is 
trimmed  with  ornaments  (fratwe), 
which  hang  down  upon  the  breast, 
hence  the  name  breost-weorSung. 

breost-vrylm,  st.  m.,  heaving  of  the 
breast,  emotion  of  the  bosom  :  ace. 
sg.,  1878. 

breotan,  st.  v.,  to  break,  to  break  in 
pieces,  to  kill :  pret.  breat  beodge- 
neatas,  killed  his  table-companions 
(courtiers),  1714. 

ft-breotan,  same  as  above:  pret. 
t)one  he  heo  on  raste  Sbreat,  whom 
she  killed  upon  his  couch,  1299; 
pret.  part.  JjS  bat  monige  gewearS, 
J>at  bine  se6  brimwylf  Sbroten  haf- 


de,  t?iany  believed  that  the  sea-wolf 
(Grendel's  mother)  had  killed  him, 
1600;  hi  hyne  .  .  .  abroten  hafdon, 
had  killed  him  (the  dragon),  2708. 

brim,  st.  n.,  flood,  the  sea  :  nom.  sg., 
848,  1595;  gen.  sg.  to  brimes  fa- 
ro'Se,  to  the  sea,  28;  at  brimes  no- 
san,  at  the  sea's  promontory,  2804 ; 
nom.  pi.  brimu  swaSredon,  the 
waves  subsided,  570. 

brini-clif,  st.  r\.,sea-cliff, cliff  washed 
by  the  sea  :  ace.  pi.  -clifu,  222. 

brini-lad,  st.  {.,  flood-way,  sea-way  : 
ace.  sg.  I'ara  l^e  mid  Beowulfe  brim- 
lade  teah,  who  had  travelled  the 
sea-way  with  B.,  1052. 

briin-liiafend,  pt.,  sea-farer,  sailor  • 
ace.  pi.  -liSende,  568. 

brim-stredm,  st.  m.,  sea-stream,  the 
flood  of  the  sea  :  ace.  pi.  ofer  brim- 
streamas,  191 1. 

briin-"wisa,  w.  m.,  sea-kiitg :  ace.sg. 
brimwisan,  of  Hae'Scyn,  king  of  the 
Geatas,  2931. 

brim-\vylf,  st.  f.,  sea-wolf  (designa- 
tion of  Grendel's  mother)  :  nom. 
sg.  seo  brimwylf,  1507,  1600. 

brim-Avylm,  st.  m.,  sea-wave  :  nom. 

sg.,  1495- 

bringan,  anom.  v.,  to  bring,  to  bear  : 
prs.  sg.  I.  ic  be  [>(isenda  {^egna 
bringe  to  h&l'pt,  bring  to  your  assist- 
ance thousands  of  ivarriors,  1S30; 
inf.sceal  hringnaca  ofer  hea'Subrin- 
gan  lac  and  luftacen,  shall  bring 
gifts  and  love-tokens  over  the  high 
sea,  1863;  similarly,  2149,  2505; 
pret.  pi.  we  J^ds  sseldc  .  .  .  brohton, 
brought  this  sea-offering  (Grendel's 
head),  1654. 

ge-bringan,  to  bring:  pres.  subj. 
pi.  YiX  we  J'one  gebringan  ...  on 
lidfaie,  that  we  bring  him  upon  the 
funeral-pile,  30 1 0. 

brosnlan,  w,  v„  to  crumble,  to  be- 


178 


GLOSSARY. 


come  7otien,  to  fall  to  pieces :  pis. 
sg.  III.  herepM  .  .  .  brosnaS  after 
\)tOTx\e,thecoat  of  mail fallsio  pieces 
after  (the  death  oi)  the  hero,  2261. 

brOffor,  st.  m.,  brother :  nom.  sg., 
1325,  2441 ;  dat.  sg.  brS^er,  1263; 
gen.  sg.  his  broSor  beam,  2620; 
dat.  pi.  broSrum,  588,  1075. 

ge-bro'JSru,  pi.,  brethren,  brothers  : 
dat.  pi.  sat  be  I'aem  gebroSrum 
twa;m,  sat  by  the  tiuo  brothers,  1 1 92. 

brOga,  w.  m.,  terror,  horror  :  nom. 
sg.,  1292,  2325, 2566;  ace.  sg.  bilk 
brogan,  583.  —  Comp. :  gryre-, 
here-broga. 

brucan,  st.  v.  w.  gen.,  to  use,  to  make 
use  of:  prs.  sg.  III.  se  he  longe  her 
worolde  brftceS,  zvho  here  long 
makes  use  of  the  world,  i.e.  lives 
long,  1063;  imp.  brfic  manigra 
m^da,  viake  use  of  many  rewards, 
give  good  rewards,  1 1 79 ;  to  enjoy  : 
inf.  bat  he  beahhordes  brdcan  mos- 
te,  could  enjoy  the  ring-hoard,  895; 
similarly,  2242,  3101;  pret.  breac 
lifgesceafta,  enjoyed  the  appointed 
life,  lived  the  appointed  time,  1954. 
With  the  genitive  to  be  supplied : 
breac  bonne  nioste,  1488;  imp. 
brdc  Hsses  beages,  enjoy  this  ring, 
take  this  ring,  1 21 7.  Upon  this 
meaning  depends  the  form  of  the 
wish,  wel  brClcan  (compare  the 
German  geniesze  froh!):  inf.  h§t 
bine  wel  brftcan,  1046 ;  h^t  hine 
brflcan  well,  2813;  imp.  brflc  ealles 
well,  2163. 

brun,  adj.,  having  a  brown  lustre, 
j^?«i;/^.- nom.  sg.si6ecgbr(in, 2579. 

brun-ecg,  adj.,  having  a  gleaming 
blade  :  ace.  sg.  n.  (hyre  seaxe)  brSd 
[and]  brflnecg,  her  broad  sword 
with  gleaming  blade,  1 547. 

brun-ffig,  adj.,  gleaming  like  metal: 
ace.  sg.  br&nf^ne  helm,  2616. 


bryne-le6ina,  w.  m.,  ligl-i  of  a  con- 
flagration,gleam  of  fit  e :  nom.  sg., 

2314- 
bryne-wylm,  st.  m.,  wave  of  fire  : 

dat.  pi.  -wylmum,  2327. 

brytnian  (properly /o  break  in  small 
pieces,  cf.  bredtan),  w.  v.,  to  bestow, 
to  distribute  :  pret.  sine  brj'tnade, 
distributed prcsents,'\.Q. ruled  (since 
the  giving  of  gifts  belongs  espe- 
cially to  rulers),  2384. 

brytta,  w.  m.,  giver,  distributer, 
always  designating  the  king :  nom. 
sg.  sinces  brytta,  608,  1171,  2072; 
ace.  sg.  beaga  bryttan,  35,  352, 
1488;  sinces  bryttan,  1923. 

bryttian  (^to  be  a  dispenser^,  w.  v., 
to  distribute,  to  confer  :  prs.  sg.  III. 
god  manna  cynne  snyttru  brytta'S, 
bestows  wisdom  upon  the  human 
race,  1727. 

brj'dj  St.  f . :  i)  wife,  consort :  ace. 
sg.  bryd,  2931  ;  bryde,  2957,  both 
times  of  the  consort  of  Ongen- 
beow  (?).  —  2)  betrothed,  bride : 
nom.  sg.,  of  HroSgSr's  daughter, 
Freaware,  2032. 

bryd-biir,  st.  n.,  woman's  apart- 
ment:  dat.  sg.  eode  .  .  .  cyning 
of  brydbflre,  the  king  came  out  of 
the  apartment  of  his  zvife  (into 
which,  according  to  666,  he  had 
gone),  922. 

bunden-stefna,  w.  m.,  {that  7vhich 
has  a  bound  pro7o),  the  framed 
ship  :  nom.  sg.,  191 1. 

bune,  w.  f.,  can  or  cup,  drinking- 
vessel:  nom.  pi.  bunan,  3048 ;  ace. 
pi.  bunan,  2776. 

burh,  burg,  st.  f.,  castle,  city,  forti- 
fied house  :  acc.sg.  burh,  523;  dat. 
sg.  byrig,  I2CX3;  dat.  pi.  burgum, 
53,  1969,  2434.  — Comp. :  fre6-, 
freoSo-,  hea-,  hle6-,  hord-,  Ie6d-, 
maeg-burg. 


GLOSSARY. 


179 


burh-loca,  \v.  m.,  castle-bars  :  dat. 
sg.  under  burh-locan,  under  the 
castle-bars,  i.e.  in  the  castle  (Hy- 
gelac's),  1929. 

burh-stede,  st.  m.,  castle-place, place 
where  the  castle  or  city  stands  :  ace. 
sg.  burhstede,  2266. 

burh-'wela,  w.  m.,  riches,  treasure 
of  a  castle  or  city  :  gen.  sg.  I'cnden 
he  burh-welan  brfican  moste,  3101. 

burne,  w.  f.,  spring,  fountain  :  gen. 
I'aere  burnan  wahn,  tke  bubbling  of 
of  the  spring,  2547. 

buan,  St.  v.:  \')  to  stay,  to  remain, 
to  dtvell :  inf.  gif  he  weard  on- 
funde  b&an  on  beorge,  if  he  had 
found  the  watchman  dwelling  on 
the  mountain,  2843.  —  2)  to  in- 
habit, w.  ace. :  meduseld  bdan,  to 
inhabit  the  mead-house,  3066. 

g  e  -  b  fi  a  n ,  w.  ace,  to  occupy  a  house, 
to  take  possession  :  pret.  part,  hean 
hfises,  hft  hit  Hring  Dene  after 
beorbege  gebfln  hafdon,  hozu  the 
Danes,  after  their  beer-carouse,  had 
occupied  it  (had  made  their  beds 
in  it),  117. —  With  the  pres.  part, 
buend  are  the  compounds  ceaster-, 
fold-,  grand-,  lond-bdend. 

bugan,  St.  v.,  to  bend,  to  bozv,  to  sink  ; 
to  turn,  to  flee  :  prs.  sg.  III.  bon-gar 
bftge^,  the  fatal  spear  sinks,  i.e.  its 
deadly  point  is  turned  down,  it 
rests,  2032;  inf.  J'at  se  byrnwiga 
bfigan  sceolde,  that  the  armed  hero 
hc.d  to  sink  down  (having  re- 
ceived a  deadly  blow),  2919;  sim- 
ilarly, 2975;  pret.  sg.  beah  eft 
under  eor^weall,  turned,  fled  again 
behitid  the  earth-wall,  2957;  pret. 
pi.  bugon  to  bence,  turned  to  the 
bench,  327,  1014;  hy  on  holt  h\x- 
goxi,  fled  to  the  wood,  2599. 
8,-bflgan,  to  bend  off,  to  curve  away 
from  :  pret.  fram  sylle  Sbeag  me- 


dubenc  monig,  from  the  threshold 
curved  away  many  a  mead-bench, 

776. 

be-bflgan,  w.  ace,  to  surround,  to 
encircle :  pis.  swa  (which)  water 
bebflgeS,  93;  efne  swS  side  swS 
see  bebflge'S  windige  weallas,  as  far 
as  the  sea  encircles  tvindy  shores, 
1224. 

ge-bftgan,  to  bend,  to  bozv,  to  sink  : 
a)  intrans. :  heo  on  flet  gebeah, 
sank  on  the  floor,  1 541  ;  ba  gebeah 
cyning,  then  sank  the  king,  2981 ; 
ha  se  wyrm  gebeah  snftde  tosonine 
{zvhen  the  drake  at  once  coiled  it- 
self up),  2568;  gew^t  h^  gebogen 
scri'6'an  to,  advanced  zvith  curved 
body  (the  drake),  2570. — b)  w.  ace. 
of  the  thing  to  which  one  bends  or 
sinks :  pret.  selereste  gebeah,  sank 
upon  the  couch  in  the  hall,  691; 
similarly  gebeag,  1242. 

bur,  St.  n.,  apartment,  room  :  dat. 
sg.  bfire,  1311,  2456;  dat.  pi.  b(i- 
rum,  140. — Comp.  br^^d-bdr. 

butan,  buton  (from  be  and  fitan, 
hence  in  its  meaning  referring  to 
what  is  without,  excluded):  i)  conj. 
with  subjunctive  following,  lest  : 
bQtan  his  lie  swice,  lest  his  body 
escape,  967.  With  ind.  follow- 
ing, but:  bfiton  hit  was  mare 
l^onne  asnig  mon  ©"Ser  to  beadu- 
lace  atberan  meahte,  but  it  (the 
sword)  was  greater  than  any 
other  man  could  have  carried  to 
battle,  1 56 1.  After  a  preceding 
negative  verb,  except :  hara  J^e  gu- 
mena  beam  gearvve  ne  wiston  bfl- 
ton  Fitela  mid  hine,  which  the 
children  of  men  did  not  know  at 
all,  except  Fitela,  who  was  with 
him,  S80;  ne  nom  he  maSm-aehta 
m^  bfiton  bone  hafelan,  etc.,  he  took 
no  more  of  the  rick  treasure  than 


180 


GLOSSAKY. 


the  head  alone,   1615.  — 2)   prep, 
with  clat.,  except  :  bftton  fokscare, 
73;   bfiton   Jje,    658;    ealle   bdton 
Snum,  706. 
bycgan,  \v.  v.,  to  buy,  to  pay :  inf. 
ne  was  [-at  gewrixle  til  bat  hie  on 
bd  healfa  bicgan  scoldon  freonda 
feorum,  that  zvas  no  good  transac- 
tion, that  they,  on   both  sides  (as 
well  to  Grendel  as  to  his  mother), 
had  to  pay  with  the  lives  of  their 
friends,  1 306. 
be-by cgan,  to  sell :  pret.  nu  ic  on 
rndSma  hord  mine  bebohte  fiode 
feorhlege  {ji07v  I,  for  the  treasure- 
hoard,  gave  up  my  old  life),  2800. 
ge-bycgan,  to  buy,  to  acquire;  to 
pay  :  pret.  w.  ace.  no  ]>xr  senige 
.  .  .  hohe  gehohte,  obtained  no  sort 
of  help,  consolation,  974;   hit  (his, 
MS.)  ealdre  gebohte,  paid  it  luith 
his  life,   2482;    pret.    part,    sylfes 
feore    beagas    [gebohjte,    bought 
rings  7a! tk  his  07on  life,  3015. 
byldan,  w.  v.  {to  make  beald,  which 
see),  to  excite,  to  encourage  to  brave 
deeds :  inf.  w.  ace.  swa  he  Fresena 
cyn  on  beorsele  byldan  wolde  (by 
distributing  gifts),  1095. 
ge  -  byrd,  st.  n.,  "  fatum  destinatum  " 
(Clrein)  (?)  :  ace.  sg.  hie  on  gebyrd 
hruron  gare  wunde,  1075. 
ge-byrdu,    st.  f.,    birth;   in    com- 
pound, bearn-gebyrdu. 
l>yrdii-scrud,    st.    n.,    shield-orna- 
ment,  design   upon   a   shield(7) : 
nom.  sg.,  2661. 
byre,  st.  m.,  (born)  son  :   nom.  sg., 
2054,  2446,   2622,  etc.  ;    nom.  pi. 
byre,  1189.      In  a  broader  sense, 
young  man,  youth  ;  ace.  pi.  bsedde 
byre  geonge,  encouraged  the  youths 
(at  the  banquet),  2019. 


byrffen,    st.    f.,   burden;    in  comp. 

magen-byrSen. 
byrcle,  st.  m.,  ste7vard,  waiter,  cup- 
bearer :  nom.  pi.  byrelas,  1162. 
byrgan,  \v.  v.,  to  feast,  to  eat :  inf., 

448. 
ge-byrgea,    w.    m.,   protector;    in 

comp.  leod-gebyrgea. 
byrht.     See  beorht. 
byrue,  w.  f.,  shirt  of  mail,  mail  : 
nom.  sg.  byrne,  405,    1630,    etc.; 
hringed  byrne,  ring-shirt,  consist- 
ing of  interlaced  rings,  1246;   ace. 
sg.  byrnan,   1023,  etc.;    side  byr- 
nan,    la)-ge    coat   of   mail,    1292; 
hringde  byrnan,  2616;    hSre  byr- 
nan, gray  coat  of  mail  (of  iron), 
2154;    dat.  sg.  on  byrnan,   2705; 
gen.  sg.  byrnan  bring,  the  ring  of 
the  shirt  of  mail  (i.e.  the  shirt  of 
mail),  2261;   dat.  pi.  byrnum,  40, 
238,  etc.;   beorhtum  byrnum,  7oith 
gleaming   mail,     3141. —  Comp.: 
g(i5-,   here-,  hea'So-,  iren-,  isern- 
byrne. 
byrneiid.     See  beornan. 
byrii-Aviga,  w.  m.,  7uarrior  dressed 
in    a    coat   of   mail:    nom.    sg., 
2919. 
bysgu,  bisigii,  st.  f.,  trouble,  diffi- 
culty, opposition  :  nom.  sg.  bisigu, 
281;   dat.  pi.  liisgum,   1744,  bysi- 
guni,  2581. 
bysig,  adj.,  opposed,  in  need,  in  the 

compounds  lif-bysig,  syn-bysig. 
bynic,  w.  f.,  a  loind-instrument,  a 
trumpet,  a  trombone  :  gen.  sg. 
byman  gealdor,  the  sound  of  the 
trumpet,  2944. 
by^van,  w.  v.,  to  ornament,  to  pre- 
pare :  inf.  I'a  I'e  beado-griman 
bywan  sceoldon,  7uho  should  pre- 
pare the  helmets,  2258. 


GLOSSARY. 


181 


C 


camp,  St.  in.,  combat,  fight  between 
two  :  dat.  sg.  in  campe  (Beowulf's 
with  Daghrefn  ;  cempan,  MS.), 
2506. 

candel,  st.  t.,  light,  candle :  nom. 
sg.  rodores  cetndel,  of  the  sun, 
1573.  —  Comp.  «'oruld-candel. 

cempa,  \v.  ni.,  fighter,  -warrior, 
hero  :  nom.  sg.  aSele  cempa,  131 3; 
Geata  cempa,  1552;  reSe  cempa, 
1586;  msere  cempa  (as  voc), 
1762;  gyrded  cempa,  2079;  dat. 
sg.  geongum  (geongan)  cempan, 
1949,  2045,  2627;  Huga  cempan, 
2503  ;  ace.  pi.  cempan,  206.  — 
Ciimp.  feSe-cempa. 

cennan,  w.  v. :  i )  /<?  bear,  w.  ace. :  efne 
swa  hwylc  magSa  swS.  J>one  magan 
cende,  T£'/^(?  bore  the  son,()^;  pret. 
part,  bam  eafera  was  after  cenned, 
to  him  7vas  a  son  born,  12.  — 
2)  reflexive,  to  show  one^s  self,  to 
reveal  one's  self:  imp.  cen  )?ec 
mid  crafte,  prove  yourself  by  your 
strength,  1 220. 

S.-cennan,  to  bear :  pret.  part,  no 
hie  fader  cunnon,  hwa'Ser  him  senig 
was  Der  acenned  dyrnra  g3.sta,  they 
(the  people  of  the  country)  do  not 
knoxv  his  (Grendel's)  father,  nor 
whether  any  evil  spirit  has  been 
before  born  to  him  (whether  he 
has  begotten  a  son),  1357. 

cenffu,  St.  f.,  boldness :  ace.  sg. 
cenSu,  2697. 

cene,  adj.,  keeti,  warlike,  bold :  gen. 
pi.  cinra  gehwylcum,  769.  Superl., 
ace.  pi.  cSnoste,  206. —  Comp.: 
dsed-,  gar-cene. 

ceald,  adj.,  cold:  ace.  pi.  cealde 
streamas,  1262  ;  dat.  pi.  cealduni 
cearsi'Sum,  with  cold,  sad  journeys, 
2397.      Superl.   nom.    sg.    wedera 


cealdost,    546.  —  Comp.    morgen- 
ceald. 

cearian,  w.  v.,  to  have  care,  to  take 
care,  to  trouble  one's  self :  prs.  sg. 
III.  na  ymb  his  lif  cearab',  takes 
no  care  for  his  life,  1537. 

cearig,  z.^y,  troubled,  sad :  in  comp. 
sorh-cearig. 

cear-siiSf,  st.  m.,  sorrowful  ivay,  an 
undertaking  that  brings  sorrow, 
i.e.  a  warlike  expedition :  dat.  pi. 
cearsiSum  (of  Beowulf's  expedi- 
tions against  Eadgils),  2397. 

cearu,  st.  f.,  care,  sorrow,  lamenta- 
tion :  nom.  sg.,  1304;  ace.  sg. 
[ceare],  3173.  —  Comp.:  ealdor-, 
gu5-,  mrel-,  mod-cearu. 

cear-walni,  st.  m.,  care-agitation, 
waves  of  sorrow  in  the  breast :  dat. 
pi.  after  cear-walmum,  2067. 

oear-'W'ylm,  st.  m.,  same  as  above : 
nom.  pi.  ha  cear-wylmas,  282. 

oeaster-buend,  pt.,  inhabitant  of 
a  fortified  place,  inhabitant  of  a 
castle :  dat.  pi.  ceaster-bfiendum, 
of  those  established  in  HroSgar's 
castle,  769. 

ceAp,  st.  m.,  purchase,  transaction  : 
figuratively,  nom.  sg.  nas  hat  f&e 
ceap,  no  easy  transaction,  2416  ; 
instr.  sg.  heah  he  o'Ser  hit  ealdre 
gebohte,  heardan  ceape,  although 
the  one  paid  it  with  his  life,  a  dear 
purchase,  2483. 

ge-cedpian,  w.  v.,  to  purchase  : 
pret.  part,  gold  unrime  grimme 
geceapod,  gold  without  measure, 
bitterly  purchased  (with  Beowulf's 
life),  3013. 

be-ceorfan,  st.  v.,  to  separate,  to 
cut  off  (with  ace.  of  the  pers.  and 
instr.  of  the  thing)  :  pret.  hine  ha 
heafde  becearf,  cut  off  his  head, 
1 591  ;    similarly,  2139. 

ceorl,  St.  m.,  man  :  nom.  sg.  snotot 


182 


GLOSSARY. 


ceorl  monig,  many  a  ivise  man, 
909  ;  dat.  sg.  gonielum  ceorle,  the 
old  man  (of  King  Hrciiel),  2445; 
so,  ealdum  ceorle,  of  KiiigOngen- 
l^eow,  2973  ;  nom.  pi.  snotere  ceor- 
las,  wise  men,  202,  416,  1592. 

ce6l,  St.  m.,  keel,  figuratively  for  the 
ship:  nom.  sg.,  191 3  ;  ace.  sg. 
ceol,  38,  238 ;  gen.  sg.  ceole.s, 
1807. 

ceosan,  st.  v.,  to  choose,  hence,  to  as- 
sume :  inf.  J'one  cynedom  ciosan 
'wo\^t,'wouldassumetheroyaldigni- 
ty,  2377;  to  seek:  pret.  subj.aer  he 
heel  cure,  before  he  sought  his  fu- 
neral-pile (before  he  died),  2819. 

ge-ceosan,  to  choose,  to  elect : 
gerund,  to  geceosenne  cyning 
senigne  (selian),  to  choose  a  better 
king,  1852;  imp.  J^e  bat  selre  ge- 
ceos,  choose  thee  the  better  (of  two  : 
bealoni'5  and  ece  rajdas),  1759; 
pret.  he  usic  on  herge  geceas  to 
J>yssum  si^fate,  selected  its  among 
the  soldiers  for  this  undertaking, 
2639  ;  geceas  ecne  roed,  chose  the 
everlasting  gain,  i.e.  died,  1202: 
similarly,  godes  leoht  geceas,  2470 ; 
pret.  part.  ace.  pi.  hafde  .  . .  cempan 
gecorone,  206. 

on-  cirran,  \v.  v.,  to  turn,  to  change  : 
inf.  ne  meahte  .  .  .  )'as  wealdendas 
[willan]  wiht  on-cirran,  could  not 
change  the  will  of  the  Al/nighty, 
2858;  pret.  ufor  oncirde,  turned 
higher,  2952 ;  J?yder  oncirde,  turned 
thither,  2971. 

R-cigan,  w.  v.,  to  call  hither  .■  pret. 
Sctgde  of  corSre  cyninges  hegnas 
syfone,  called  from  the  retinue  of 
the  king  seven  men,  3122. 

clam,  cloin,  st.  m.,  f.  n.  1  fetter,  figura- 
tively of  a  strong  gripe :  dat.  pi. 
heardan  clammum,  964;  hearduni 
clammum,  1336;   atolan  clonimum 


(horrible  claws  of  the  mother  of 
Grendel),  1503. 

clif,  cleof,  St.  n.,  cliff,  promontory  : 
acc.pl.  Geataclifu,  191 2. — Conip. : 
brim-,  eg-,  holm-,  stan-clif, 

g  e  -  cuavvan,  st.  v.,  to  knoiu,  to  rec- 
ognize:  inf.  meaht  \>\x,  min  wine, 
m^ce  gecndwan,  mayst  thou,  my 
friend,  recognize  the  sword,  2048. 

on -en  a  wan,  to  recognize,  to  dis- 
tinguish: hordweard  oncniow  man- 
nes  reorde,  distinguished  the  speech 
of  a  man,  2555. 

oiiiht,  St.  m.,  boy,  youth:  dat.  pi. 
hyssum  cnyhtum,  to  these  boys 
(HroiNgar's  sons),  1220. 

cniht-wesende,  prs.  part.,  being  a 
boy  or  a  youth  :  ace.  sg.  ic  hine  cfi'Se 
cniht-wesende,  knetu  him  u<hile 
still  a  boy,  yji;  nom.  pi.  wit  bat 
gecwa-don  cniht-wesende,  ive  both 
as  young  men  said  that,  535. 

cnyssan,  w.  v.,  to  strike,  to  dash 
against  each  other  :  pret.  pi.  J>onne 
. . .  eoferas  cnysedan,  -when  the  bold 
warriors  dashed  against  each  other, 
stormed  {\\\  battle),  1329. 

collen-ferhiaf,  -fcrff,  adj.,  (properly, 
of  swollen  fnind),  of  uncommon 
thoughts,  in  his  way  of  thinking, 
standing  higher  than  others,  high- 
minded :  nom.  sg.  cuma  collen- 
ferhN,  of  Beowulf,  1807;  collen- 
ferN,  of  Wiglaf,  2786. 

corljfer,  st.  ,n.,  troop,  division  of  an 
army,  retinue  :  dat.  sg.  ha  was  . .  . 
Fin  slagen,  cyning  on  cor^re,  then 
7oas  Fin  slain,  the  king  in  the 
troop  (of  warriors),  1154;  of  cor- 
'Sre  cyninges,  out  of  the  retinue  of 
the  king,  3122. 

costlaii,  w.  v.,  to  try :  pret.  (w.  gen.) 
lie  min  costode,  tried  me,  2085. 

cOfa,  w.  m.,  apartment,  sleeping- 
room,  couch  :  in  comp.  bSn-cofa. 


GLOSSARY. 


183 


cOI,  adj.,  cool :  compar.  cearwylmas 
colran  wur^at!,  the  waves  of  sorro-o 
become  cooler,  x.t..  the  mind  becomes 
quiet,  282;  him  wiflufan  . . .  colran 
weor'5at5,  his  love  for  his  wife  cools, 
2067. 

craft,  St.  m.,  the  condition  if  being 
able,  hence  :  r )  physical  strength  : 
nom.  sg.  magf>a  craft,  1284;  ace.  sg. 
magenescraft,4l8;  burh  Sues  craft, 
700;  craft  and  c^nSu,  2697;  dat. 
(instr.)  sg.  crafte,  983,  1220,  2182, 
2361.  —  2)  art,  craft,  skill:  dat. 
sg.  as  instr.  dyrnum  crafte,  with  5f- 
cr^/(magic)(7r/,2i69 ;  dyrnan  craf- 
te, 2291 ;  l^eofes  crafte,  with  thief  s 
craft,  2221 ;  dat.  pi.  deofles  craf- 
tum,  by  deviPs  art  (sorcery),  2089. 

—  3)  S^^<^t  quantity {y^  :  ace.  sg. 
wyrm-horda  craft,  2223.  —  Comp. : 
leo^>o-,  magen-,  nearo-,  wig-craft. 

criiftig,  adj. :  i)  strong,  stout :  nom. 
sg.  eafoSes  craftig,  1467;  niSa 
craftig,  1963.     Comp.  wig-craftig. 

—  2)  adroit,  skilful:  in  comp. 
lagu-craftig.  —  3)  rich  (of  treas- 
ures) ;   in  comp.  eacen-craftig. 

cringan,  st.  v.,  to  fall  in  combat,  to 
fall  with  the  writhing  movement 
of  those  mortally  zvounded :  pret. 
subj.  on  wal  crunge,  would  sink 
into  death,  would  fall,  636;  pret. 
pi.  for  the  pluperfect,  sume  on  wale 
crungon,  11 14. 

ge-cringan,  same  as  above:  pret. 
he  under  rande  gQcrs-nc,  fell  ttnder 
his  shield,  1 2 10;  at  wige  gecrang, 
fell  in  battle,  1338;  heo  on  flet 
gecrong,  fell  to  the  ground,  1569; 
in  campe  gecrong,  fell  in  single 
combat,  2506. 

cuma  {he  who  comes),  w.  m.,  new- 
comer,  guest:  nom.  sg.  1807. — 
Comp. :  cwealm-,  wil-cuma. 

cumaii)  St.  v.,  to  come  :  pres.  sg.  II. 


gyf  \>Vl  on  weg  cymest,  if  thou  com- 
est  from  there,  1383;  III.  cyme 5, 
2059;  pres.  subj.  sg.  III.  cume,  23; 
pi.  t>onne  we  fit  cymen,  when  we 
come  out,  3107;  inf.  cuman,  244, 
281,  1870;  pret.  sg.  com,  430,  569, 
826,  1 1 34, 1507,  1 601,  etc.;  cwom, 
419,  2915;  pret.  subj.  sg.  cwome, 
732;  pret.  part,  cumen,  376;  pi. 
cumene,  361.  Often  with  the  inf. 
of  a  verb  of  motion,  as,  com  gon- 
gan,  711;  com  siSian,  721 ;  com  in 
g^n,  1645;  cwom  gan,  I163;  com 
scacan,  1803;  cwomon  Isedan,  239; 
cwomon  secean,  268;  cwoman  scri- 
"San,  651,  etc.  [pret.  com,  etc.] 
be-cuman,  to  come,  to  approach,  to 
arrive  :  pret.  syS'San  niht  becom, 
after  the  night  had  come,  1 1 5 ;  be 
on  I'S  leode  becom,  that  had  come 
over  the  people,  192;  b^  he  to  ham 
becom,  2993.  And  with  inf.  fol- 
lowing: stefn  in  becom  .  .  .  hlyn- 
nan  under  harne  stan,  2553;  lyt 
eftbecwom  . . .  hamesniosan,  2366; 
o'S  bat  ende  becwom,  1255;  simi- 
larly, 21 17.  With  ace.  of  pers. : 
bS  hyne  sio  brag  becwom,  whett  this 
time  of  battle  came  over  him,  2884. 
of er -cuman,  to  overcome,  to  com- 
pel :  pret.  by  he  bone  feond  ofer- 
cwom,  thereby  he  overcame  the  foe^ 

1274  :  pi.  hie  feond  heora  .  . .  ofer- 
comon,  700;  pret.  part.  (w.  gen.j 
ni'Sa  ofercumen,  compelled  by  com- 

bats,  846. 
cumbol,  cumbor,  st.  m.,  banner : 

gen.  sg.  cumbles   hyrde,  2506.  — 

Comp.  hilte-cumbor. 
cund,  adj.,  originating  in,  descend- 
ed from  :  in  comp.  feorran-cund. 
cunnan,   verb    pret.    pres.:     i)    t& 

know,  to  be  acquainted  zuith  (w. 

ace.  or  depend,  clause)  :  sg.  pres. 

I.  ic  minne  can  gladne   HroSulf 


184 


GLOSSARY. 


)>at  he  . .  .  wile,  /  know  my  gra- 
cious II.,  that  he  will  .  .  .,  Il8i; 
II.  card  git  ne  const,  thoie  knowcst 
not  yet  the  land,  1378;  III.  he  bat 
wyrse  ne  con,  knorvs  no  worse,  1 740. 
And  reflexive  :  con  him  land  geare, 
knows  the  land  well,  2063;  pi.  men 
ne  cunnon  hwyder  helrflnan  scri- 
Sa'S,  men  do  not  know  ivhilher  . .  ., 
162;  pret.  sg.  ic  hine  cG5e,  knew 
Aim,  372;  cflSe  he  duguS  I'eawe, 
knew  the  customs  of  the  distin- 
guished courtiers,  359;  so  with  the 
ace,  2013;  seolfa  ne  cCl'Se  |>urh 
hwat  .  .  .,  he  himself  did  not  knoiu 
through  what .  .  .,  3068;  pi.  sorge 
ne  cfiSon,  119;  so  with  the  ace, 
180,  418,  1234.  With  both  (ace. 
and  depend,  clause)  :  no  hie  fader 
cunnon  (scil.  no  hie  cunnon)  hwa- 
"5er  him  aenig  was  £cr  acenned 
dyrnra  gasta,  1356.  —  2)  with  inf. 
following,  can,  to  be  able  :  prs.  sg. 
him  bebeorgan  ne  con,  cannot  de- 
fend himself  1747;  prs.  pi.  men 
ne  cunnon  secgan,  cannot  say,  50; 
pret.  sg.  cft^e  reccan,  90;  beorgan 
cfl'iSe,  1446;  pret.  pi.  herian  ne 
c^^ox\,  could  not  praise,  182;  pret. 
subj.  healdan  cdSe,  2373. 

cunnian,  w.  v.,  to  inquire  into,  to 
try,  w.  gen.  or  ace. :  inf.  sund  cun- 
nian (figurative  for  roam  over  the 
sea),  1427,  1445;  geongne  cem- 
pan  higes  cunnian,  to  try  the  young 
warrior's  mind,  2046;  pret.  eard 
cunnode,  tried  the  home,  i.e.  came 
to  it,  1501;  pi.  wada  cunnedon, 
tried  the  flood,  i.e.  swam  through 
the  sea,  508. 

cu^y  adj.:  l)  known,  'well  known  ; 
manifest,  certain :  nom.  sg.  un- 
dyrne  cfi'5,  150,  410;  wide  cGi^S, 
2924;  ace.  sg.  fern.  cflSe  folme, 
1304;   cft'Se  straete,  1635;   nom.pl. 


ecge  cfl^e,  1146;  ace.  pi.  cftSe 
nassas,  19 13. —  2)  reno7oned :  nom. 
sg.  gCl^um  cftN,  2179;  nom.  pL 
cystum  cCl'5e,868. — 3)  zho,  friend- 
ly, dear,  good  (see  un-cflU). — 
Comp. :  un-,  wi5-cflS. 

cuff-lice,  adv.,  openly,  publicly  : 
comp.  no  her  cfl^licor  cuman  on- 
gunnon  lind-hahbende,  no  shield- 
bearing  men  undertook  more  bold- 
ly to  come  hither  (the  coast-watch- 
man means  by  this  the  secret  land- 
ing of  the  Vikings),  244. 

c^valu,  St.  f.,  murder,  fall :  in  comp. 
deaS-cwalu. 

CAveccan  {Jo  make  alive,  see  cwic), 
w.  v.,  to  move,  to  siving :  pret. 
cwehte  magen-wudu,  swung  the 
wood  of  strength  (=  spear),  235. 

cweffan,  st.  v.,  to  say,  to  speak  :  a)  ab- 
solutely :  prs.  Sg.  Ill.cwiS  at  beore, 
speaks  at  beer-drinking,  2042.  — 
b)  w.  ace. :  pret.  word  after  cwaS, 
315;   fea  worda  cwaS,  2247,  2663. 

—  c)  with  l>at  following :  pret.  sg. 
cwa^",  92,  2159;   pi.  cwaedon,  3182. 

—  d)  with  bat  omitted:  pret.  c\va5 
he  gflS-cyning  secean  wolde,  said 
he  would  seek  out  the  war-king, 
199;   similarly,  181 1,  2940. 

a  -  c  w  e  5  a  n ,  /o  say,  to  speak,  w.  ace. : 
prs.  hat  word  Scwy'S,  speaks  the 
ivord,  2047;   pret.  I'iit  word  ScwaS, 

655- 

ge-cwe"5an,  to  say,  to  speak  :  a)  ab- 
solutely: pret.  sg.  II.  swd  )>u  ge- 
cwocde, 2665. — b)w.  ace. :  pret.x.el- 
hwylc  gecwaS,  spoke  evefy thing, 
875 ;  pi.  wit  bat  gecwcedon,  535.  — 
g)  w.  I'at  following :  pret.  gecwaS, 
858,  98S. 

cwellau,  w.  v.,  (^to  make  die) ,  to  kill, 
to  murder  :  pret.  sg.  II.  J>u  (^ren- 
del  cwealdest,  1335. 

S-cwellan,  to  kill:  pret.  sg.  (he) 


GLOSSARY. 


185 


wyrm  acwealde,  887 ;  hone  ^e  Gren- 
del  ser  mSne  Scwealde,  whom  Gr en- 
del  had  before  wickedly  tmu'dered, 
1056;   beorn  Scvvealde,  2122. 

cwen,  St.  f . :  i)  ivife,  consort  (of 
noble  birth)  :  nom.  sg.  cwen,  62; 
(Hro^gar's),  614,  924;  (Finn's), 
1 1 54.  —  2)  particularly  denoting 
the  queen :  nom.  sg.  beaghroden 
cwen  (Wealhl^eow),  624;  mceru 
cwSn,  2017;  fremu  folces  cwen 
(pry'So),  1933;  ace.  sg.  cwen 
(Wealht>e6w),  666. — Comp.  folc- 
cwSn. 

cwen-lic,  ^i^].,  feminine,  wommily  : 
nom.  sg.  ne  biS  swylc  cwenlic 
}>eaw  {stecli  is  not  the  custom  of 
women,  does  not  become  a  ivoman), 
1941. 

cwealm,  st.  m.,  violent  death,  mur- 
der, destruction :  ace.  sg.  ^one 
cwealm  gewrac,  avenged  the  death 
(of  Abel  by  Cain),  107;  msendon 
mondrihtnes  cwealm,  lamented  the 
ruler's  fall, 2,1  y^.  —  Comp. :  bealo-, 
dea^-,  gar  -cwealm. 

cwealm-bealn,  st.  n.,  the  evil  of 
murder  :  ace.  sg.,  1941. 

cwealm-cuma,  w.  m.,  one  coming 
for  murder,  a  nerv-comer  who  con- 
templates murder :  ace.  sg.  J)one 
cwealm-cuman  (of  Grendel),  793. 

cwic  and  cwico,  adj.,  quick,  having 
life,  alive :  ace.  sg.  cwicne,  793, 
2786;  gen.  sg.  aht  cwices,  some- 
thing living,  23 1 5 ;  nom.  pi.  cwice, 
98;  cwico  was  J^d  gena,  7aas  still 
alive,  3094. 

cwide,  St.  m.,  word,  speech,  saying: 
in  comp.  gegn-,  gilp-,  hleo-,  "5or-, 
word-cwide. 

cwiffan,  st.  v.,  to  complain,  to  la- 
vient :  inf.  w.  ace.  ongan  .  .  .  gio- 
gu'Se  cwi'San  hilde-strengo,  began 
to   lament  the  (departed)    battle- 


strength  of  his  youth,  2113  .  [ceare] 
cwiSan,  lament  their  cares,  3173. 

cyme,  st.  m.,  coming,  arrival :  nom. 
pi.  hwanan  eowre  cyme  syndon, 
whence  your  coming  is,  i.e.  whence 
ye  are,  257. — Comp.  eft-cyme. 

cynilice,adv.,  (convenienter),  j//<'«- 
didly,  grandly :    comp.    cymlicor, 

38- 

cyn,  St.  n.,  race,  both  in  the  general 
sense,  and  denoting  noble  lineage : 
nom.  sg.  Fresena  cyn,  1094;  \Ve- 
dera  (gara,  MS.)  cyn,  461 ;  ace.  sg. 
eotena  cyn,  421;  giganta  cyn, 
1691 ;  dat.  sg.  Caines  cynne,  107; 
manna  cynne,  Si  1, 915, 1726;  eow- 
rum  (of  those  who  desert  Beowulf 
in  battle)  cynne,  2886;  gen.  sg. 
manna  (gumena)  cynnes,  702,  etc.; 
mserancynnes,  1730;  laSan  cynnes, 
2009,  2355;  ^sses  cynnes  Wceg- 
mundinga,  2814;  gen.  pi.  cynna 
gehwylcum,  98.  —  Comp.:  eormen-, 
feorh-,  frum-j  gum-,  man-,  wyrni- 
cyn. 

cyn,  St.  n.,  that  zohich  is  suitable  or 
proper :  gen.  pi.  cynna  (of  eti- 
quette) gemyndig,  614. 

ge-cynde,  adj.,  innate,  peculiar, 
natural :  nom.  sg.,  2198,  2697. 

cyne-dOni,  st.  m.,  kingdom,  royal 
dignity  :  ace.  sg.,  2377. 

cyning,  si.  m.,  king:  nom.  ace.  sg. 
cyning,  11,  864,  921,  etc.;  kyning, 
620,  3173;  dat.  sg.  cyninge,  3094; 
gen.  sg.  cyninges,  868,  121 1 ;  gen. 
pi.  kyning[a]  wuldor,  of  God,  666. 
— Comp.  beorn-,  eorS-,  folc-,  gft'S-, 
heah-,  ledd-,  sse-,  so5-,  jjeod-, 
worold-,  wuldor-cyning. 

cyniug-beald,  adj.,  "nobly  bold" 
(Thorpe),  excellejitly  brave  (?)  : 
nom.  pi.  cyning-balde  men,  1635. 

ge-cyssan,  w.  v.,  to  kiss:  pret.  ge- 
cyste  J^a  cyning  .  .  .  J^egen  betstan, 


186 


GLOSSARY. 


kissfd  the   best  thane  (Beowulf), 
1871. 

cyst  {choosing,  see  ceosan),  st.  f., 
the  select,  the  best  of  a  thing,  good 
quality,  excellence :  nom.  sg.  iren- 
na  cyst,  of  the  sivords,  803,  1698; 
vvaepna  cyst,  1560;  symbla  cyst, 
choice  banquet,  1233;  ace.  sg.  irena 
cyst,  674;  dat.  pi.  foldwegas  .  .  . 
cystum  cfiSe,  known  through  ex- 
cellent qualities,  868;  (cyning) 
cystum  gecySed,  924.  —  Comp. 
gum-,  hilde-cyst. 

cj'ff.    See  on-cyff. 

eySfan  (see  cuU),  w.  v.,  to  make 
known,  to  manifest,  to  show  :  imp. 
sg.  magen-ellen  cyS,  show  thy  he- 
roic strength,  660 ;  inf.  cvvealmbealu 
cySan,  1941 ;  ellen  cy^an,  2696. 

g  e  -  c  y  S  a  n  (/o  make  known,  hence) : 
I  )togive  information, loannounce: 
inf.  andsware  gecySan,  to  give  an- 
swer, 354;  gerund,  to  gecySanne 
hwanan  eovvre  cyme  syndon  (/<> 
show  whence  ye  come),  l^"];  pret. 
part,  so iN  is  gec^6"ed  l)at . . . {the  truth 
has  become  known,  it  has  shown 
itself  to  be  true),  701;  Iligelace 
was  si"?t  Beowulfes  snflde  gecy>'^ed, 
the  arrival  of  B.  was  quickly  an- 
nounced, 1972;  similarly,  2325.  • — 
2)  to  make  celebrated,  in  pret.  part.  : 
was  min  fader  folcum  gecy^ed  {my 
father  -was  known  to  -warriors), 
262 ;  was  his  modsefa  manegum 
gecy  6ed,  349;  cystum gecySed, 924. 

cyUffu  (properly,  condition  of  being 
known,  hence  relationship),  St.  f., 
home,  country,  land:  in  comp. 
feor-cySSu. 

ge-cypan,  w.  v.,  to  purchase :  inf 
nas  him  aenig  hearf  hat  he  . . .  I^urfe 
wyrsan  wigfrecan  weorSe  gecypan, 
had  need  to  buy  with  treasures  no 
inferior  warrior,  2497. 


D 


daroff,  St.  m.,  spear  :  dat.  pi.  dare* 

■Sum  lacan  {to fight),  2849. 

ge-dal,  St.  n.,  parting,  separation  : 
nom.  sg.  his  worulde  gedal,  his 
separation  from  the  world  (nis 
death),  3069.  —  Comp.  ealdor-,  lif- 
gedai. 

diig,  St.  m.,  day :  nom.  sg.  dag,  485, 
732,  2647 ;  ace.  sg.  dag,  2400;  and- 
langne  diig,  the  -whole  day,  211 6; 
morgenlongnedag(///^w//t>/t'W(7rM- 
ing),  2S95;  °'^  domes  dag,  till 
judgment-day,  3070;  dat.  sg.  on 
bam  dage  J)ysses  lifes  (eo  tempore, 
tunc),  197, 791, 807  ;  gen.sg.  dages, 
1 60 1,  2321  ;  hwil  dages,  a  dafs 
time,  a  whole  day,  1496;  dages  and 
nihtes,  day  and  night,  22'jO;  dages, 
by  day,  1936;  dat.  pi.  on  tyn  dagum, 
in  ten  days,  3161.  —  Comp.  vn-, 
dea'S-,  ende-,  ealdor-,  fyrn-,  gear-, 
Ijen-,  lif-,  swylt-,  win-dag,  an- 
dages. 

da<jj-h\vil,  St.  f.,  day-time:  ace.  pi. 
)>at  he  diighwila  gedrogen  hafde 
eor'San  wynne,  that  he  had  enjoyed 
eartlCs  pleasures  during  the  days 
(appointed  to  him),  i.e.  that  his 
life  was  linished,  2727.  —  (After 
Grein.) 

dag-riiii,  st.  n.,  series  of  days,  fixed 
number  of  days  :  nom.  sg.  dogera 
dagrim  {number  of  the  days  of  his 
life),  824. 

died,  St.  f.,  deed,  action :  ace.  sg. 
de^rlicedxd,  585;  domleasan  deed, 
2891 ;  fr^cnedsede,  890;  daed,  941; 
ace.  pi.  Grendles  d^eda,  195;  gen. 
pi.  dxda,  iSi,479,  2455,  etc.;  dat. 
pl.dcedum,  1228,  2437,  etc. — Comp. 
ellen-,  fyren-,  lof-dred. 

djed-cene,  adj.,  bold  in  deed :  nom 
sg.  daid-cene  mon,  1646. 


GLOSSARY. 


187 


daed-fruma,  w.  m.,  doer  of  deeds, 
doer  :  nom.  sg.,  of  Grendel,  2091. 

daed-bata,  w.  m.,  he  who  pursues 
with  his  deeds  :  nom.  sg.,  of  Gren- 
del, 275. 

daedia,  w.  m.,  doer :  in  comp.  mSn- 
for-dasdla. 

dael,  St.  m.,  part,  portion  :  ace.  sg. 
diel,  622,  2246,  3128;  ace.  pi.  dx- 
las,  1733.  —  Often  dcel  designates 
the  portion  of  a  thing  or  of  a  qual- 
ity which  belongs  in  general  to  an 
individual,  as,  o5  l>at  him  on  innan 
oferhygda  dasl  weaxeS,  ////  in  his 
bosom  his  portion  of  arrogance  in- 
creases: i.e.  whatever  arrogance  he 
has,  his  arrogance,  1741.  Bio- 
wiilfe  \veav5  dryhlniaSma  dael  dea- 
•Se,  forgolden,  to  Be6-oulf  his  part 
of  the  splendid  treasures  was  paid 
with  death,  i.e.  whatever  splendid 
treasures  were  allotted  to  him, 
whatever  part  of  them  he  could 
win  in  the  fight  with  the  dragon, 
2844;  similarly,  1151,  1753,  2029, 
2069,  3128. 

d%Ian,  w.  v.,  to  divide,  to  bestow,  to 
share  luith,  w.  ace:  pres.  sg.  III. 
mMmas  daele'??,  1757;  pres.  subj. 
J)at  he  vviS  aglsecean  eofoSo  dsele, 
that  he  bestow  his  strength  upon 
(strive  with)  the  bringer  of  misery 
(the  drake),  2535 ;  inf.  hringas 
doelan,  1971;  pret.  beagas  decide, 
80;  sceattas  dselde,  1687. 

be -dcel  an,  w.  instr.,  (Jo  divide^,  to 
tear  away  fro>n,  to  strip  of:  pret. 
part,  dreamum  (dreame)  hedaeled, 
deprived  of  the  heavenly  joys  (of 
Grendel),  722,  1276. 

ge-dselan:  i)  to  distribute:  inf. 
(w.  ace.  of  the  thing  distributed'); 
)>aer  on  innan  eall  gedaelan  geon- 
gum  and  ealdum  swylc  him  god 
sealde,  distribute  therein  to  young 


and  oldallthat  God  had  given  him, 
71.  —  2)  to  divide,  to  separate,  with 
ace. :  inf.  sundur  gedislan  lif  vviS 
lice,  separate  life  from  the  body, 
2423;  so  pret.  subj.  bat  he  gedaelde 
.  . .  inva  gehwylces  lif  wi5  lice.  732. 

denn  (cf.  denu,  dene,  vallis),st.  n., 
den,  cave:  ace.  sg.  l^as  wjTmes 
denn,  2761 ;  gen.  sg.  (draca)  ge- 
wat  dennes  niosian,  3046. 

ge-defe,  adj. :  i)  (impersonal) //-ci/i- 
er,  appropriate  :  nom.  sg.  swS  hit 
gedefe  was  (biS),  as  'vas  appro- 
priate, proper,  561,  1671,  3176. — 
2)  good,  kind,  friendly ;  nom  sg. 
beo  I'u  suna  minum  daedum  gedefe, 
be  friendly  to  my  son  by  deeds  (sup- 
port my  son  in  deed,  namely,  when 
he  shall  have  attained  to  the  gov- 
ernment), 1228.  —  Comp.  un-ge- 
defelice. 

denian  (see  dom),  w.  v.:  i)  to 
judge,  to  award  justly  :  pres.  subj. 
moer  No  deme,  688.  —  2)  to  judge 
favorably,  to  praise,  to  glorify : 
pret.  pi.  his  ellenweorc  dugu'Sum 
demdon,  praised  his  heroic  deed 
with  all  their  might,  3176. 

AemenA,  judge :  dsda  demend  (of 
God),  181. 

deal,  adj., "  superbus,  clarus,  fretus" 
(Grimm)  :  nom.  pi.  J?rySum  dealle, 

494- 

dedd,  adj.,  dead :  nom.  sg.  467, 1324, 
2373;   ace.  sg.  deadne,  1310. 

dads',  St.  m.,  death,  dying:  nom.  sg. 
deaS,  441,  447,  etc.;  ace.sg.  deaJl, 
2169;  dat.  sg.  deaSe,  1389,  1590, 
(as  instr.)  2844,  3046;  gen.  sg. 
deaSes  wylm,  2270;  deaSes  nyd, 
2455. —  Comp.  g(iS-,  wal-,  wundor 
dea«. 

dedSP-bed,  st.  n.,-  death-bed:  dat.  sg 
deaS-bedde  fast,  2902. 

dedS'-cwalu,    st.  f.,    violent  death, 


188 


GLOSSARY. 


ruin  and  death  :  dat.  pi.  t8  dea"5- 
cwalum,  1 713. 

deA3'-c\vealm,  st.  in.,  violent  death, 
murder  :  nom.  sg.  1 67 1. 

deAU-diig,  st.  m.,  death-day,  dying 
day:  dat.  sg.  after  deaS-dage  {after 
his  death),  187,886. 

dedlff-fajge,  ad]., given  over  to  death: 
nom.sg.  (Grendel)deaS-faegede6g, 
had  hidden  himself,  being  given  over 
to  death  (mortally  wounded),  851. 

desiff-scua,  \v.  m.,  death-shadoiu, 
ghostly  being,  demon  of  death :  nom. 
sg.  deorc  dea'S-scfla  (of  Grendel), 
160. 

dediJ-Averig,  z.dL].,weakened  by  death, 
i.e.  dead :  ace.  sg.  deaS-werigne, 
2126.     See  ■werig. 

dediff- wic,  st.  n.  deatVs  house,  home 
of  death  :  ace.  sg.  gewat  dea'Swic 
seon  {had died),  1276. 

dedgan  (O.H.G.  pret.  part,  tougan, 
hidden),to  conceal  one's  self,  to  hide: 
pret.  (for  pluperf.)  deog,  851. — 
Leo. 

deorc,  adj.,  dark  :  of  the  night,  nom. 
sg.  (nihthelm)  deorc,  1791 ;  dat.pl. 
deorcum  nihtum,  275,  2212;  of  the 
terrible  Grendel,  nom.  sg.  deorc 
dedS-scfla,  160. 

deofol,  st.m.n.,i/<fz/j/."gen.  sg.  deo- 
fles,  2089;  gen.  pi.  deofla,  of  Gren- 
del and  his  troop,  757,  1681. 

deogol,  dygol,  adj.,  concealed,  hid- 
den, inaccessible,  beyond  informa- 
tion, unknown  :  nom.  sg.  deogol 
daedhata  (of  Grendel),  275;  ace. 
sg.  djgel  lond,  inaccessible  land, 

135S. 

df'op,  St.  n.,  deep, abyss :  ace. sg.,  2550. 

dpop,  d^6v. , deeply :2^cc.  sg.  deop  wa- 
ter, 509,  1905. 

diope,  adj.,  oV*"/.'  hit  SIS  domes  dag 
diope  benemdon  j^eodnas  mcere, 
the  illustrious  rulers  had  charmed 


it  deeply  till  the  judgment-day,  had 
laid  a  solemn  spell  upon  it,  3070. 

deor,  st.  n.,  animal,  wild  animal: 
in  comp.  mere-,  sas-deor. 

deor,  adj.:  i)  ruild,  terrible:  nom. 
sg.  dior  djcd-fruma  (of  Grendel), 
2091.  —  2)  bold,  brave :  nom.  nas- 
nig  .  .  .  deor,  1934.  — Comp. :  hea- 
"Su-,  hilde-dedr. 

deore,  dyre,  adj.:  i)  dear,  costly 
(high  in  price)  :  ace.  sg.  dyre  Iren, 
2051;  drincfat  dyre  (deore),  2307, 
2255;  instr.  sg.  deoran  sweorde, 
561;  dat.  sg.deorummSSme,  1529; 
nom.  pi.  dyre  svvyrd,  3049;  ace. 
pi.  deore  (d5^re)  m^Smas,  2237, 
3132. —  2)  dear,  beloved,  worthy  : 
nom.  sg.  f.,  acSelum  diore,  worthy 
by  reason  of  origin,  1950;  dat. 
sg.  after  deorum  men,  1880;  gen. 
sg.  deorre  dugu'Se,  488;  superl. 
ace.  sg.  aldor)5egn  J?one  deorestan, 
1310. 

deor-lio,  adj.,  bold,  brave :  ace.  sg. 
deorlice  deed,  585.     See  deor. 

disc,  St.  m.,  disc,  plate,  flat  dish  : 
nom.  ace.  pi.  discas,  2776,  3049. 

ge-digan.     See  ge-dygan. 

dol-gilp,  St.  m  ,  mad  boast,  foolish 
pride,  vain-glory,  thoughtless  audac- 
ity: dat.  sg.  for  dolgilpe,  509. 

dol-llc,  adj.,  audacious:  gen.  pi. 
mcest  .  .  .  dceda  dollicra,  2647. 

dol-sceaffa,  w.  m.,  bold  enemy :  ace. 
sg.  bone  dol-scaSan  (Grendel),  479. 

ddgor,  St.  m.  n.,  day :  i)  day  as  a 
period  of  24  hours:  gen.  sg.  ymb 
Sntid  oSres  dogores,  at  tnc  same 
time  of  the  next  day,  219;  morgen- 
leoht  o6'res  dogores,  the  morning- 
light  of  the  second  day,  606.  — 
2)  day  in  the  usual  sense  :  ace.  sg. 
n.  I'ys  dogor,  during  this  day, 
1396;  instr.  t"^  dogore,  1798;  for- 
man  dogore,  2574;  gen.  pi.  dogora 


GLOSSARY. 


189 


gehwam,  88;  dogra  gehwylce, 
109 1;  dogera.  dagrlm,  ^Ae  mtmder 
of  his  days  (the  days  of  his  life), 
824.  —  3)  day  in  the  wider  sense 
of  time :  dat.  pi.  ufaran  dogrum, 
in  later  days,  times,  2201,  2393.  — 
Comp.  ende-dogor. 

d6gor-gerim,  st.  n.,  series  of  days  : 
gen.  sg.  was  call  sceacen  dogor- 
gerimes,  the  -whole  number  of  his 
days  (his  life)  'was  past,  2729. 

dohtor,  st.f.,  daughter:  nom.acc.sg. 
dohtor,  375,  1077,  1930,  1982,  etc. 

doni,  St.  m. :  I.,  condition,  state  in 
general ;  in  comp.  cyne-,  wis-dom. 
—  II.,  ha\dng  reference  to  justice, 
hence  :  i)  judgment,  jtidicial opin- 
ion :  instr.  sg.  weotena  dome,  ac- 
cording to  the  judgment  of  the 
Witan,  1099.  2)  custom  :  after 
dome,  according  to  custom,  1 721. 
3)  court,  tribunal :  gen.  sg.  mic- 
lan  domes,  979;  6'S  domes  dag, 
3070,  both  times  of  the  last  judg- 
ment.—  III.,  condition  of  freedom 
or  superiority,  hence :  4)  choice, 
free  -will :  ace.  sg.  on  sinne  sylfes 
dom,  according  to  his  own  choice, 
2148;  instr.  sg.  selfes  dome,  896, 
2777.  5)  might,  po'wer  :  nom.  sg. 
dom  godes,  2859;  ace.  sg.  Eofo- 
les  Snne  dom,  2965 ;  dat.  sg.  driht- 
nes  dome,  441.  6)  glory,  honor, 
renown:  nom.  sg.  [dom],  955; 
dom  unlytel,  not  a  little  glory,  886; 
J'at  was  forma  si5  deorum  mSSme 
hat  his  dom  alag,  it  was  the  first 
time  to  the  dear  treasure  (the 
sword  Hrunting)  that  its  fame  was 
not  made  good,  1529;  ace.  sg.  ic 
me  d6m  gewyrce,  make  renowtifor 
myself,  1492;  j^at  \>\x  ne  alsete  dom 
gedreosan,  that  thou  let  not  honor 
fall,  2667;  dat.  instr.  sg.  }>ser  he 
dome  forleas,  here  he  lost  his  repu- 


tation, 1471;  dome  gewur^ad, 
adorned  with  glory,  1 646 ;  gen .  sg. 
wyrce  se  J^e  mote  domes,  let  him 
make  hi?nself  reputation,  whoever 
is  able,  1389.  7)  splendor  (in 
heaven)  :  ace.  s6"5-fastra  dom,  the 
glory  of  the  saints,  2821. 

doni-Ieds,  adj.,  withoiit  reputation, 
inglorious :  ace.  sg.  f.  domleasan 
daed,  2891. 

ddn,  red.  v.,  to  do,  to  make,  to  treat:  1 ) 
absolutely:  imp.  doS  swiicbidde, 
do  as  I  beg,  1 232.  —  2)  w.  ace. : 
inf.  h^t  hire  selfre  sunu  on  boel  don, 
1 1 17;  pret.  ha  he  him  of  dyde 
isernbyrnan,  took  off  the  iron  corse- 
let, 672;  (>onne)  him  Hflnlafing, 
.  .  .  billa  selest,  on  bearm  dyde, 
when  he  made  a  present  to  him  of 
HAnlafing,  the  best  of  swords,  1 145 ; 
dyde  him  of  healse  bring  gj'ldenne, 
took  off  the  gold  ring  from  his  neck, 
28 1 o;  ne  him  has  wyrmes  wig  for 
wiht  dyde,  eafo'S  and  ellen,  nor  did 
he  reckon  as  anything  the  drake's 
fighting,power,  and  strength,  2349 ; 
pi.  hi  on  beorg  dydon  beg  and 
s\g\n,  placed  in  the  {grave-)  mound 
rings  and  ornaments,  3165. —  3) 
representing  preceding  verbs:  inf. 
to  Geatum  spree  mildum  wordum  ! 
swi  sceal  man  don,  as  one  should 
do,  1 1 73;  similarly,  1535,  2167; 
pres.  metod  eallum  weold,  swS  he 
nu  git  de^,  the  creator  ruled  over 
all,  as  he  still  does,  1059;  similarly, 
2471,  2860,  and  (sg.  for  pi.)  1 135; 
pret.  II.  swa  hu  ser  dydest,  1677; 
III.  swa  he  nu  gyt  dyde,  957;  sim- 
ilarly, 1382,  1892,  2522;  pi.  swS 
hie  oft  aer  dydon,  1239;  similarly, 
3071.  With  the  case  also  which 
the  preceding  verb  governs :  win' 
ic  hat  he  vnlle  .  .  .  Geatena  leode 
etan  unforhte,  swS  he   oft  dyde 


190 


GLOSSAKY. 


magen  HrSiJmanna,  /  believe  he 
■will  ivish  to  devour  ike  Gedt  peo- 
ple, the  fearless,  as  he  often  did  (de- 
voured) the  bloom  of  the  Hre%men, 
444;  gif  ic  hat  gefricge  .  .  .  ^at  hec 
ymbsittend  egesan  J>y\va"S,  swS  hec 
hettende  hwilum  dydon,  that  the 
neighbors  distress  thee  as  once  the 
eneiny  did  thee  (i.e.  distressed), 
1829;  gif  icowihte  mag  Mnremod- 
lufan  maran  tilian  J)onne  ic  gyt 
dyde,  if  I  can  with  anything  obtain 
thy  greater  love  than  I  have  yet 
done,  1825;  similarly,  pi.  honne  hS 
dydon,  44. 

g  e  -  d  o  n ,  to  do,  to  make,  with  the  ace. 
and  predicate  adj.:  prs.  (god) 
gedeS  him  swa  gewealdene  worol- 
de  dielas,  makes  the  parts  of  the 
world  (i.e.  the  whole  world)  so  sub- 
ject that  .  .  .,  1733;  inf.  ne  hyne 
on  medo  -  hence  niicles  wyr'Sne 
drihten  wereda  gedon  wolde,  nor 
would  the  leader  of  the  people  much 
honor  him  at  the  mead-banquet, 
2187.  With  adv. :  he  mec  J^ser  on 
innan  .  .  .  gedon  wolde,  wished  to 
place  me  in  there,  209 1. 

(Iraca,  w.  m.,  drake,  dragon  :  nom. 
sg.,  893,  2212;  ace.  sg.  dracan, 
2403.  3 '32;  gen.  sg.,  2089,  2291, 
2550. — Comp. :  eor^-,  f^r-,  18g-, 
lig-,  niS-draca. 

on-draiidan,  st.  v.,  w.  ace.  of  the 
thing  and  dat.  of  the  pers.,  to  fear, 
to  be  afraid  of :  inf.  hat  )'U  him  on- 
dnedan  ne  hearft  .  .  .  aldorbealu, 
needest  not  fear  death  for  them, 
1675;  pret.  no  he  him  |>a  sacce 
ondrSd,  was  not  afraid  of  the  corn- 
bat,  2348. 

ge-driig  (from  dragan,  in  the  sense 
segerere),st.n.,  d'^;«^a«cir,  actions: 
ace.  sg.  sGcan  deofla  gedrag,  757. 

drepan,  st.  v.,  lo  hit,  to  strike  :  pret. 


^g.  sweorde  drep  ferh'5-gentSlan, 
2881 ;  pret.  part.  biS  on  hreSre  . . . 
drepen  biteian  stroele, struck  in  the 
breast  with  piercing  arrow,  \  746 ; 
was  in  feorh  dropen  (fatally  hit), 
2982. 

drcpe,  St.  m.,  blow,  stroke :  ace.  sg. 
drepe,  1590. 

drefan,  ge-drefan,  w.  v.,  to  move, 
to  agitate,  to  stir  up  :  inf.  gewdt 
.  .  .  drefan  deop  water  (to  navi- 
gate), 1905;  pret.  part,  water  undei 
stod  dreorig  and  gedrefed,  141 8. 

dredm,  st.  m.,  rejoicing,  joyous  ac- 
tions, joy  :  nom.  sg.  haleSa  dream, 
497;  ace.  sg.  dream  hlQdne,  88; 
)'u  .  .  .  dream  healdende,  thou  who 
livest  in  rejoicing  (at  the  drinking- 
carouse),  who  art  joyous,  1228: 
dat.instr.sg.  dreamebedreled,  1276; 
gen.  pi.  dreama  leas,  85 1 ;  dat.  pi. 
dreamuni  (here  adverliiai)  lifdon, 
lived  in  rejoicing,  joyously,  99; 
dreamum  bedKled,  722  ;  the  last 
may  refer  also  to  heavenly  joys.  — 
Comp.  gleo-,  gum-,  man-,  sele- 
dream. 

dredm-leAs,  adj.,  zvithout  rejoicing, 
joyless  :  nom.  sg.  of  King  Here- 
mod,  1721. 

dreogan,  st.  v. :  i)  to  lead  a  life,  tc 
be  in  a  certain  condition  :  pret. 
dreah  after  dome,  lived  in  honor, 
honorably,  2180;  pret.  pi.  fyren- 
J>earfe  ongeat,  J^at  hie  asr  drugon 
aldorlease  lange  hwlle,  (God)  had 
seen  the  great  distress,  (had seen) 
that  they  had  lived  long  without  a 
r:iler(}),  15.  —  2)  to  experience,  to 
live  through,  to  do,  to  make,  to  en- 
joy :  imp.  dreoh  symbelwynne,  pass 
through  the  pleasure  of  the  meal,  to 
enjoy  the  meal,  1783;  inf.  driht- 
scype  dreogan  (do  a  heroic  deed ), 
1471;  pret.  sundnytte  dreah  (/iflt/ 


GLOSSARY. 


191 


tke  occupation  of  swimming,  i.e. 

swam  through  the  sea),  2361 ;  pret. 
pi.  hie  gewin  drugon  {fought),  799 ; 
hi  SI  S  drugon,  />lat^^  the  7vay,  wejit, 
1967.  —  3)  to  experience,  to  bear, 
to  suffer  :  scealt  werh'So  dreogan, 
shalt  S7iffer  damnation,  590;  pret. 
J>egn-sorge  dreah,  bore  sorrow  for 
his  heroes,  131;  nearoJ>earfe  dreah, 
422;  pret.  pi.  inwidsorge  he  hieajr 
drugon,  832;  similarly,  1859. 

S-dreogan,  to  suffer,  to  endure :  inf. 
vvnec  Sdreogan,  3079. 

ge-dreogan,  /<?  live  through,  to  enjoy, 
pret. part,  hat  he  . . .  gedrogen  hafde 
eorSan  wynne,  that  he  had  now  en- 
joyed the  pleasures  of  earth  (i.e. 
that  he  was  at  his  death),  2727. 

dreor,  st.  m.,  blood  dropping  or  floiv- 
ing  from  wounds:  instr. sg.  dreore, 
447.  —  Comp.  heoru-,  sawul-,  vval- 
dredr. 

dreor-fah,  adj.,  colored  with  blood, 
spotted  7uith  blood:  nom.  sg.  4S5. 

dreorig,  s.6.].,  bloody,  bleeding :  noni. 
sg.  water  stod  dreorig,  1418;  ace. 
sg.  dryhten  sinne  driorigne  fand, 
2790.  —  Comp.  heoru-dreorig. 

ge-dreosan,  st.  v.,  to  fall  down,  to 
sink  :  pres.  sg.  III.  lic-homa  la;ne 
gedreose'S,  the  body,  belonging  to 
death,  sinks  doivn,  1755;  inf.  J?at 
J'n  ne  Slaete  dom  gedreosan,  honor 
fall,  sink,  2667. 

driucau,  st.  v.,  to  drink  (with  and 
without  the  ace.)  :  pres.  part.  nom. 
pi.  ealo  drincende,  1946;  pret. 
blod  8drum  dranc,  drank  the  blood 
in  streams (^  ?),  743;  ]  ret.  pi.  drun- 
coii  win  \\'exds,the  men  drankwine, 
1234;  bser  guman  druncon,  where 
the  men  drank,  1649.  The  pret. 
part.,  when  it  stands  absolutely,  has 
an  active  sense :  nom.  pi.  druncne 
dryhtguman,  ye  warriors  who  have 


drunk,  are  drinking,  1232;  ace.  pi. 

nealles  druncne  slog  heorS-genea- 
tas,  slew  not  his  hearth-companions 
ivho  had  drunk  with  him,  i.e.  at  the 
banquet,  21  So.  With  the  instr.  it 
means  drunken :  nom.  sg.  beore 
(wine)  druncen,  531,  1468;  nom. 
pi.  beore  druncne,  480. 

drifan,  st.  v.,  to  drive  :  pres.  pi.  \>^ 
J'C  brentingas  ofer  floda  genipu 
feoran  drifa'5,  who  drive  their  ships 
thither  from  afar  over  the  darkness 
of  the  sea,  2S09;  inf.  (w.  ace.)  ^eah 
be  he  [ne]  meahte  on  mere  drifan 
hringedstefnan,  although  he  could 
mot  drive  the  ship  on  the  sea,  1 13 1. 

to-drifan,  to  drive  apart,  to  dis- 
perse :  pret.  o'S  l^at  unc  flod  todrSf, 

545- 

drohtoij,  St.  m.,  mode  of  living  or 
acting,  calling,  employment :  nom. 
sg.  ne  was  his  drohtoS  )ifer  swylce 
he  ser  gemette,  there  was  no  em- 
ploymeftt  for  him  (Grendel)  there 
such  as  he  had  found j'ormerly,  757. 

drusian,  w.  v.  (cf.  dreosan,  prop- 
erly, to  be  ready  to  fall :  hereof 
water),  to  stagnate,  to  be  putriu  . 
pret.  lagu  drusade  (through  the 
blood  of  Grendel  and  his  mother), 
1631. 

dryht,  driht,  st.  f.,  company,  troop, 
band  of  warriors  ;  noble  band  :  in 
comp.  mago-driht. 

ge-dryht,  ge-driht,  st.  f.,  troop, 
band  of  noble  warriors  :  nom  sg. 
minra  eorla  gedryht,  431 ;  ace.  sg. 
a'Selinga  gedriht,  118;  mid  his 
eorla  (hale'Sa)  gedriht  (gedryht), 
357.  663;  similarly,  634,  1673.— 
Comp.  sibbe-gedriht. 

drj-ht-bearn,  st.  n.,  youth  from  a 
noble  warrior  band,  noble  young 
man  :  nom.  sg.  dryhtbearn  Dena, 
2036. 


192 


GLOSSARY. 


dryhtcn,  drihtcn,st.  m.,  command- 
er, lord :  a)  temporal  lord:  nom. 
sg.  dryhten,  1485,  2001,  etc.;  diih- 
ten,  105 1 ;  dat.  dryhtne,  2483,  etc. ; 
dryhten,  1832. —  b)  God:  nom. 
drihten,  108,  etc.;  diyhten,  687, 
etc.;  dat.  sg.  dryhtne,  1693,  etc.; 
drihtne,  1399,  etc.;  gen.  sg.  dryht- 
nes,  441 ;  drihtnes,  941. —  Comp. : 
fieah-,  freo-,  gum-,  man-,  sige-, 
wine-dryhten. 

drylit-guina,  w.  m.,  one  of  a  troop 
of  warriors,  noble  warrior  :  dat. 
sg.  drihtguman,  13S9;  nom.  pi. 
drihtguman,99;  dryhtguman,  1232; 
dat.  pi.  ofer  diyhtgumum,  1791  (of 
IlroSgar's  warriors). 

dryht^lic,  adj.,  (^that  'which  befits  a 
noble  troop  of  warriors'),  noble,  ex- 
cellent:  dryhtltc  iren,  excellent 
sword,  893 ;  ace.  sg.  f.  (with  an  ace. 
sg.  n.)  drihllice  wif  (of  Ilildeburh), 

"59- 
dryht-maUum,     st.   m.,     excellent 

jewel,  splendid  treasure:  gen.  pi. 

drylitmSiSma,  2844. 
dryht-scipe,    st.    m.,     {lord-ship), 

warlike   virtue,    bravery;   heroic 

deed :  ace.  sg.  drihtscipe  dreogan, 

to  do  a  heroic  deed,  147 1. 
dryht-sele,  st.ni.,  excellent,  splendid 

hall:    nom.   sg.    driht-sele,   485; 

dryhtsele,  768 ;   ace.  sg.  dryhtsele, 

2321. 
dryht-sib,  st.  i.,  peace  or  friendship 

between  troops  of  noble  warriors  : 

gen.  sg.  dryhtsibbe,  2069. 
drync,  st.  m.,  drink  :  in  comp.  heoru- 

drync. 
drync-fiit,  st.  n.,  vessel  for  drink,  to 

receive  the  drink  :  ace.  sg.,  2255; 

drinc-fat,  2307. 
drysmian,  w.  v.,  to  become  obscure, 

gloomy  (through  the  falling  rain)  : 

pres.  sg.  III.  lyft  drysmaS,  1376. 


drysne,  adj.     See  on-drysne. 

dugan,  v.,  to  avail,  to  be  capable,  to 
be  good :  pres.  sg.  III.  hClru  se  aldor 
deah,  especially  is  the  prince  capa- 
able,  369;  "Sonne  his  ellen  deah, 
if  his  strength  avails,  is  good, 
573;  J^e  him  selfa  deah,  who  is 
capable  of  himself,  xvho  can  rely  on 
himself,  1 840;  pres.  subj.  j'cah  \>\n 
wit  duge,  though,  indeed,  your  un- 
derstanding be  good,  avail,  590 ; 
similarly,  1661,2032;  pret.sg.  Jju  Gs 
wel  dohtest,  you  did  us  good,  con- 
ducted yourself  well  towards  us, 
1822;  similarly,  nu  seo  hand  ligeS 
se  J?e  eow  welhwylcra  wilna  dohte, 
which  was  helpful  to  each  one  of 
your  desires,  1345;  pret.  subj.  J^eah 
\>\y  heaSoroesa  gehwcer  dohte,  though 
thou  wast  everywhere  strong  in  bat- 
tle, 526. 

duguff  {slate  of  being  fit,  capable), 
St.  f. :  i)  capability,  strength  :  dat. 
pi.  for  duge'Sum,  in  ability {7), 
2502;  dugu'Sum  demdon,  praised 
with  all  their  might{  ?),  3176.  —  2) 
men  capable  of  bearing  arms,  band 
of  warriors,  esp.,  noble  warriors  : 
nom.sg.duguSunlytel,  498;  dugu'S, 
1 791,  2255;  dat.  sg.  for  dugu'Se, 
before  the  heroes,  2021 ;  nalles 
fratwe  geaf  ealdor  duguSe,  gave 
the  band  of  heroes  no  treasure 
(more),  2921;  leoda  duguSe  on 
ISst,  upon  the  track  of  the  heroes 
of  the  people,  i.e.  after  them,  2946; 
gen.  sg.  cftSe  he  dugu'Se  j'caw,  the 
custom  of  the  noble  warriors,  359; 
de6rredugu5e,488;  similarly, 2239, 
2659;  ace.  pi.  dugutSa,  2036. — 
3)  contrasted  with  geogoJS,  dugm'^ 
designates  the  noted  warriors  of 
noble  birth  (as  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
knights  in  contrast  with  squires)  : 
so  gen.  sg.  duguiSe  and  geogo'Se, 


GLOSSARY. 


193 


t6o;  gehwylc  . . .  dugu'Se  and  iogo- 
•Se,  1675;  dugu'Se  and  geogoSe 
dael  seghwylcne,  622. 

durran,  V.  pret.  and  pres.  to  dare; 
prs.  sg.  II.  J^u  dearst  bidan,  darest 
to  a7vait,  527;  III.  he  gesecean 
dear,  685 ;  pres.  subj.  sec  gyf  \>\x 
dyrre,  seek  (Grendel's  mother),  if 
thou  dare,  1380  ;  pret.  dorste, 
1463,  1469,  etc.;  pi.  dorston,  2849. 

duru,  St.  f.,  door,  gate,  wicket :  nom. 
sg.,  722;   ace.  sg.  [duru],  389. 

ge-diifan,  st.  v.,  to  dip  in,  to  sink 
into  :  pret.  hat  sweord  gedeaf  (^the 
nuord  sank  into  the  drake,  of  a 
blow),  2701. 

burh-dftfan,  to  dive  through;  to 
S7viin  through,  diving  :  pret.  water 
up  J'urh-deaf,  sivatn  through  the 
water  upwards  (because  he  was 
before  at  the  bottom),  1620. 

d^vellan,  w.  v.,  to  mislead,  to  hinder: 
prs.  III.  no  hine  wiht  dwele'S,  Sdl 
ne  yldo,  him  nothing  misleads, 
neither  sickness  nor  age,  1 736. 

dyhtig,  adj.,  useful,  good  for  :  nom. 
sg.  n.  sweord  .  .  .  ecgum  dyhtig, 
12S8. 

dynnaii,  w.  v.,  to  sound,  to  groan,  to 
roar:  pret.  dryhtsele  (healwudu, 
hruse)  dynede,  768,  1318,  2559. 

djrne,  adj. :  i)  concealed,  secret,  re- 
tired:  nom.  sg.  dyrne,  271;  ace. 
sg.  dryhtsele  dyrnne  (of  the  drake's 
cave-hall),  2321.  —  2)  secret,  mali- 
cious, hidden  by  sorcery  :  dat.  instr. 
sg.  dyrnan  crafte,  VL'ith  secret  rnagic 
art,  2291;  dyrnum  crafte,  2169; 
gen.  pi.  dyrnra  gSsta,  of  malicious 
j/zVzVi  (of  Grendel's  kin),  1358. — 
Comp.  un-dyrne. 

dyrne,  adv.,  in  secret,  secretly  :  him 
.  .  .  after  deorum  men  dyrne  lan- 
ga15,  longs  in  secret  for  the  dear 
man,  1880. 


djTstig,  adj.,  bold,  daring:  J>eah 
be  he  dseda  gehwas  dyrstig  waere, 
although  he  had  been  courageous 
for  every  deed,  2839. 

ge-dygan,  ge-digan,  w.  v.,  to  en- 
dure, to  overcome,  with  the  ace.  of 
the  thing  endured  :  pres.  sg.  II.  gif 
J?u  J^at  ellenweorc  aldre  gedigest, 
if  thou  survivest  the  heroic  work 
ivith  thy  life,  662;  III.  J'iit  J'one 
hilderses  hal  gedige'5,  that  he  sur- 
vives the  battle  in  safety,  300 ;  sim- 
ilarly, inf.  unfoege  gedigan  wean 
and  vvracsiS,  2293;  hwaSer  sel  mse- 
ge  wunde  gedygan,  which  of  the 
two  can  stand  the  wounds  better 
(come  off  with  life),  2532 ;  nemeah- 
te  unbyrnende  deop  gedygan,  could 
not  endure  the  deep  withotit  burn- 
ing (could  not  hold  out  in  the 
deep),  2550;  pret.  sg.  I.  III.  ge- 
digde,  578,  1656,  2351,  2544. 

dygol.     See  de6gol. 

dyre.     See  deore. 


E 


ecg,  St.  f.,  edge  of  the  sword,  point : 
nom.  sg.  sweordes  ecg,  1107;  ecg, 
1525,  etc.;  ace.  sg.  wiS  ord  and 
wi5  ecge  ingang  forstod,  defended 
the  entrance  against  point  and 
edge  (i.e.  against  spear  and  sword), 
1550;  m8ces  ecge,  1813;  nom.p! 
ecge,  1 146. —  Sword,  battle-axe, 
any  cutting  weapon  :  nom.  sg.  ne 
was  ecg  bona  (^not  the  sword  killed 
him),  2507;  sio  ecg  brfin  (Beo- 
wulf's sword  Nagling) ,  25  78 ;  hyne 
ecg  fornam,  the  sword  snatched  him 
away,  2773,  etc.;  nom.  pi.  ecga, 
2829;  dat.  pi.  ascum  and  ecgum, 
1773;  dat.  pi.  (but  denoting  only 
one  sword)  eacnum  ecgum,  2141; 


1!t4 


GLOSSARY. 


gen.pl  ecga,  483,  806,  1169;  — 
blade :  ecg  was  iren,  1460.  — 
Comp. :  brQn-,  heard-,  styl-ecg,  adj. 

ecg-baiia,  w.  m.,  murderer  by  the 
sword :  dat.  sg.  Cain  wearS  to  ecg- 
banan  aiigaii  hreSer,  1263. 

ecg-hete,  st.  m..  sword-hate,  enmity 
which  the  sword  carries  out :  noni. 
sg.,  84,  1739. 

ecg-J»racu5  st.  f.,  sword-storm  (of 
violent  combat)  :  ace.  atole  ecg- 
hrace,  597. 

ecl-hwyrft,  st.  m.,  return  (of  a  for- 
mer condition):  ba  bser  sona  wear'S 
edhwyrft  eorlum,  siSiSan  inne  fealh 
Grendles  modor  (i.e.  after  Cjien- 
del's  mother  had  penetrated  into 
the  hall,  the  former  perilous  con- 
dition, of  the  time  of  the  visits  of 
Grendel,  returned  to  the  men), 
1282. 

ed-wendan,  w.  v.,  to  turn  back,  to 
yield,  to  leave  off :  inf.  gyf  him 
edwendan  a;fre  scolde  bealuwa 
bisigu,  if  for  him  the  affliction  of 
evil  should  ever  cease,  280. 

ed-wcnden,  st.  f.,  turning,  change  : 
nom.  sg. edwenden,  1775;  ed-wen- 
den  torna  gehwyices  {^reparation 
for  former  neglect),  2189. 

edwit-lif,  St.  n.,  life  in  disgrace  : 
nom.  Sg.,  2892. 

efn,  adj.,  even,  like,  with  preceding 
o  n ,  and  with  depend,  dat.,  tipon 
the  same  level,  near  :  him  on  efn 
lige^  ealdorgewinna,  lies  near  him, 
2904. 

efnan  (see  ilfuao)  w.  v.,  to  carry 
out,  to  perform,  to  accomplish :  pres. 
subj.  eorlscype  efne  {accomplish 
knightly  deeds),  21^2,6;  inf.eorlscipe 
efnan,  2623;  sweorda  gelSc  efnan 
{to  battle),  1042;  gerund,  to  ef- 
nanne,  1942;  pret.  eorlscipe  efnde, 
2134,  3008. 


efae,  adv.,  even,  exactly,  precisely. 
Just,  united  with  swS  or  svvylc ; 
efne  swS  swi'Se  swS,  just  so  much 
as,  1093;  efne  svva  side  swa,  1224; 
was  se  gryre  lassa  efne  sw^  miclc 
swS,  by  so  much  the  less  as  .  .  ., 
12S4;  leoht  inne  stod  efne  swU  .. . 
scine'iS,  a  gleam  stood  therein  (in 
the  sword)  just  as  when  . .  .  shines, 
1572;  efne  swS  hwylc  mag 5a  swS 
hone  magan  cende  {a  woman  who 
has  borne  such  a  5<7m),944;  efne 
swi  hwylcum  manna  swS  him  ge- 
met  >(ihte,  to  just  such  a  man  as 
seemed  good  to  him,  3058;  efne 
swylce  mrela  swylce  .  .  .  I'earf  ge- 
saslde,  just  at  the  times  at  'vhich 
necessity  commanded  it,  1250. 

eft,  adv. :  l )  thereupon,  afterwards  : 
56,  1 147,  21 12,  3047,  etc.;  eft  sona 
bi'5,  then  it  happens  immediately, 
1763;  bot  eft  cuman,  help  come 
again,  281.  —  2)  again,  on  the 
other  side  :  bat  hine  on  ylde  eft 
gewunigen  wilgesiSas,  that  in  old 
age  again  (also  on  their  side)  zvill- 
ing  companions  should  be  attached 
to  him,  22; — anetv,  again:  135, 
604,  693,  1557,  etc.;  eft  svvd  £Er, 
again  as  formerly,  643.  —  3)  re- 
tro, rursus,  back:  123,  296,  854, 
etc.;  bat  hig  aSelinges  eft  ne  wen- 
don  {did  not  believe  that  he  would 
come  back),  1597. 

eft-cyme,  st.  m.,  return  :  gen.  sg. 
eftcymes,  2897. 

eft-siff,  St.  m.,  journey  back,  return  : 
ace.  sg.  1892;  gen.  sg.  eft-siSes 
georn,  2784;  acc.pl.  eftsiSasteah, 
•cvent  the  road  back,  i.e.  returned, 

mi- 

egesa,  egsa  {state  of  terror,  active 
or  passive)  :  i )  f rightfulness  :  ace. 
sg.  buih  egsan,  276;  gen.  egesan 
ne  game's,  cares  for  nothing  ter- 


GLOSSARY. 


195 


rihle,  is  7iot  tronc:ed  about  future 
terrors{l),  1 758.  —  2)  terror,  hor- 
ror, fear :  nom.  sg.  egesa,  785; 
instr.  sg.  egesan,  1828,  2737. — 
Comp. :  gled-,  lig-,  water-egesa. 

eges-full,  adj.,  horrible  {full  of 
fear,  fearful),  2930. 

Kges-lic,  adj.,  terrible,  bringing  ter- 
ror:  of  Grendel's  head,  1650;  of 
the  beginning  of  the  fight  with  the 
drake,  2310;  of  the  dralce,  2826. 

egle,  adj.,  causing  aversion,  hideous  : 
nom.  pi.  neut.,  or,  more  probably, 
perhaps,  adverbial,  egle  (MS.  egl), 
988. 

egsian  (denominative  from  egesa), 
\v.  v.,  (0  have  terror,  distress  :  pret. 
(as  pluperf.)  egsode  eorl(?),  6. 

elitian,  vv.  v.,  to  esteem,  to  make 
prominent  with  praise:  III.  pi. 
pres.  I'iit  he  .  .  .  weras  ehtiga'^", 
that  thee  men  shall  esteem^  praise, 
1223. 

elde  {those  who  generate,  cf.  O.N. 
al-a,  generare),  st.  m.  only  in  the 
'^\.,men:  dat.pl.  eldum,  2215;  mid 
eldum,  among  men,  2612.  —  See 
ylde. 

eldo,  St.  f.,  age:  instr.  sg.  eldo  gebun- 
den,  21 12. 

el-land,  st.  n.,  foreign  land,  exile  : 
ace.  sg.  sceall  .  .  .  elland  tredan, 
(  sh  a  II  be  ba  n  ish  ed),  3020. 

elleu,  st.  n.,  strength,  heroic  strength, 
bravery  :  nom.  sg.  ellen,  573 ;  eafo'S 
and  ellen,  903;  Geata  .  .  .  eafo^ 
and  ellen,  603;  ace.  sg.  eafoS  and 
ellen,  2350;  ellen  c^i)a.n,sho2C) brav- 
ery, 2696;  ellen  fremedon,  exer- 
cised heroic  strength,  did  heroic 
deeds,  3;  similarly,  ic  gefremman 
sceal  eorlic  ellen,  638;  ferh  ellen 
wrac,  life  drove  out  the  strength, 
i.e.  with  the  departing  life  (of  the 
dragon)  his  strength  left  him,  2707 ; 


dat.  sg.  on  elne,  2507,  2817;  as 
instr.  ha  was  at  ham  geongum  grim 
andswaru  eSbegete  hSm  he  asr  his 
elne  forleas,  then  it  7vas  easy  for 
(every  one  of)  those  -.aho  before  had 
lost  his  hero-courage,  to  obtain 
rough  tvords  from  the  j,  ''ung  man 
(Wiglif),  2862;  mid  elne,  1494, 
2536 ;  elne,  alone,  in  adverbial 
sense,  strongly,  zealously,  and  with 
the  nearly  related  meaning,  hur- 
riedly, transiently,  894, 1098, 1968, 
2677,  2918;  gen.sg.  elneslat,  1530; 
ha  him  was  elnes  hearf,  2877.  — 
Comp.  magen-ellen. 

ellen-dccd,  st.  f.,  heroic  deed :  dat. 
pi.  -daedum,  877,  901. 

ellen-ggest,  st.  m.,  strength-spirit, 
demon  with  heroic  streitgih  :  nom. 
sg.  of  Grendel,  86. 

ellen-lice,  adv.,  strongly,  with  heroic 
strength,  2123. 

^\{:n-w\','^v'iSw,'s>\.A., renown  of  heroic 
strength,  dat.  pi.  -maer'Sum,  829, 
1472. 

ellcn-rof,  adj.,  renowned  for 
strength  :  nom.  sg.  340,  358,  3064; 
dat.  pi.  -rofum,  1788. 

ellen-seoc,  adj.,  infirm  in  stre?tgth : 
ace.  sg.  h-eoden  ellensiocne  (^the 
mortally  wounded  king,  Bedwulf) , 
27SS. 

elleu-weorc,  st.n.,  {strength-work)^ 
heroic  deed,  achievement  in  battle  : 
ace.  sg.  662,  959,  1465,  etc.;  gen. 
pi.  ellen-weorca,  2400. 

elles,  adv.,  else,  otherwise  :  a  (modal), 
in  another  manner,  2521.  —  b 
(local),  elles  hwaer,  sotneivhere  else, 
138;  elles  hwergen,  2591. 

ellor,  adv.,  to  some  other  place,  55, 

2255- 
ellor-gast,  -gaest,  st.  m.,  spirit  liv- 
ing elseivhere  (standing  outside  of 
the  community  of  mankind)  :  nom. 


106 


GLOSSARY. 


sg.    se  ellorgdst  (Grendel),   808; 

(Grendel's  mother),  1622;  ellor- 

gsest    (Grendel's   mother),    1618; 

ace.  pi.  ellorgsestas,  1350. 
ellor-slff,  St.  m.,  departure,  death  : 

nom.  sg.  2452. 
clni,   adj.    (comparative   of    a    not 

existing    form,    ele,    Goth,    aljis, 

SiViMs),  anoi/ier  :  dat.  sg.  on  elran 

men,  753. 
fl-J>o6dig,  adj.,  of  another  people  : 

foreign  :  ace.  pi.  el-heodige  men, 

336. 
eiule,  St.  m.,  the  extreme  :  hence,  i) 
ettd:  nom.  sg.  aldres  (Itfes)  ende, 
823,  2845;   oS  I'iit  ende  becwom 
(scil.  unrihtes)  ,1255;  ace.  sg.  ende 
lifgesceafta  (lifes,  laen-daga),  3064, 
13S7,  2343;  hafde  eorSscrafa  ende 
genyttod,  had  used  the  end  of  the 
earth-caves  (had  made  use  of  the 
caves  for  the  last  time),  3047;  dat. 
sg.  ealdres  (lifes)  at  ende,  2791, 
2824;  eoletes  at  ende,  224.  —  2) 
boundary:   ace.  sg.  side  rice  )'at 
he  his  selfa  ne  mag  .  .  .  ende  ge- 
>encean,  the  wide  realm,  so  that 
he  himself  cannot  comprehend  its 
boundaries,    1735.  —  3)    summit, 
head :  dat.  sg.  eorlum  on  ende,  to  the 
nobles  at  the  end  (the  highest  cour- 
tiers) ,  2022.  —  Comp.  woruld-ende. 
ende-diig,  st.  m.,  last  day,  day  of 
death  :  nom.  sg.  3036;  ace.  sg.  638 
ende-dOgor,  st.  m.,  last  day,  day  of 
death:  gen.  sg.  bega  on  vvSnum 
endedogores  and  eftcymes  leofes 
monnes  {^hesitating  between  the  be- 
lief in  the  death  and  in  the  return 
of  the  dear  man),  2897. 
eiide-ld.f,  St.  f.,  last  remnant:  nom. 
sg.  hu  eart  ende-lif  fisses  cynnes, 
art  the  last  of  our  race,  2814. 
ende-ledn,  st.  n.,  Jinal  reparation  : 
ace.  sg.  1693. 


ende-sajtii,  w .  m.,  he  who  sits  on  tki 
border,  boundary-guard  :  nom.  sg. 
(here  of  the  strand-watchman), 
241. 

emle-stiif,  st.  m.  (elementum  finis), 
end :  ace.  sg.  hit  on  endestaf  eft 
gelimpeS,  tlien  it  draivs  near  to 
the  end,  1754. 

ge-eiidian,  vv.  v.,  to  ettd :  pret.part. 
ge-endod,  2312. 

enge,  adj.,  narrow :  ace.  pi.  enge 
Snpa'Sas,  71a rro7u  paths,  1411. 

ent,  St.  m.,  giant :  gen.  pi.  enta  asr- 
geweorc  (the  sword-hilt  out  of  the 
dwelling-place  of  Grendel),  1680; 
enta  geweorc  (the  dragon's  cave), 
2718;  eald-enta  jer-geweorc  (the 
costly  things  in  the  dragon's  cave), 

2775- 
entisc,  adj.,  coming  from  giants: 

ace.  sg.  entiscne  helm,  2980. 

etan,  st.  v.,  to  eat,  to  consume  :  pres. 
sg.  III.  blodig  wal  .  .  .  ete'5  in- 
genga,  he  that  goes  alone  (Grendel) 
will  devour  the  bloody  corpse,  448; 
inf.  Geatena  leode  .  .  .  etan,  444. 

I'urh-etan,  to  eat  through:  pret. 
part.  pi.  nom.  swyrd  . . .  Jmrhetone, 
swords  eaten  through  (by  rust), 
3050. 


E 


ec.     See  eAc. 

ece,  adj.,  everlasting:  nom.  See 
drihten  (God),  108;  ace.  sg.  8ce 
eor'Sreced,  the  everlasting  earth- 
hall  (the  dragon's  cave),  2720; 
geceas  Scne  rxd,  chose  the  everlast- 
ing gain  (died),  1202;  dat.  sg. 
ecearx  dryhtne,  1693,  1780,  2331 ; 
ace.  pi.  geceos  6ce  raedas,  1761. 

edrc.     See  aedre. 

eU-begete,  z.6].,easyto  obtain,  ready: 
nom.  sg.  hS  was  at  bam  geongum 


GLOSSARY. 


191 


grim  andsvvaru  e'5-beg§te,  then 
from  the  young  man  (Wiglaf)  it 
was  an  easy  thing  to  get  a  gruff 
answer,  2862. 

eUe.    See  edafe. 

eSel,  St.  m.,  hereditary  possessions, 
hereditary  estate  :  ace.  sg.  swjesne 
SSel,  520;  dat.  sg.  on  eSle,  1731. 
—  In  royal  families  the  hereditary 
possession  is  the  whole  realm : 
hence,  ace.  sg.  eSel  Scyldinga,  of 
the  kittgdom  of  the  Scyldings,  914; 
(Offa)  wisdome  heold  eSel  sinne, 
ruled  7vith  wisdom  his  inherited 
kingdom,  1 96 1. 

effel-riht,  st.  n.,  hereditary  privi- 
leges (rights  that  belong  to  a  here- 
ditary estate)  :  nom.  sg.  eard  eSel- 
riht,  estate  and  inherited  privileges, 
2199. 

eiSTel-stol,  St.  m.,  hereditary  seat,  in- 
herited throne:  ace.  pi.  eSel-stolas, 
2372. 

eafel-turf,  st.  f.,  inherited  ground, 
hereditary  estate  :  dat.  sg.  on  minre 
eSeltyrf,  410. 

eSel-weard,  st.  m.,  lord  of  the  here- 
ditary estate  (realm) :  nom.  sg. 
g'Selweard  (king),  1703,  221 1 ;  dat. 
sg.  East-Dena  eSel  vvearde  (King 
Hro^gar),  617. 

feijel-wyn,  st.  f.,  joy  in,  or  enjoyment 
of,  hereditary  possessions  :  nom.  sg. 
nu  sceal  .  .  .  call  eSelwyn  eowrum 
cynne,  lufen  Sliegean,  noiv  shall 
your  race  want  all  home-joy,  and 
subsistence^!)  (your  race  shall 
be  banished  from  its  hereditary 
abode),  2886;  ace.  sg.  he  me  lond 
forgeaf,  eard  eSelwyn,  presented 
me  with  land,  abode,  and  the  en- 
joyment of  ho7ne,  2494.. 

fiff-gesyne,  yff-gesene,  adj.,  easy  to 
see,  visible  to  all :  nom.  sg.  Iiii, 
1245. 


efstan,  w.  v.,  to  be  in  haste,  to  hasten: 
inf.  uton  nu  Sfstan,  let  us  hurry 
no7v,  3102;  pret.  efste  mid  elne, 
hastened  with  heroic  strength,  1494. 

eg-clif,  St.  n.,  sea-cliff:  ace.  sg.  ofer 
eg-clif  (ecg-clif,  MS.),  2894. 

eg-stredm,  st.  m.,  sea-streatn,  sea- 
food:  dat.  pi.  on  eg-streamum,  in 
the  sea-foods,  577.  See  eAgor- 
stredm. 

ehtan  (M.H.G.  aechten;  cf.  aeht  and 
ge-aehtla),  w.  v.  w.  gen.,  to  be  a 
purstier,  to  pursue :  pres.  part, 
aglzeca  ehtende  was  duguf>e  and 
geogo'Se,  159;  pret.  pi.  ^hton  aglae- 
can,  they  pursued  the  bringer  of 
sorroiv  (Beowulf  )(?),  15 13. 

est,  st.  m.  {.,  favor,  grace,  kindness: 
ace.  sg.  he  liim  est  geteah  meara  and 
mRSma  (honored  him  with  horses 
and  jewels),  2166;  gearvvor  hafde 
agendes  est  asr  gesceawod,  would 
rather  have  seen  the  grace  of  the 
Lord  (o(  God)  sooner,  3076.  —  dat. 
pi.,  adverbial,  libenter :  him  on 
folce  heold,  estuni  mid  are,  2379; 
estum  geywan  (to  present),  21 50; 
him  was  .  .  .  wunden  gold  estum 
geeawed  (presented),  1195;  we 
|?at  ellenweorc  estum  mielum  fre- 
medon,  959. 

este,  adj.,  gracious:  w.  gen.  este 
bearn-gebyrdo,  gracious  through 
the  birth  (of  such  a  son  as  Beo- 
wulf), 946. 


EA 

eafoff,  St.  n.,  power,  strength  :  noiu 
sg.  cafe's  and  ellen,  603, 903;  ace. 
sg.  eafo'S  and  ellen,  2350;  we 
frecne  genSSdon  eafoS  uncfi'Ses, 
we  have  boldly  ventured  against 
the  strength  of  the  enemy  (Grendel^, 


198 


GLOSSARY. 


have  withstood  him,  961 ;  gen.  sg. 
eafo^es  craftig,  1467;  l>at  l>ec  Sdl 
0(S5e  ecg  eafoSes  getvvsefed,  shall 
rob  of  strength,  1764;  ace.  pi.  eafeSo 
(MS.  earfeSu),  534;  dat.  pi.  hine 
mihtig  god  .  .  .  eafe'Sum  stt'ptc, 
made  him  great  through  strength, 
1 718.     See  Note  for  1.  534. 

eafor,  st.  m.,  boar  ;  here  the  image 
of  the  boar  as  banner:  ace.  sg. 
eafor,  2153. 

eafora  {offspring),  w.  m. :  l)  son  : 
nom.  sg.  eafera,  12,  898;  eafora, 
375;  ace.  sg.  eaferan,  1548,  1848; 
gen.  sg.  eafera,  19;  nom.  pi.  eafe- 
ran, 2476;  dat.  pi.  eaferum,  1069, 
2471 ;  uneran  eaferan,  1 186. —  2)  in 
broader  sense,  successor :  dat.  pi. 
eaforum,  171 1. 

eahta,  num.,  eight:  ace.  pi.  eahta 
mearas,  1036;  code  eahta  sum, 
■went  as  one  of  eight,  with  seven 
others,  3124. 

eahtian,  w.  v.:  i)  to  consider ,  to 
deliberate :  pret.  pi.  w.  aec.  raed 
eahtedon,  consulted  about  help, 
172;  pret.  sg.  (for  the  plural)  bone 
selestan  |>ara  be  mid  IlroSgare 
him  eahtode,  the  best  one  of  those 
who  with  Ilrb^gdr  deliberated 
about  their  home  (ruled),  1408. — 
2)  to  speak  'with  reflection  0/ (along 
with  the  idea  of  praise)  :  pret.  pi. 
ea"  todan  eorlscipe,  spoke  of  his 
noble  character,  3175. 

eal,  call,  adj.,  all,  whole:  nom.  sg. 
wcrud  call,  652;  pi.  cal  bencl>cUi, 
486;  sg. call eSelwyn,  2886;  ealwo- 
rold,  1739,  etc.;  bat  hit  wearS  eal 
gearo,  healarna  maest,  77;  I'at  hit 
(wtgbil)  eal  gemealt,  1 609.  And 
with  a  following  genitive  :  I'oer  was 
eal  geador  Grendles  gr^pe,  there 
•was  all  together  Grendel's  hand, 
the  whole  hand  of  Grendel,  836; 


eall .  .  .  lissa,  all  favcr,  2150;  wis 
call  sceaeen  dogorgertmes,  2728. 
With  apposition :  \>^\\\.Q  him  eall 
to  rftm,  wongas  and  wtcstede,  2462 ; 
aec.  sg.  boot  eal,  523;  similarly, 
2018,  2081 ;  oneySSe  ealle,  all  dis- 
tress, 831 ;  heals  ealne,  2692;  hlaew 
,  .  .  ealne  fitan-weardne,  2298;  gif 
he  bat  eal  gemon,  1 186,  2428;  bat 
eall  geondseh,  recedes  geatwa, 
3089;  ealne  wtde-ferh'5,  through 
the  whole  wide  life,  through  all 
time,  1223;  instr.  sg.  ealle  magene, 
with  all  strength,  2668;  dat.  sg. 
eallum  .  .  .  manna  cynne,  914; 
gen.  sg.  ealles  moncynnes,  1956. 
Subst.  ic  bas  ealles  mag  . .  .  gefean 
habban,  2740;  brftc  ealles  well, 
2 1 63 ;  frean  ealles  banc  secge,  give 
thanks  to  the  Lord  of  all,  2795; 
nom.  pi.  untydras  ealle,  1 1 1 ;  sceo- 
tend  . .  .  ealle,  706;  we  ealle,  942; 
ace.  pi.  feond  ealle,  700;  similarly, 
1081,  1797,  2815;  subst.  ofer  ealle, 
650;  ealle  hie  deaS  fornam,  2237; 
lig  ealle  forswealg  bara  be  b^er  gC15 
fornam,  all  of  those  whom  the  -war 
had  snatched  away,  1 1 23;  dat.  pi. 
eallum ceaster-bftendum,  768;  simi- 
larly, 824,907,  141 8;  subst.  Sna  wi5 
eallum,  one  against  all,  145;  with 
gen.  eallum  gumena  cynnes,  1058; 
gen.pl.a'Selingabearn  ealra  Iwelfa, 
the  kinsmen  of  all  twelve  nobles 
(twelve  nobles  hold  the  highest 
positionsof  the  court),  3172;  subst. 
he  ah  ealra  gQ\\G^2i.\il,has power  over 
all,  1728. 

Uninflected:  bil  eal  burhwod 
flx'schoman,  the  battle-axe  cleft  the 
body  through  and  through,  1 568; 
hafde  .  .  .  eal  gefeormod  fet  and 
folma,  had  devoured  entirely  feel 
and  hands,  745  ;  se  be  eall  geman 
gir-cwealm  gumena,  who  remem- 


GLOSSARY. 


199 


hers  thoroughly  the  death  of  the  men 
by  the  spear,  2043,  etc. 

Adverbial :  j^eah  ic  eal  maege, 
although  I  am  entirely  able,  6S1 ; 
hi  on  beorg  dydon  beg  and  siglu 
call  swylce  hyrsta,  they  placed  in 
the  grate-mound  rings,  and  orna- 
ments, all  Slick  adornments,  3165. 
— The  gen.  sg.  ealles,  adverbial  in 
the  sense  of  entirely,  looi,  1 130. 

eald,  adj.,  old :  a)  of  the  age  of  liv- 
ing beings  :  nom.sg.  eald,  357, 1703, 
221 1,  etc.;  dat.  sg.  ealdum,  2973; 
gen.  sg.  ealdes  uhtflogan  {dragon), 
2761  ;  dat.  sg.  ealdum,  1875 ; 
geongum  and  ealdum,  72. — b)  of 
things  and  of  institutions :  nom.  sg. 
helm  nionig  eald  and  omig,  27(14, 
ace.  sg.  ealde  \M&  {sword'),  796, 
1489 ;  ealde  wisan,  1866  ;  eald 
sweord,  1559,  1664,  etc.;  eald  ge- 
win,  old  (lasting  years),  distress, 
1782;  eald  enta  geweorc  {the  pre- 
cious thi7igs  in  the  drake's  cave), 
ZJTS;  ace.  pi.  ealde  maSmas,  472; 
ofer  ealde  riht,  against  the  old  laws 
(namely,  the  Ten  Commandments; 
Beowulf  believes  that  God  has  sent 
him  the  drake  as  a  punishment, 
because  he  has  unconsciously,  at 
some  time,  violated  one  of  the  com- 
mandments), 2331. 

yidra,  compar.  older:  min  yldra 
mseg,  468;  yldra  bro'Sor,  1325;  o^ 
t>at  he  (Heardr^d)   yldra  wearS, 

2379- 
yldesta,  superb  oldest,  in  the  usual 

sense;  dat.  sg.  |?am  yldestan,  2436; 

in  a  moral  sense,  the  most  respected: 

nom.  sg.  se  yldesta,  258;  ace.  sg. 

Jjone  yldestan,  363,  both  times  of 

Beowulf. 
eald-fiider,  st.  m.,  old- father , grand- 

fallicr,  ancestor:  nom.  sg.  373. 
eald-gesegen,  st.  f.,  traditions  from 


old  times :  gen.  pi.  eal-fela  eald- 
gesegena,  very  many  of  the  old 
traditions,  870. 

eald-gesiiff,  st.  m.,  companion  ever 
since  old  times,  courtier  for  tnany 
years  :  nom.  pi.  eald-gesi^as,  854. 

eald-gestreon,  st.  n.,  treasure  out 
of  the  old  times  :  dat.  pi.  eald-ges- 
treonum,  1382;  gen.  pi.  -gestre6na, 

1459- 

eald-gewinna,  vv.  m.,  old-enemy, 
enemy  for  many  years  :  nom.  sg. 
of  Grendel,  1777. 

eald-gewyrht,  st.  n.,  merit  on  ac- 
count of  services  rendered  during 
many  years  :  nom.  pi.  J^at  nseron 
eald-gewyrht,  hat  he  Sna  scyle 
gnorn  I'rowian,  that  has  not  been 
his  desert  ever  since  long  ago,  that 
he  should  bear  the  distress  alone, 
2658. 

eald-hlaford,  st.  m.,  lord  through 
many  years :  gen.  sg.  bill  eald- 
hlafordes  (of  the  old  Be6wulf(?)), 
2779. 

eald-metod,  st.m.,  God  ruling  ever 
since  ancient  times  :  nom.  sg.  946. 

ealdor,  aldor,  st.  m.,  lord,  chief 
(king  or  powerful  noble)  :  nom. 
sg.  ealdor,  1645,  1849,  2921 ;  aldor, 
56,  7)^9^  392;  ace.  sg.  aldor,  669; 
dat.  sg.  ealdre,  593 ;  aldre,  346. 

ealdor,  aldor,  st.  n.,  life  :  ace.  sg. 
aldor,  1372;  dat.  sg.  aldre,  1448, 
1525;  ealdre,  2600;  him  on  aldre 
stod  herestral  hearda  (in  vitalibus), 
1435  »  nalles  for  ealdre  mearn,  was 
not  troubled  about  his  life,  1443; 
of  ealdre  gewit,  went  out  of  life, 
died,  2625 ;  as  instr.  aldre,  662, 681, 
etc.;  ealdre,  1656,  2134,  etc.;  gen.  ■ 
sg.  aldres,  823 ;  ealdres,  2791,2444; 
aidres  orw^na,  despairing  of  life, 
1003,  1566;  ealdres  scyldig,  hav' 
ing Jorjeited  life,  1339,  2062;  dat 


200 


GLOSSARY 


pi.  aldrum  n^^don,  510,  538.— 
Phrases:  on  aldie  (/«  life),  ever, 
1780;  to  aldre  {for  life),  always, 
2006,  2499 ;  Swa  to  aldre,  for  ever 
and  ever,  956. 

ealdor-bealu,  st.  n.,  life's  evil:  ace. 
sg.  )>u  .  .  .  ondrsedan  ne  bearft  .  .  . 
aldorbealu  eorlum,  thou  needest  no/ 
fear  death  for  the  coivtiers,  1 677. 

ealdor-cearu,  st.f.,  trouble  that  en- 
dangers life,  great  trouble :  dat.  sg. 
he  his  leodum  wearS  ...  to  aldor- 
ceare,  907. 

»aldor-dagas,  st.  m.  pi.,  days  of 
one's  life :  dat.  pi.  nasfre  on  aldor- 
dagum  (never  in  his  life),  719;  on 
ealder-dagum  asr  (in  former  days), 

758. 

ealdor-gedal,  st.  n.,  severing  of  life, 
death,  end:  nom.  sg.  aldor-gedjll, 
806. 

ealdor-gewinna,  w.m.,  life-enemy, 
one  who  strives  to  take  his  enemy's 
life  (in  N.H.G.  the  contrary  con- 
ception, Tod-feind)  :  nom.  sg.  eal- 
dorgewinna  (the  dragon),  2904. 

ealdor-leds,  adj.,  without  a  rtd- 
er{l)  :  nom.  pi.  aldor-lease,  15. 

ealdor-leds,  adj.,  lifeless,  dead: 
ace.  sg.  aldor-leasne,  1588;  ealdor- 
leasne,  3004. 

ealdor-J>egn,  st.  m.,  nobleman  at 
the  court,  distinguished  courtier : 
ace  sg.aldor-hegn  (HroSgdr's  con- 
fidential adviser,  Ascheie),  1309. 

eal-fela,  adj.,  very  much:  with  fol- 
lowing gen.,  eal-felaeald-gesegena, 
very  matty  old  traditions,  870 ;  eal- 
fela  eotena  cynnes,  884. 

ealgian,  w.  v.,  to  shield,  to  defend,  to 
protect:  inf.  w.  ace.  feorh  ealgian, 
797,  2656,  2669;  pret.  siSSan  he 
(Hygelic)  under  segne  sine  eal- 
gode,  walreaf  werede,  while  under 
his  banner  he  protected  the  treas- 


ures, defended  the  spoil  of  battli 
(i.e.  while  he  was  upon  the  Viking 
expeditions),  1205. 

eal-gylden,  adj.,  all  golden,  entirely 
of  gold :  nom.  sg.  sw5*n  ealgylden, 
1 1 1 2;  acc.sg.segneallgylden,  2768. 

eal-irenne,  adj.,  entirely  of  iron : 
ace.  sg.  eall-irenne  wigbord,  a 
wholly  iron  battle-shield,  2339. 

ealu,  St.  n.,  ale,  beer :  ace.  sg.  ealo 
drincende,  1946. 

ealu-benc,  st.  f.,  ale-bench,  bench  for 
those  drinking  ale:  dat.sg.  in  ealo- 
bence,  1030;  on  ealu-bence,  2868. 

ealu-scerwen,  st.  f.,  terror,  under 
the  figure  of  a  mishap  at  an  ale- 
drinking,  probably  the  sudden  tak- 
ing away  of  the  ale:  nom.sg.Denum 
eallum  wear^  . . .  ealuscerwen,  770. 

ealu-wsege,  st.  n.,  ale-can,  portable 
vessel  out  of  which  ale  is  poured 
into  the  cups  :  ace.  sg.  2022;  hroden 
ealowoege,  495 ;  dat.  sg.  ofer  ealo- 
waege  (at  the  ale-carouse),  48 1. 

eal- wealda,  \v.  adj .,  allruling{God)  ■■ 
nom.  sg.  fader  alwalda,  316;  alwal- 
da,  956,  1315;  dat.sg.  al-wealdan, 
929. 

card,  St.  m.,  cultivated  ground,  estate, 
hereditary  estate;  in  a  broader 
sense,  ground  in  general,  abode, 
place  of  sojourn  :  nom.  sg,  him  was 
bam  .  .  .  lond  gecynde,  card  S5el- 
riht,  the  land^aas  bequeathed  to  them 
both,  the  land  and  the  privileges  at- 
tached to  it,  2199;  ace.  sg.  fifel- 
cy  nnes  card,  the  ground  of  the  giant 
race,  place  of  sojourn,  104;  simi- 
larly, alwihta  card,  1501 ;  card  ge- 
xa\mdQ,thoughtofhis  native  ground, 
his  home,  1130;  card  git  ne  const, 
thou,  knowest  not  yet  the  place  of 
sojourn,  1378;  card  and  eorlscipe, 
prcedium  et  nobilitatem,  1728;  card 
g^elwyn,  land  and  the  enjoyment 


GLOSSARY. 


201 


of  kome,  2494;  Jat.  sg.  ellor  I 
hwearf  of  earde,  7vent  elsewhere 
from  his  place  of  abode,  i.e.  died, 
56;  YaX  we  rondas  beren  eft  to 
earde,  that  we  go  again  to  our 
homes,  zb^'^;  on  earde,  2737;  nom. 
pi.  eacne  eardas,  the  broad  ex- 
panses (in  the  fen-sea  where  Gren- 
del's  home  was),  1622. 

eardian,  w.  v. :  i^to  have  a  dwelling- 
place,  to  live;  to  rest:  pret.  pi.  dyre 
swyrd  swS  hie  wiS  eoriSan  faSm 
J'oer  eardodon,  costly  swords,  as  they 
had  rested  in  the  earth's  bosom,  305 1 . 
—  2)  also  transitively,  to  inhabit: 
piet.  sg.  Heorot  eardode,  166;  inf. 
wic  eardian  elles  hwergen,  inhabit 
a  place  elsewhere  (i.e.  die),  2590. 

eard-lufa,  w.  m.,  the  living  upott 
one's  land,  home-life  :  ace.  sg.  eard- 
lufan,  693. 

earfoij-lice,  adv.,  with  trouble,  with 
difficulty,  1637,  1658;  with  vexa- 
tion, angrily,  85 ;  sorrowfully, 
2823 ;  with  difficulty,  scarcely,  2304, 

2935- 

earfoff-Jjrag,  St.  f.,  time  full  of  trou- 
bles, sorrowful  time :  ace.  sg.  -t-rage, 
283. 

earh,  adj.,  cowardly:  gen.  sg.  ne  biS 
swylc  earges  si^  {110  coward  under- 
take^ that^,  2542. 

earin,  st.  m.,  ar/n :  ace.  sg.  earm,  836, 
973 ;  wi5  earm  gesat,  supported 
himself  with  his  arm,  750;  dat.  pi. 
earmum,  513. 

earm,  adj., /ocr,  miserable,  unhappy: 
nom.  sg.  earm,  2369 ;  earme  ides, 
the  unhappy  woman,  1 1 1 8 ;  dat.  sg. 
earmre  teohhe,  the  unhappy  band, 
2939. — Comp.  ace.  sg.  earmran 
mannan,  a  more  wretched,  more 
forsaken  matt,  577. 

carm-bedg,  st.  m.,  arm-ring,  brace- 
let :  gen.  pi.  earm-beaga  fel?i  sear- 


wum  gesseled,  many  arm-rings  in- 
terlaced, 2764. 

earm-hredd,  st.  f.,  arm-ornament . 
nom.  pi.  earm-hreade  twS,  1195 
(Grein's  conjecture,  MS.  earm 
reade). 

earni-lic,  adj.,  wretched,  miserable : 
nom.  sg.  sceolde  his  ealdor-gedal 
earinlic  wur  5an,  his  end  should  be 
wretched,  808. 

earni-sceapen,  pret.  part,  as  adj. 
(properly,  wretched  by  the  decree 
of  fate'),  wretched:  nom.  sg.  1352. 

earn,  st .  m.,  eagle:  dat.  sg.  earne,  3027. 

eatol.     See  atol. 

eaxl,  St.  f.,  shoulder :  ace.  sg.  eaxle, 
836,  973;  dat.  sg.  on  eaxle,  817, 
1548;  be  eaxle,  1538;  on  eaxle  ides 
gnornode,  the  zuoman  sobbed  on  the 
shoulder  {o{  her  son,  who  has  fallen 
and  is  being  burnt),  11 18;  dat.pl. 
sat  frean  eaxlum  neah,  sat  near  the 
shoulders  of  his  lord  (Beowulf  lies 
lifeless  upon  the  earth,  and  Wiglaf 
sits  by  his  side,  near  his  shoulder, 
so  as  to  sprinkle  the  face  of  his 
dead  lord),  2854;  he  for  eaxlum 
gestod  Deniga  frean,  he  stood  before 
the  shoulders  of  the  lordof the  Danes 
(i.e.  not  directly  before  him,  but 
somewhat  to  the  side,  as  etiquette 
demanded),  358. 

eaxl-gestealla,  w.  m.,  he  who  has 
his  position  at  the  shoulder  (sc.  of 
his  lord) ,  trusty  courtier,  counsellor 
of  a  prince:  nom.sg.  1327;  acc.pl 
-gesteallan,  1715. 


EA 

edc,  conj.,  also:  97,  388,433,  etc.; 

gc,  3132. 
eAcen  (pret.  part,  of  a  not  existing 

e?ican,  augere),adj.,w?(/(f-.r/^fa<4 


202 


GLOSSARY. 


large:  nom.  pi.  eacne  eardas,  (^r(7rff/ 
plains,  1622. — great,  heavy:  eald 
sweord  eacen,  1664;  dat.  pi.  eac- 
num  ecgum,  2141,  both  times  of 
the  great  sword  in  Grendel's  habi- 
tation.—  great,  mighty,  powerful  : 
aSele  and  eacen,  of  Beowulf,  198. 

eAcen-criiftig,  adj.,  immense  (of 
riches),  enormously  great :  accsg. 
hord-arna  sum  eacen-craftig,  that 
enormous  treasure-house,  2281; 
nom.  sg.  biit  yrfe  eacen-ciaftig, 
iumanna  gold,  3052. 

eddig,  adj.,  blessed  with  possessions, 
rich,  happy  by  reason  of  property  : 
nom.  sg.  wes,  )?enden  J'U  lilige, 
aSeling  eadig,  be,  as  long  as  thou 
livest,  a  prince  blessed  with  riches, 
1226;  eadig  men,  2471.  —  Comp. 
sige-,  sigor-,  tir-eadig. 

eadig-lice,  adv.,  in  abundance,  in 
joyous  plenty:  dreamum  lifdon 
eadigUce,  lived  in  rejoicing  and 
plenty,  1 00. 

edd'e,  eiSe,  $'iS&f  Sid.].,  easy, pleasant : 
nom.  pi.  gode  t>ancedon  )'as  be  him 
y  5-lSde  ea&  wurdon,  thanked  God 
that  the  sea-ways  (the  navigation) 
had  become  easy  to  them,  228;  ne 
was  bat  e'Se  si5,  no  pleasant  way, 
2587;  nas  ViX  ySe  ceap,  no  easy 
purchase,  2416;  no  ^at  ySe  byS  to 
befleonne,  not  easy  (as  milder  ex- 
pression for  in  no  way,  not  at  all), 
1003. 

ea'Se,  ^^e,  adv.,  easily.  ea'Se,  478, 
2292,  2765. 

eAff-fynde,  adj.,  easy  to  find :  nom. 

sg.  138- 
edge,  w.  n.,  eye:  dat.  pi.  him  uf 
eagum  stod  le6ht  unfager,  out  of 
his  eyes  came  a  terrible  gleam,  727 ; 
ViX  ic  .  .  .  eagum  starige,  see  with 
eyes,  behold,  1782;  similarly,  1936; 
gen.  pi.  eagena  bearhtm,  1767. 


edgor-stretiiii,  st.  m.,  sea-stream, 
sea  :  ace.  sg.  513. 

ea-land,  st.  n.,  land  surrounded  by 
water  (of  the  land  of  the  Geatas): 
ace.  sg.  ea-lond,  2335;    island. 

edm,  St.  m.,  uncle,  mother'' s  brother : 
nom.  sg.  882. 

edstan,  ZidiW.,  from  the  east,  569. 

edwan,  w.  v.,  to  disclose,  to  show,  to 
prove:  pres.  sg.  III.  eawet5  .  .  . 
uncfiSne  niiS,  shows  evil  enmity, 
276.     See  e6\vaQ,  y^van. 

ge-eawan,  to  shoiv,  to  offer:  pret. 
part,  him  was  .  . .  wunden  gold  es- 
tum  ge-eawed,  7uas  graciously  pre- 
sented, 1 195. 


EO 

eode.    See  gaugan. 

eodor,  st.  m.,  fence,  hedge,  railing. 
Among  the  old  Germans,  an  estate 
was  separated  by  a  fence  from  the 
property  of  others.  Inside  of  this 
fence  the  laws  of  peace  and  pro- 
tection held  good,  as  well  as  in  the 
house  itself.  Hence  eodor  is 
sometimes  used  instead  of  house: 
ace.  pi.  heht  eahta  mearas  on  flet 
teon,  in  under  eoderas,  gave  orders 
to  lead  eight  steeds  into  the  hall,  into 
the  house,  1038.  —  2)  figuratively, 
lord,  prince,  as  protector :  nom.  sg. 
eodor,  428,  1045  ;  eodur,  664. 

eofolj, St. r\.,strength:  ace. pi. ecfo^o, 
2535.     See  eafoa*. 

eofer,  st.  m. :  i)  boar,  here  of  the 
metal  boar-image  upon  the  helmet : 
nom.  sg.  eofer  trenheard,  11 13. — 
2)  figuratively,  bold  hero,  brave 
fighter  (O.  N.  iofur)  :  nom.  pi. 
honne  .  .  .  eoferas  cnysedan,  when 
the  heroes  rushed  upon  each  other, 
1329,  where  eoferas  and  fS^an 


GLOSSARY. 


203 


stand  in  the  same  relation  to  each 

other  as  cnysedan  and  hniton. 

eofor-lic,  st.  n.    boar-image  (on  the 

helmet)  :  nom.  pi.  eofor-ltc  scionon, 

303- 
eofor-spreot,    st.    m.,    boar-spear: 

dat.  pi.  mid  eofer-spreotum  heoro- 

hocyhtum,     with     hunting-spears 

which  were  provided  rvith  sharp 

hooks,  1438. 

eoguar,  ioguff.    See  geogoiff. 

eolet,  St.  m.  n.,  seaij):  gen.  sg. 
eoletes,  224. 

eorclan-stan,  ii.m.,  precious  stone  : 
ace.  pi.  -stanas,  1209. 

eorij-cyning,  ^i.m.,ki)igofthe  land: 
gen.sg.eorS-cyninges(Finn),ii56. 

eorlff-draca,  w.  m.,  earth-drake, 
dragon  that  lives  in  the  earth  :  nom. 
sg.  2713,  2826. 

eorlSfe,  \v.  f. :  i)  earth  (in  contrast 
with  heaven),  world :  ace.  sg.  al- 
mihtiga  eorSan  worhte,  92;  wide 
geond  eorSan,  far  over  the  earth, 
through  the  wide  world,  266;  dat. 
sg.  ofer  eortb'an,  248,  803  ;  on  eor- 
«an,  1823,  2856,  3139;  gen.  sg. 
eor'San,  753.  —  2)  earth,  ground: 
ace.  sg.  he  eor'San  gefeoll,  fell  to 
the  ground,  2835  !  forleton  eorla 
gestreon  eor'San  healdan,  let  the 
earth  hold  the  nobles'  treasttre,  3168; 
dat.  sg.  bat  hit  on  eor'San  lag,  1533; 
under  eorSan,  2416;  gen.  sg.  wiS 
eoiSan  fatSin  (?'«  the  bosom  of  the 
ea7/Ji),  3050. 

eoi  ff-reccl,  st.  n.,  hall  in  the  earth, 
rock-hall :  ace.  sg.  2720. 

eov'S-Scr'eit,?X.VL., earth-cavern, cave: 
dat.  sg.  eorS-[scrafe],  2233;  gen. 
pi.  eor'5-scrafa,  3047. 

eorlflr-sele,  st.  m.,  hall  in  the  earth, 
cave  :  ace.  sg.  eorS-sele,  241 1 ;  aat. 
sg.  of  eorb'sele,  2516. 
eoriJ-'WBall,  st.  m.,  earth-wall :  ace. 


sg.  (Ongenhedw)  beah  eft  undet 
eor'Sweall,  fed  again  under  the 
earth-wall  (into  his  fortified  camp), 
2958;  \>%  me  was  .  .  .  si  5  alyfed 
inn  under  eor'Sweall,  then  the  way 
in,  under  (lie  earth-'tvallwas  opened 
to  tne  (into  the  dragon's  cave), 3091. 

eorff-weard,  st.  m.,  land-property, 
estate  :  ace.  sg.  2335. 

eorl,  St.  m.,  7toble  born  man,  a  man 
of  the  high  nobility  ■'  nom.  sg.  762, 
796,  1229,  etc.;  ace.  sg.  eorl,  573, 
628, 2696;  gen.  sg.  eorles,  690, 983, 
1758,  etc.;  ace.  pi.  eorlas,  2817; 
dat.  pi.  eorlum,  770,  1282,  1650, 
etc.;  gen.  pi.  eorla,  248,  357,  369, 
etc. —  Since  the  king  himself  is 
from  the  stock  of  the  eorlas,  he 
is  also  called  eorl,  6,  2952. 

eorl-gestreon,  st.  n.,  wealth  of  the 
nobles  :  gen.  pi.  eorl-gestre6na  . . . 
hardfyrdne  dsl,  2245. 

eorl-ge^vaede,  st.  n.,  kttightly  dress, 
armor :  dat.  pi.  -gewsedum,  1443. 

eorlic  (i.e.  eorl-llc),  adj.,  zvhat  it  be- 
comes  a  noble  born  man  to  do,  chiv- 
alrous :  ace.  sg.  eorlic  ellen,  638. 

eorl-scipe,  st.  m.,  condition  of  being 
noble  born,  chivalrous  nature, 
nobility :  ace.  sg.  eorl-scipe,  1728, 
3175;  eorl-scipe  efnan,  to  do  chiv- 
alrous deeds,  2134,  2536,  2623, 
3008. 

eorl-^\'eorod,  st.  n.,  followers  of 
nobles  :  nom.  sg.  2894. 

eornien-cyn,  st.  n.,  very  extensive 
race,  mankind :  gen.  sg.  eormen- 
cynnes,  1958. 

eormen-grund,  st.  m.,  immensely 
wide  plains,  the  whole  broad  earth  : 
ace.  sg.  ofer  eormen-grund,  860. 

eormen-laf,  st.  f.,  enormous  legacy: 
ace.  sg.  eormen-life  alSelan  cynnes 
(^the  treasures  of  the  dragon's  cave] 
2235. 


204 


GLOSSARY. 


eorre,  adj.,  angry,  enraged:  gen.  sg. 

eorres,  1448. 
eoton,  St.  m. :   l)  giant:  nom.  sg. 

eoten  (Grendel),  762;  dat.  sg.  un- 

inflected,  eoton  (Grendel),   669; 

noni.    pi.    eotenas,  112. —  2)    Eo- 

tens,    subjects    of    Finn,    the    X. 

Frisians:    1073,  1089,   1 142;    dat. 

pi.    1146.      See    List    of    Names, 

p.   114. 
eotonisc,  a.^]., gigantic,  coming  from 

giants  :  ace.  sg.  eald  svveord  eote- 

nisc  (eotonisc),   1559,  2980,  (eto- 

nisc,  MS.)  2617. 

«;6red-geatwe,  st.  f.  pi.,  warlike 
adornments  :  ace.  pi.,  2867. 

cowan,  w.  v.,  to  shoiv,  to  be  seen: 
pres.  sg.  in.  ne  gesacu  ohvvser, 
ecghete  eoweS,  nowhere  shows  it- 
self strife,  sword-hate,  1739.  See 
edwan,  J'^van. 

eower:  i)  gen.  pi.  pers.  pron.,  ves- 
trum  :  eower  sum,  that  one  of  you 
(namely,  Beowulf),  248;  faehSe 
eower  leode,  the  enmity  of  the  peo- 
ple of  you  (of  your  people),  597; 
nis  bat  eower  st5  .  .  .  nefne  min 
Snes,  2533.  —  2)  poss.  pron.,  jo«;-, 
251.  257,  294,  etc. 


ge  -fandian,  -fondiau,  w.  v.,  to  try, 
to  search  for,  to  find  out,  to  expe- 
rience: w.gen.  pret.  part.  )'at  hiifde 
gumena  sum  goldes  gefandod,  that 
a  man  had  discovered  the  gold, 
2302  ;  bonne  se  an  hafaS  J>urh 
deSSes  nyd  dasda  gefondad,  no'u 
the  (?«£•(  Herebeald  )has  with  death's 
pang  experienced  the  deeds   (the 


unhappy   bow-shot  of  Hse^cyn"^, 

2455- 
fara,    vv.  m.,  farer,   traveller:    in 

comp.  mere-fara. 

faran,  st.  v.,  to  move  from  one  place 
to  another,  to  go,  to  wander:  inf.  t3 
ham  faran,  to  go  home,  124;  ISton 
on  geflit  faran  fealwe  mearas,  let 
the  fallow  horses  go  in  emtdation, 
865 ;  cwom  faran  fiotherge  on  Fres- 
na  land,  had  come  to  Frieslandwith 
a  fiect,  2916;  com  leoda  dugoSe  on 
list  faran,  ca?tie  to  go  upon  the  track 
of  the  heroes  of  his  people,  i.e.  to 
follow  them,  2946;  gerund  waeron 
a^elingas  eft  to  leodum  ffise  to 
farenne,  the  nobles  were  ready  to 
go  agaitt  to  their  people,  1806;  pret. 
sg.  gegnum  for  [I'S]  ofer  myrcan 
mor,  there  had  (Grendel's  mother) 
gone  a~vay  over  the  dark  fen,  1405; 
scegenga  for,  the  seafarer  (the  ship) 
drove  along,  1 909;  (wyrm)  mid 
baele  for,  (the  dragon)  fied  away 
with  fire,  2309 ;  pret.  pi.  ^at  .  .  . 
scawan  sclrhame  to  scipe  foron, 
that  the  visitors  in  glittering  attire 
betook  themselves  to  the  ship,  1896. 

gefaran,  to  proceed,  to  act:  inf.  hfi 
se  mSnsceaSa  under  faergripum  ge- 
faran wolde,  hozv  he  wotdd  act  in 
his  sudden  attacks,  739. 

Clt  faran,  to  go  out :  vv.  ace.  let  of 
bredstum  .  .  .  word  dt  faran,  let 
words  go  out  of  his  breast,  uttered 
words,  2552. 

faroS,  St.  m.,  stream,floodofthe  sea : 
dat.  sg.  to  brinies  faro'Se,  28;  after 
faro&,  with  the  stream,  580  ;  at 
faroSe,  1917. 

faru,  St.  f.,  way,  passage,  expedition  . 
in  comp.  &d-faru. 

faceu-sttif  (elementum  nequitiae). 
St.  ni.,  -iuickedness,  treachery,  deceit. 
acc.  pi.  fScen-stafas,  1019, 


GLOSSARY. 


205 


f&ta,  fag,  adj.,  many-colored,  varie- 
gated, of  varying  :olor  (especially 
said  of  the  color  of  gold,  of  bronze, 
and  of  blood,  in  which  the  beams 
of  light  are  refracted)  :  nom.  sg. 
fSh  {coveredwith  bloody, i,20;  blode 
fSh,  935;  atertSnum  fih  (sc.  iien), 
1460;  sadol  searwum  fih  {saddle 
artistically  ornamented ivitk  gold\ 
1039;  sweord  swatefah,  1287;  brim 
blode  fSh,  1595;  wdldreorefag,  1 632 ; 
(draca)  fyrwylmum  fah  {because  he 
spewed  Jlame^,  2672;  sweord  fah 
and  fated,  2702;  blode  fih,  2975; 
ace.  sg.  dreore  fahne,  447  ;  goldsele 
fattum  fahne,  717;  on  fagne  flor 
treddode,  trod  the  shining  floor  (of 
Heorot),  726;  hrof  golde  fahne, 
the  roof  shining  with  gold,  928; 
nom.  pi.  eoforlic  .  .  .  fah  and  fyr- 
heard,  305;  ace.  pi.  \>a.  hilt  since 
fage,  1 61 6;  dat.  pi.  fagum  sweor- 
dum,  586.  —  Comp.  ban-,  blod-, 
brfln-,  dreoi-,  gold-,  giyre-,  searo-, 
sine-,  stan-,  sw^t-,  vval-,  wyrm-fah. 

fah,  fag,  fa,  adj. :  i)  hostile :  nom. 
sg.  fah  feond-scaSa,  554;  he  was 
fag  wi'5  god  (Grendel),  812;  ace. 
sg.  fane  {the  dragon),  2656;  gen. 
pi.  fira,  578,  1464.  —  2)  liable  to 
pursuit,  without  peace,  outlawed  : 
nom.  sg.  fag,  1264;  mSne  iah,  out- 
lawed through  crime,  979;  fyren- 
daedum  fag,  1002.  —  Comp.  nearo- 
fah. 

fainig-heals,  adj.,  with  foaming 
neck :  nom.  sg.  flota  famig-heals, 
218;  (sspgenga)  fimig-heals,  1910. 

fac,  St.  n.,  period  of  time  :  ace.  sg. 
lytel  fac,  during  a  short  time, 
2241. 

fader,  st.  m.,  father:  nom.  sg.  fader, 
55,  262,459,  2609;  of  God,  1610; 
fader  alwalda,  316;  ace.  sg.  fader, 
1356;  dat.sg.  fader,  2430;  gen.  sg. 


fader,   21,   l.jSo;    of  God,   188    — 
Comp. :  ser  ,  eald-fader. 

fiidera,  w.  m.,  father''s  brother  in 
comp.  suhter-gefaderan 

fader-iiiaCelo,  st.  n.  pL,  patcrnut 
principattjs  (?)  :  dat.  pi.  fader- 
aSelum,  912. 

faderen-niaeg,  st.  m.,  kinsman  de- 
scended from  the  same  father,  co- 
descendant:  dat.  sg.  faderen-msege, 
1264. 

faffm,  St.  m. :  i)  the  outspread,  en- 
circling arms :  instr.  pi.  feondes 
fa5[mum],  2129.  —  2)  embrace, 
encircling :  nom.  sg.  liges  fa'Sm, 
782;  ace.  sg.  in  fyres  fa 5m,  185. 
—  3)  bosom,  lap  :  ace.  sg.  on  foldan 
faSm,  1 394  ;  wi'S  eor 5an  fa 5m, 
3050;  dat.  pi.  to  fader  (God's)  faS- 
mum,  188.  —  4)  power,  property  : 
ace.  in  Francna  fa  5m,  1211.  —  Cf. 
std-fa5med,  si5-fa5me. 

fad'niian,  w.  v.,  to  embrace,  to  take 
up  into  itself:  pres.  subj.  J^at  minne 
Itchaman  .  .  .  gled  fa'5mie,  2653; 
inf.lSton  flod  fa.5mianfratwahyrde, 

3134- 

ge-fag,  adj.,  agreeable,  desirabli 
(Old  Eng.,  fawe,  willingly')  :  comp. 
ge-fagra,  916. 

fagen,  adj.,  glad,  joyous  :  nom.  pi. 
ferh'Sum  fagne,  the  glad  at  heart, 
1634. 

fager,  adj.,  beautiful,  lovely :  nom. 
sg.  fiiger  fold-bold,  774;  fager  fol- 
dan bearm,  11 38;  ace.  sg.  freo^o- 
burh  fagere,  522;  nom.  pi.  hser  him 
fold-wegas  fagere  J'fihton,  867. — 
Comp.  iin-fager. 

fagere,  fagre,  adv.,  beautifully, 
ivell,  becomingly,  according  to  eti- 
quette :  fagere  gebsegon  medoful 
manig,  1015;  J^a  was  flet-sittendun. 
fagere  gereorded,  becomingly  thi 
repast  was  served,  1 789;  HigelSc 


206 


GLOSSARY. 


ongan  .  .  .  fagre    fricgean,    1986; 
similarly,  2990. 

fur,  St.  n.,  craft,  ship  ;  nom.  sg.,  33. 

fiist,  adj.,  bound,  fast :  nom.  sg.  biS 
se  slaep  t8  fast,  1 743 ;  ace.  sg. 
Treondscipe  fastne,  2070;  faste 
frioiSuwKre,  1097.  —  The  prep,  on 
stands  to  denote  the  where  or 
wherein  :  was  to  fast  on  |>am  (sc. 
on  fi\;h6'e  and  fvrcne),  137;  on 
ancre  fast,  303.  Or,  oftener,  the 
dative:  feond-grapum  fast,  {held) 
fast  in  his  antagonist's  clutch,  637; 
fyrbendum  fast,  fast  in  the  forged 
hinges,  723  ;  handa  fast,  1291,  etc.; 
hygebendum  fast  (beorn  him  lan- 
gaS),  fast  {shut)  in  the  bonds  of 
his  bosom,  the  man  longs  for  (i.e. 
in  secret),  1879.  —  Comp  :  ^r-, 
blsed-,  gin-,  soiS-,  ttr-,  wts-fast. 

faste,  adv.,/ai/.-  554,  761,  774,  789, 
1296.  —  Comp.  fastor,  143. 

be-fastan,  w.  v.,  to  give  over  :  inf. 
h8t  Hildeburh  hire  selfre  sunu 
sweolotJe  befastan,  to  give  over  to 
the  /lames  her  oian  son,  1 1 16. 

fasten,  st.  n.,  fortified  place,  or  place 
difficult  of  access  :  ace.  sg.  leoda 
fasten,  the  fastness  of  the  Gedtas 
(with  ref.  to  2327),  2334;  fasten 
(Ongenheow's  castle  or  fort) ,  295 1 ; 
fasten  (Grendel's  house  in  the  fen- 
sea),  104. 

fsist-raed,  z.A].,  firmly  resolved  :  ace. 
sg.  fast-rKdne  gehoht,  firm  deter- 
mination, 611. 

fslt,  St.  m.,  7uay,  journey  :  in  comp. 
stS-fat. 

fat,  St.  n.,  vessel ;  vase,  cup  :  ace.  pi. 
fyin-manna  fatu,  the  {drinking-) 
vessels  of  men  of  old  times,  2762. — 
Comp. :  bdn-,  drync-,  m^cSSum-, 
sine-,  wiindor-fat. 

fat,  St.  n.  (?),  plate,  sheet  of  metal, 
esY>^c\3\\y  gold  plate  (Dietrich  Hot. 


Ztschr.   XL  420)  :    dat.  pi.  gold 

sele  . .  .  fiittum  fihne,  shining  ivith 
gold  plates  (the  walls  and  the  inner 
part  of  the  roof  were  partly  cov- 
ered with  gold),  717;  sceal  se 
hearda  helm  hyrsted  golde  fatum 
befeallen  (sc.  wesan),  the  gold  or- 
naments shall  fall  axvay  from  it, 

2257- 

fated,  fatt,  part.,  ornamented  with 
gold  beaten  into  plate-form  :  gen. 
sg.  fattan  goldes,  1094,2247;  instr. 
sg.  fattan  golde,  2103.  Elsewhere, 
covered,  ornamented  7vith  gold 
plate :  nom.  sg.  sweord  .  .  .  fated, 
2702;  ace.  sg.  fated  wajge,  2254, 
2283;  ace.  pi.  fatte  seyldas,  333; 
fatte  beagas,  1751.     [fated,  etc.] 

fated-hleor,  adj.,  phaleratus  gena 
(Dietr.) :  aec.  pi.  eahta  mearas 
fated-hleore  {eight  horses  linth  bri- 
dles covered  with  plates  of  gold), 

1037- 

fjit-gold,  St.  n.,  gold  in  sheets  or 
plates  :  ace.  sg.,  1922. 

ftege,  adj.:  i)  forfeited  to  death, 
allotted  to  death  by  fate  :  nom.  sg. 
frege,  1756,  2142,  2976;  faege  and 
ge-flymed,847;  fflsand  fffige,  1242; 
aec.  sg.  fiiigne  flaesc-homan,  1569; 
dat.  sg.  fajgum,  2078;  gen.  sg. 
fceges,  1528.  —  2)  dead:  dat.  pi. 
ofer  fa;gum  {over  the  warriors 
fallen  in  the  battle),  3026.  — 
Comp. :  dcaS-,  un-faege. 

ffehiy  {state  of  hostility,  see  fah), 
St.  f.,  hostile  act,  fetid,  battle  :  nom. 
sg.  frehS,  2404,  3062;  ace.  sg. 
foehiSe,  153,  459,  470,  596,  1334, 
etc.;  also  of  the  unhappy  bow- 
shot of  the  IlrCtNling,  Ilaei^cyn,  by 
which  he  killed  his  brother,  2466; 
dat.sg.  fore  fn;h5e  and  fyrene,  137; 
nalas  for  fieh'Se  mearn  {did  not 
I      recoil    from    the   combat),    1538; 


GLOSSARY. 


20' 


gen.  sg ,  ne  gefeah  he  baere  fseh^e, 
109;  gen.  pi.  f3eh"5a  gemyndig, 
2690.  —  Comp.  wal-fseh'5. 

f^ehSfo,  St.  f.,  same  as  above :  nom. 
sg.  sio  fash'So,  3cxx);  ace.  faeh^o, 
2490. 

faelsian,  w.  v.,  to  bring  into  a  good 
condition,  to  cleanse :  inf.  bat  ic 
mote  .  .  .  Heorot  fselsian  (from  the 
plague  of  Grendel),  432;  pret. 
HroSgares  .  .  .  sale  faalsode,  2353. 

ge-fselsian,  w.  v.,  same  as  above: 
pret.  part,  hafde  gefaelsod  .  .  .  sele 
Hro^'gares,  826;  Heorot  is  gefael- 
sod, 1 1 77;  waeron  yS-gebland  eal 
gefaelsod,  1621. 

fftxnne,  w.  f.,  virgin,  recens  nupta  : 
Jat.  sg.  faemnan,  2035;  gen.  sg. 
faemnan,  2060,  both  times  of  HroS- 
gSr's  daughter  Freaware. 

faer,  st.  m.,  sudden,  unexpected  at- 
tack: nom.  sg.  (attaclv  upon  Hnaf's 
band  by  Finn's),  1069,  2231. 

faer-gripe,  st.  m.,  sudden,  treacher- 
ous gripe,  attack  :  nom.  sg.  faer- 
gripe  flodes,  1517;  dat.  pi.  under 
faergripum,  739. 

ffer-gryre,  st.  m.,  fright  caused  by  a 
sudden  attack  :  dat.  pi.  \vi5  faer- 
gryrum  (against  the  inroads  of 
Grendel  into  Heorot),  174. 

faeringa,  adv.,  suddenly,  unexpect- 
edly, 1415,  1989. 

faer-niff,  st.  m.,  hostility  with  sud- 
den attacks :  gen.  pi.  hwat  me 
Grendel  hafa^'  .  .  .  faerniba  gefre- 
:ned,  476. 

felJer-gearvve,  st.  f.  pi.  {feather- 
equipment),  the  feathers  of  the 
shaft  of  the  arrow:  dat.  (instr.) 
pi.  sceft  feSer-gearwum  fus,  3120. 

fel,  St.  n.,  skin,  hide:  dat.  pi.  glof 
•  •  •  gegyrwed  dracan  fellum, 
made  of  'he  skins  of  dragons, 
2089. 


fela,  I.,  adj.  indecl.,  much,  many 
as  subst. :  ace.  sg.  fela  fricgende, 
2107.  With  worn  placed  before  : 
hwat  )iu  worn  fela  .  .  .  ymb  Brecan 
spraece,  how  very  much  you  spoke 
about  Breca,  530.  —  With  gen.  sg. : 
ace.  sg.  fela  fyrene,  810;  wyrm- 
cynnes  fela,  1426;  worna  fela  sor- 
ge,  2004;  to  fela  micles  . . .  Denigea 
leode,  too  much  of  the  race  of  the 
Danes,  695;  uncuSes  fela,  877; 
fela  laSes,  930;  fela  leofes  and 
lafe,  1 06 1.  —  With  gen.  pi. :  nom. 
sg.  fela  madma,  36;  fela  haera  wera 
and  wifa,  993,  etc.;  ace.  sg.  fela 
niissera,  153;  fela  fyrena,  164; 
ofer  landa  fela,  311  ;  ma'SSum- 
sigla  fela  (falo,  MS.),  2758;  ne 
me  swor  fela  aSa  on  unriht,  swore 
no  false  oaths,  2739,  etc.;  worn 
fela  miSma,  1784;  worna  fela 
gd'Sa,  2543. — Comp.  eal-fela. 
II.,  adverbial,  very,  1386,  2103, 

29^1. 

fela-hi-Or,  adj.,  valde  agitatus,  verv 
active  agaijist  the  enemy,  very  war- 
like, 27. 

fela-mOdig,  adj.,  very  courageous : 
gen.  pi.  -modigra,  1638,  1889. 

fela-syuuig,  adj.,  very  criminal, 
very  guilty  :  ace.  sg.  fela-sinnigne 
secg  (in  MS.,  on  account  of  the 
alliteration,  changed  to  simple  s  i  r.  - 
nigne),  13S0. 

feolan,  st.  v.,  to  betake  one's  self 
into  a  place,  to  conceal  one's  self: 
pret.  siSSan  inne  fealh  Grendles 
modor  (in  Heorot),  1282;  \>xr 
inne  fealh  secg  syn-bysig  (in  the 
dragon's  cave),  2227.  —  to  fall  into, 
undergo,  endure:  searonlSas  fealh, 
1201. 

at-feolan,  w.  dat.,  insistere,  adhae- 
rere  :  pret.  no  ic  him  l^as  georne  at- 
fealh  {held  him  not  fast  enough,()6<). 


208 


GLOSSARY. 


fen,  St.  n.,  fen,  moor :  ace.  sg.  fen, 
104;  dat.  sg.  to  fenne,  1296;  feri- 
ne, 2010. 

fen-freoffOjSt.  f.,r^«^(f  in  the  fen  : 
dat.  sg.  in  fen-freocio,  852. 

feng,  St.  m.,  gripe,  embrace :  nom. 
sg.  fyres  feng,  1 765 ;  ace.  sg.  fSra 
feng  (of  the  hostile  sea-monsters), 
578.  —  Comp.  inwit-feng. 

fengel  (probably  /te  ivho  takes  pos- 
session, of.  t8  fon,  1756,  and  fon  to 
rice,  to  enter  upon  the  government), 
St.  m.,  lord,  prince,  king:  nom. 
sg.  wisa  fengel,  1401 ;  snottra  fen- 
gel, 1476,  2157;  hringa  fengel, 
2346. 

fen-ge-lad,  st.  n.,  fen-paths,  fen 
li'ith  paths :  ace.  pi.  frecne  fen- 
gelad  {fens  difficult  of  access), 
1360. 

fen-hliU,  st.  n.,  inarshy  precipice  : 
ace.  pi.  under  fen-hleo5u,  821. 

fen-hop,  St.  n.,  refuge  in  the  fen  : 
ace.  pi.  on  fen-hopu,  765. 

ferh,  St.  m.  n.,  /ife ;  see  feorh. 

ferh,  St.  m.,  hog,  boar,  here  of  the 
boar-image  on  the  helmet:    nom. 

sg-.  305- 

ferhiff,  St.  m.,  heart,  soul :  dat.  sg.  on 
ferh-Se,  755,  949,  1719;  gehwylc 
hiora  his  ferh'Se  treowde,  J>at  .  .  ., 
each  of  them  trusted  to  his  (HCln- 
fer"5's)  heart,  that  .  .  .,  1 1 67;  gen. 
sg.  ferhSes  fore-^anc,  1061;  dat. 
pi.  (adverbial)  ferh  Sum  fagne,//a/- 
py  at  heart,  1634;  ^at  mon  .  .  . 
ferhlSum  fre6ge,  that  one  . . .  hearti- 
ly love,  3178.  —  Comp.:  collen-, 
sSrig-,  swl'S-,  wide-ferhS. 

terh'S-frec,ad).,havinggood  courage, 
bold,  brave :  ace.  sg.  ferh"5-frecan 
P'in,  1 147. 

ferhar-genilSria,  w.  m.,  mortal  ene- 
my :  ace.  sg.  ferhtS-genrSlan,  of  the 
drake,  2882. 


forian,  w.  v.  vv.  ace.,  to  bear,  to  brings 
to  conduct :  pres.  II.  pi.  hwanop 
ferigea.'S  fatte  scyldas,  t,t,;^;  pret 
pi.  to  scypum  feredon  eal  inges- 
teald  eorScyninges,  1155;  simi- 
larly, feredon,  1159,  31 14. 

at-ferian,  to  carry  a~way,  to  bear 
off:  pret.  ic  ))at  hilt  ^anan  feon- 
dum  atferede,  1669. 

g  e  -  f  e  r  i  a  n  ,  /o  bear,  to  bring,  to  lead: 
pres.  subj.  I.  pi.  I'onne  (we)  ge- 
ferian  frean  flserne,  3108;  inf 
geferian. .  .Grendles  heafod,  1639; 
pret.  J^at  hi  fit  geferedon  dyre  mSS- 
mas,  3131;  pret.  part,  her  syndon 
geferede  feorran  cuniene  . . .  Geata 
leode,  men  of  the  Gedtas,  come 
from  afar,  have  been  brought 
hither  (by  ship),  361. 

o5-ferian,  to  tear  a^aay,  to  take 
a-vay :  pret.  sg.  I.  unsofte  panon 
feorh  oS-ferede,  2142. 

of-ferian,  to  carry  off, to  take  away, 
to  tear  aivay  :  pret.  o5er  swylc  Ot 
offerede,  took  aiuay  another  such 
(se.  fifteen),  1584. 

fetel-hilt,  st.  n.,  sword-hilt,  with  the 
gold  chains  fastened  to  it :  ace.  (sg. 
or  pi.?),  1564.  (See  "  Leiifaden  f. 
nord.  Altertumskunde,"  pp.  45, 46.) 

fetian,  w.  v.,  to  bring  near,  bring  : 
pres.  subj.  nah  hwd  .  .  .  re[tige] 
fated  \va"ge,  bring  the  gold-chased 
tankard,  2254;  pret.  part,  hra'^ie 
was  to  bdre  Beowulf  fetod,  13U. 

ge-fetian,  to  bring:  inf.  het  t>S 
eorla  hleo  in  gefetian  IlrSSles  lafe, 
caused  //rebel's  sword  to  be  brought, 
2191. 

a-fcdan,  w.  v.,  to  nourish,  to  bring 
up  :  pret.  part.  J>3er  he  dfeded  was, 
694. 

feS'a  (O.H.G.fendo),  w.  m. :  \)  foot- 
scldiers :  nom.  pi.  fe'San,  132S, 
2545. —  2)  collective  in  sing.,  band 


GLOSSARY. 


209 


of  foot-soldiers,  troop  of  warriors  : 
nom.  feSa  eal  gesat,  1425;  dat.  on 
feSan,  2498,  2920.  —  Comp.  gum- 
feSa. 

feare,  St.  n.,  gait,  going,  pace  :  dat. 
sg.  was  to  foremihtig  feond  on 
fSISe,  tlie  enemy  was  too  strong  in 
going  (i.e.  could  flee  too  fast),  971. 

feffe-cempa,  w.  m.,  foot-soldier  : 
nom.  sg.,  1545,  2854. 

feSe-gast,  st.  m.,  guest  coming  on 
foot :  dat.  pi.  feSe-gestum,  1977. 

f  safe-last,  St.  m..,  signs  of  going,  foot- 
print:  dat.  pi.  ferdon  forS  ponon 
fe  (Se-listum,  went  forth  from  there 
upon  their  trail,  i.e.  by  the  same 
way  that  they  had  gone,  1633. 

fe'Je-wig,  St.  m.,  battle  on  foot :  gen. 
Sg.  nealles  Hetware  hrSmge  I'orf- 
ton  (sc.  vvesan)  feSe-wiges,  2365. 

fel  (=  feol),  St.  i.,file:  gen.  pi.  fela 
life,  what  the  files  have  left  behind 
(that  is,  the  swords),  1033. 

feran,  w.  v.,  iter  (A.S.  for)  facere, 
to  come,  to  go,  to  travel :  pres.  subj. 
II.  pi.  aer  ge  .  .  .  on  land  Dena 
furSur  feran,  ere  you  go  farther 
into  the  land  of  the  Danes,  254; 
inf.  feran  on  frean  ware  {to  die), 
27;  gewiton  him  J^i  feran  {set  out 
upon  their  way),  301 ;  msel  is  me  to 
feran,  316;  feran  . . .  gang  sceawi- 
gan,  go,  so  as  to  see  the  footprints, 
1391;  wide  feran,  2262;  pret. 
ferdon  folctogan  .  .  .  wundor  scea- 
wian,  the  princes  came  to  see  the 
wonder,  840;   ferdon  for^,  1633. 

ge-fSran:  l)  adire,  to  arrive  at : 
pres.  subj.  ^onne  eorl  ende  gefere 
lifgesceafta,  reach  the  end  of  life, 
3064;  pret.  part,  hafde  seghwaSer 
cnde  gefered  Isenan  lifes,  frail 
lifers  end  had  hath  reached,  2845. 
—  2)  to  reach,  to  accotnplish,  to 
bring  about :  pret.  hafast  J^u  gefS- 


red  J>at  .  .  .,  1222,  1856.  —  3)  to 
behave  one's  self,  to  conduct  one's 
self:  pret.  frScne  gefSrdon,  had 
shown  themselves  daring,  1692. 

feal,  St.  m.,fall;  in  comp.  wal-feal. 

feallan,  st.  v.,  to  fall,  to  fall  head- 
long :  inf.  feallan,  107 1;  pret.  sg. 
\>'i.\.  he  on  hrusan  ne  feol,  that  it 
(the  hall)  did  not  fall  to  the  ground, 
"j-jy,  similarly,  feoll  on  foldan, 
2976;  feoll  on  feSan  (dat.  sg.), 
fell  in  the  band  (of  his  warriors), 
2920;  pret.  pi.  l^onne  walu  feollon, 
1043. 

be-feallen,  pret.  part.,  w.  dat.  or 
instr.,  deprived  of,  robbed :  freon- 
dum  befeallen,  robbed  of  friends, 
1 127;  sceal  se  hearda  helm  .  .  . 
fatum  befeallen  (sc.  wesan),  be 
robbed  of  its  gold  mountings  (the 
gold  mounting  will  fall  away  from 
it  moldering),  2257. 

ge-feallan,  to  fall,  to  sink  down  : 
pres.  sg.  III.  hat  se  lic-homa  .  .  . 
faege  gefealleS,  that  the  body  doomed 
to  die  sinks  down,  1756.  —  Also, 
with  the  ace.  of  the  place  whither  : 
pret.  meregrund  gefeoll,  2101;  he 
eorSan  gefeoll,  2835. 

fealu,  z.^).,  fallow,  dun-colored,  taw- 
ny :  ace.  sg.  ofer  fealone  flod  {over 
the  sea),  1951 ;  fealwe  streete  (with 
reference  to  320),  917;  ace.  pi. 
leton  on  geflit  faran  fealwe  mea- 
ras,  866.  —  Comp.  appel-fealc. 

feax,  St.  n.,  hair,  hair  of  the  head : 
dat.  sg.  was  be  feaxe  on  flet  boren 
Grendles  heafod,  tvas  carried  by 
the  hair  into  the  hall,  1648;  him 
.  .  .  swat  .  .  .  sprong  for"5  under 
fexe,  the  blood  sprang  out  under  the 
hair  of  his  head,  2968. —  Comp. : 
blonden-,  gamol-,  wunden-feax. 

ge-fed,  w.  xn.,  joy :  ace.  sg.  hoere 
fylle  gefean,  joy  at  the  abundant 


210 


GLOSSARY. 


repast,  562;  ic  }>fi5  ealles  mag  .  .  . 
gclean  habban  {can  rejoice  at  all 
this),  2741. 

fed,  z.^].,few  :  dat.  pi.  nemne  feaum 
annm,  except  some /ew,  10S2;  gen. 
pi.  feara  sum,  as  one  of  a  few,  unth 
a  few,  1413;  feara  sumne,  <>«<?  <?/ 
a  few  {some  few),  3062.  With  gen. 
following :  ace.  pi.  fea  worda  cwaS, 
spoke  few  words,  2663,  2247. 

fed-sceaft,  adj.,  miserable,  unhappy, 
helpless:  nom.  sg.  sy'SSan  serest 
wear'S  feasceaft  funden,  7  ;  fea- 
sceaft  guma  (Giendel),  974;  dat. 
sg.  feasceaftum  men,  2286;  Ead- 
gilse  .  .  .  feasceaftum,  2394;  nom. 
pi.  feasceafte  (the  Geatas  robbed 
of  tlieir  king,  Hygelac),  2374. 

feohjfeo,  St. n.,  (properly  «ra///^,A(fr^), 
here,  possessions,  property,  treas- 
ure :  instr.  sg.ne  wolde  .  .  .  feorh- 
bealo  feo  Jnngian,  would  not  allay 
life's  evil  for  treasure  (tribute), 
156;  similarly,  \>^  fseh'Se  feo  Hn- 
gode,  470;  ic  I'e  J>a  faehSe  fe6 
leanige,  1 381. 

g  e  -  feohan,  g  e  -  fe6n,  st.  v.,  w.  gen. 
and  instr.,  to  enjoy  one's  self,  to 
rejoice  at  something:  a)  w.  gen.: 
pret.  sg.  ne  gefeah  he  )'a;re  fojhbe, 
109;  hilde  gefeh,  beado-weorces, 
2299;  pl.  fylle  gefaegon,  enjoyed 
themselves  at  the  bounteous  repast, 
1015;  |'e6dnes  gefSgon,  rejoiced 
at  (the  return  of)  the  ruler,  1628. 
—  b)  w.  instr. :  niht-weorce  gefeh, 
ellen-mper'Sum,  828;  secg  weorce 
gefeh,  1570;  sa^lSce gefeah, magen- 
byrSenne  ^ira  he  he  him  mid  haf- 
de,  rejoiced  at  the  gift  of  the  sea, 
and  at  the  great  burden  of  that 
(Grendel's  head  and  the  sword- 
hilt)  ivhich  he  had  with  him,  1625. 

feoh-glft,  -gjiTt,  St.  f.,  bestowing  of 
gifts  or   'reasures :  gen.  sg.  ^aere 


feoh-gyfte,  1026;  dat.  pl.  5t  fcoh- 

gyftum,  1090;  fromum  feohgiftum, 
with  rich  gifts,  2 1 . 

feoh-lctls,  adj.,  that  cannot  be  atoned 
for  through  gifts  :  nom.  sg.  hat  was 
feoh-leas  gefeoht,  a  deed  of  arms 
that  cannot  be  expiated  {ihe  killing 
of  his  brother  by  IIcei?cyn),  2442. 

ge-feoht,  St.  n.,  combat;  warlike 
deed :  nom.  sg.  (the  killing  of  his 
brother  by  Hae'Scyn),  2442;  dat. 
sg.  mece  hone  \>\n  fader  to  gefeohte 
bar,  the  sword  which  thy  father 
bore  to  the  combat,  2049. 

ge-feohtan,  st.  v.,  to  fight :  inf.  w. 
ace.  ne  mehte  .  .  .  wig  Ilengeste 
wiht  gefeohtan  {could  by  no  means 
offer  Ilengest  battle),  1 084. 

feohte,  w.  f.,  cotnbnt :  ace.  sg.  feoh- 
tan,  576,  960.     See  were-fyhte. 

feor,  adj.,yar,  remote  :  nom.  sg.  nis 
hat  feor  heonon,  1362;  nas  him 
feor  hanon  to  gesecanne  sinces 
bryttan,  1922;  ace.  sg.  feor  eal 
{all  that  is  far,  past),  1702. 

feor,  adv.,  far,  far  away:  a)  of 
space,  42,  109,  809,  1S06,  191 7; 
feor  and  (o'55e)  neah,//r  and  {or) 
near,  1222,  2871;  feorr,  2267. — 
b)  of  time :  ge  feor  h.-ifa'S  fiT^hSe 
gestaeled  {has  placed  us  U7ider  her 
enmity  henceforth),  1341. 

Comparative,  fyr,  feorr,  and 
feor:  fyr  and  fastoi,  143;  fyr, 
252;    feorr,  1989;   feor,  542. 

feor-biiend,  pt.,  divelling far  away : 
nom.  pl.  ge  feor-bflend,  254. 

feor-c5'3',  st.  f.,  home  of  those  liv- 
ing far  away,  distant  land:  nom. 
pl.  feor-c^i5Se  be65  sehan  gesohte 
ham  he  him  selfa  dcah,  foreign 
lands  arc  better  sought  by  him 
7vho    trusts    to    his    own    ability, 

1839. 
feorhjferh  (Goth,  fairhvu-s,  wor/^/). 


GLOSSARY. 


211 


'st.  m.  and  n.,  life,  principle  vf  life, 
soul:  nom.  sg.  feorh,  2124;  no 
t>on  lange  was  feorh  a^elinges  flces- 
ce  bewunden,  not  for  much  longer 
was  the  soul  of  the  prince  enveloped 
in  the  body  (he  was  near  death), 
2425;  ferh  ellen  wriic,  life  ex- 
pelled the  strength  (i.e.  with  the 
departing  life  the  strengtli  disap- 
peared also),  2707;  ace.  sg.  feorh 
ealgian,  797,  2656,  2669;  feorh 
geheaidan,  preserve  his  life,  2857  : 
feorh  Slegde,  gave  tip  his  lije,  852 ; 
similarly,  rer  he  feorh  sele'5,  137 1 ; 
feorh  o'Sferede,  tore  azvay  her  life, 
2142;  o  ^"  I'at  hie  forlaeddan  to  1  am 
lindplegan  swKse  gesi'Sas  ond  hyra 
sylfra  feorh,  till  in  an  evil  hour 
they  carried  into  battle  their  dear 
companions  and  their  lives  (i.e. 
led  them  to  their  death),  2041; 
gif  t^u  |>in  feorh  hafast,  1850;  ymb 
feorh  sacan  (^to  fight  for  life),  439 ; 
was  in  feorh  dropen,  "was  zvoitnded 
into  his  life,  i.e.  mortally,  2982; 
wldan  feorh,  as  temporal  ace., 
through  a  wide  life,  i.e.  always, 
2015;  dat.  sg.  feore,  1294,  1549; 
to  widan  feore,  for  a  7uide  life,  i.e. 
at  all  times,  934;  on  swa  geongum 
feore  (at  a  so  youthful  age),  1844 ; 
as  instr.,  578,  3014;  gen.  sg.  feores, 
1434,  1943;  dat.  pi.  buton  .  .  .  feo- 
runi  g.imena,  73;  freonda  feorum, 
1 307.  —  Also,  body,  corpse  :  )>a  was 
heal  hroden  feonda  feorum  (the 
hall  was  covered  with  the  slain  of 
the  enemy),  1153;  gehwearf  hS  in 
Francna  faSm  feorh  cyninges,  then 
the  body  of  the  king  (Ilygelac)  fell 
into  the  power  of  the  Franks,  1 2 1 1 . 
—  Comp.  geogi:5-feorh. 

feorh-bana,  w.  m.,  (life-slayer), 
man-slayer,  murderer:  dat.  sg. 
feorh-bonan,  2466. 


feorh-ben,  st.  f.,  wound  thai  takes 
away  life,  mortal  wound:  dat. 
(instr.)  pi.  feorh-bennum  seoc, 
2741. 

feorh-bealu,  st.  n.,  evil  destroying 
life,  violent  death  :  nom.  sg.,  2078, 
2251,  2538;  ace.  sg.,  156. 

feorh-cyn,  st.  n.,  race  of  the  living, 
mankind :  gen.  pi.  fela  feorh-cyn- 
na,  2267. 

feorh-geniffla,  w.  m.,  he  who  seeks 
life,  lifr's  enemy  (N.H.G.  Tod- 
feind),  mortal  ene7ny :  ace,  sg. 
-geni^lan,  1541;  dat.  sg.  -geni'S- 
lan,  970;  ace.  sg.  broegd  feorh- 
gentSlan,  1541;  ace.  pi.  folgode 
feorh-geni'Slan,  (Ongen^eow)  pur- 
sued his  mortal  enemies,  2934. 

feorh-lagu,  st.  f.,  the  life  allotted  to 
anyone,  life  determined  by  fate: 
ace.  sg.  on  mSSma  hord  mine 
(minne,  MS.)  bebohte  frode  feorh- 
lege,  for  the  treasure-hoard  I  sold 
my  old  life,  2801. 

feorh-lslst,  st.  m.,  trace  of  (vanish- 
ing) life,  sign  of  death  :  ace,  pi. 
feorh-lSstas  bar,  847. 

feorh-seoc,  adj.,  mortally  wou7ided: 
nom.  sg.,  821. 

feorh-s^veng,  st.  m.,  (stroke  rob- 
bing of  life),  fatal  blow  :  ace.  sg., 
2490. 

feorh--wund,  st.  f.,  mortal  wound, 
fatal  injury  :  ace.  sg.  feorh-wunde 
hleat,  2386. 

feoriii,  St.  f.,  subsistence,  entertain- 
ment :  ace.  sg.  no  bu  ymb  mines 
ne  J'earft  lices  feorme  leng  sorgian, 
thou  needest  no  longer  have  care 
for  the  sustenance  of  my  body,  4^1. 
—  2)  banquet:  dat.  on  feorme  (or 
feorme,  MS.),  2386. 

feorinend-le6s,  adj.,  -wanting  the 
cleanser  :  ace.  pi.  geseah  . . .  fyrn- 
manna  fatu  feormend-lease,  276Z 


212 


GLOSSARY. 


feorniian,  w.  v.,  to  clean,  to  cleanse, 
to  polish  :  pres.  part,  nom  pi.  feor- 
miend  svvefa'5  (feormynd,  MS.), 
2257. 

ge-feormian,w.  v.,  to  feast,  to  eat  : 
pret.  part,  sona  hafde  unlyfigendes 
eal  gefeormod  fet  and  folma,  745. 

feorran,  w.  v.,  w.  ace,  to  remove  : 
inf.  sibbe  ne  wolde  wiK  manna 
hwone  magenes  Deniga  feorh-bea- 
lo  feorran,  feo  Hngian,  (Grendel) 
would  not  from  friendship  free 
any  one  of  the  vien  of  the  Danes  of 
life's  evil,  nor  allay  it  for  tribute, 
156. 

feorran,  adv.,  from  afar :  a)  of 
space,  361,  430,  826,  1371,  1820, 
etc.;  siSSan  aSelingas  feorran  ge- 
fricgean  fleam  eowerne,  when  noble 
men  afar  learn  of  your  flight 
(when  the  news  of  your  flight 
reaches  distant  lands),  2890;  fer- 
don  folctogan  feorran  and  nean, 
from  far  and  from  near,  840 ; 
similarly,  nean  and  feorran  J'U  nu 
[friSu]  hafast,  1175;  was  {jas  wyr- 
nies  wig  wide  gesyne  . . .  nean  and 
feorran,  visible  from  afar,  far  and 
near,  2318.  —  b)  temporal:  se  |>e 
cfltSe  frumsceaft  fira  feorran  reccan 
{since  remote  antiquity),  91 ;  sim- 
ilarly, feorran  rehte,  2107. 

feorran-c'und,  adj.,  foreign-born  : 
dat.  sg.  feorran-cundum,  1796. 

feor-^vcg,  St.  m.,  far  zvay :  dat.  pi. 
mddnia  fela  of  feorwegum,  many 
precious  thifigs  from  distant  paths 
(from  foreign  lands),  37. 

ge-feon.    See  feohan. 

fe6n(l,  St.  m.,  enemy  :  nom.  sg.,  164, 
^26,  749;  feond  on  helle  (Gren- 
del), lOi  ;  ace.  sg.,  279,  1865, 
2707;  dat.  sg.  fe6nde,  143,  439; 
gen.  sg.  fe6ndes,  985,  2129,  2290; 
acc,  pi.  fe6nd,  699;  dat.  pi.  fe6n- 


dum,  420,   1670;   gen.  pi.  feonda, 

294,  809,  904. 
feond-grap,  St.  L,  foe'' s  clutch  :  dat. 

(instr.)  pi.  feond-grapum  fast,  637. 
fe6nd-scea(3'a,  w.  m.,  one  who  is  an 

enemy  and  a  robber  :  nom.  sg.  fah 

feond-scaNa  (a  hostile  sea-monster), 

554- 

feond-soipe,  st.  m.,  hostility:  nom. 
sg.,  3000. 

feower,  num.,  four  :  nom.  feowei 
beam,  59;  feower  mearas,  2164; 
feower,  as  substantive,  1638;  acc. 
feower  maSmas,  1028. 

fo6^ver-tyno,  n\xm.,  fourteen  :  nom. 
with  following  gen.  pi.  feovvertyne 
Geata,  1642. 

findan,  st.  v.,  to  find,  to  invent,  to 
attain  :  a)  with  simple  object  in 
acc. :  inf.  b^ra  J>e  he  cenoste  findaii 
mihte,  207;  swylce  hie  at  Finnes- 
ham  lindan  meahton  sigla  searo- 
gimma,  1157;  similarly,  2871 ; 
mag  I'iHr  fela  freonda  lindan,  1839; 
wolde  guman  lindan,  2295;  swa 
hyt  weor'SlIcost  fore-snotre  men 
lindan  mihton,  so  splendidly  as  only 
very  -wise  men  could  devise  it,  3 1 64 ; 
pret.  sg.  healhegnas  fand,  720 ; 
word  oSer  iz.r\d,  found  other  words, 
i.e.  went  on  to  another  narrative, 
871;  grimne  gryrelicne  grund- 
hyrde  fond,  2137;  hat  ic  godne 
funde  beaga  bryttan,  1487;  pret. 
part.  sy'SSan  serest  wear"?  feasceaft 
funden  {discovered),  7. — b)  with 
acc.  and  pred.  adj. :  pret.  sg.  dryh- 
ten  sinne  driorigne  fand,  2790. — 
c)  with  acc.  and  inf.:  pret.  fand 
J>a  hser  inne  aSelinga  gedriht  swe- 
fan,  118;  fand  waccendne  wer 
wiges  bidan,  1268;  hord-wynnc 
fond  opene  standan,  2271;  o'S  \>'i.\ 
he  fyrgen-beamas  .  .  .  hleonian 
funde,  1 41 6;   pret.  pi.  fundon  W 


GLOSSARY. 


213 


sftwulleasne  hlim  -  bed  healdan, 
3034. — d)  with  dependent  clause  : 
inf.  no  \>y  ser  feasceafte  findan 
meahton  at  ham  aSelinge  J>at  he 
Heardrede  hlaford  wcere  {^cotild  by 
no  means  obtain  it  front  the 
prince),  2374. 

on-findan,  to  be  sensible  of,  to  per- 
ceive, to  notice :  a)  w.  ace. :  pret. 
sg.  landweard  onfand  eftsiiS  eorla, 
the  coast-guard  observed  the  returti 
of  the  earls,  1892  ;  pret.  part,  ha 
heo  onfunden  \\'is,{^vas  discovered), 
1 294.  —  b)  w.  depend,  clause :  pret. 
sg.  )>S  se  gist  onfand  J'St  se  beado- 
leoma  bitan  nolde,  the  stranger 
{^sovixxM)  perceived  that  the  sword 
-oould  not  cut,  1523  ;  sona  hat  on- 
funde,  hat  .  .  .,  irntnediately  per- 
ceived that . . .,  75 1 ;  similarly,  810, 
1498. 

finger,  st.  m.,  finger  :  nom.  pi.  fin- 
gras,  761;  ace.  pi.  fingras,  985; 
dat.  (instr.)  pi.  fingrum,  1506;  gen. 
pi.  fingra,  765. 

firas,  fyras  (O.H.G.  firahi,  i.e.  the 
living ;  cf.  feorh),  st.  m.,  only  in 
pi.,  men:  gen.  pi.  fira,  91,  2742; 
monegumfira,  2002;  fyra  geh\\7lc- 
ne  leoda  mlnra,  2251 ;  fira  fyrnge- 
weorc,  2287. 

firen,  fyren,  st.  f.,  cunning  way- 
laying, insidious  hostility,  malice, 
outrage:  nom.  sg.  fyren,  916;  ace. 
sg.  fyrene  and  fiaeh'Se,  153;  foehSe 
and  fyrene,  880,  2481 ;  firen'  on- 
drysne,  1933;  dat.  sg.  fore  fceh'Se 
and  fyrene,  137;  gen.  pi.  fyrena, 
164,629;  and  fyrene,  812;  fyrena 
hyrde  (of  Grendel),  751.  The  dat. 
pi.,  fyrenum,  is  used  adverbially  in 
the  sense  of  maliciously,  1745,  or 
fallaciously,  with  reference  to  Hae  5- 
cyn's  killing  Herebeald,  which  was 
done  unintentionally,  2442. 


firen-daed,  st.  f.,  wicked  deed :  ace. 
pi.  fyren-dseda,  1670;  instr.  pi. 
fyren-dsedum,  1002  ;  both  times  of 
Grendel  and  his  mother,  with  refer- 
ence to  their  nocturnal  inroads. 

firen-}>earf,  st.  f.,  misery  through 
the  malignity  of  enemies  :  ace.  sg. 
fyren-hearfe,  14. 

firgen-bedni,  st.  m.,  tree  of  a  moun- 
tain-forest:  ace.  pi.  fyrgen-beamas, 

1415- 
firgen-holt,  st.  m.,  mountain-wood^ 

ttiountain-forcst :   ace.  sg.  on  fyr- 

gen-holt,  1394. 

flrgen-stredm,  st.  m.,  mountain- 
stream  :  nom.  sg.  fyrgen-stream, 
1360;  ace.  sg.  under  fyrgen-stream 
(marks  the  place  where  the  moun- 
tain-stream, according  to  1360, 
empties  into  Grendel's  sea),  2129. 

fisc,  St.  m.,  fish :  in  comp.  hron-, 
mere-fisc. 

fif,  num.,  five :  uninflect.  gen.  fif 
nihta  fyrst,  545;  ace.  fife  (?),  420. 

fifel-cyn  (O.N.  fifl,  stultus  and 
gigas),  St.  n.,  giattt-race  :  gen.  sg. 
fifelcynnes  eard,  104. 

f  if-teue,  f  if-tyne,  num.,  fifteen  : 
ace.  fyftyne,  1583;  gen.  fiftena 
sum,  207. 

fif-tig,  nmw.,  fifty  :  i)  as  substantive 
with  gen.  following ;  ace.  fiftig 
wintra,  2734  ;  gen.  se  was  fiftiges 
fot-gemearces  lang,  3043.  —  2) 
as  adjective  :  ace.  fiftig  wintru, 
2210. 

flan,  St.  m.,  arrow :  dat.  sg.  flane, 
3120  ;    as  instr.,  2439. 

flan-boga,  w.  m.,  bo7v  which  shoots 
the  fan,  bow :  dat.  sg.  of  flin- 
bogan,  1434,  1745. 

flaesc,  St.  n.,  flesh,  body  in  contrast 
lidth  soul :  instr.  sg.  no  hon  lange 
was  feorh  aSelinges  flaesce  bewun- 
den,  not  much  longer  was  the  sou- 


214 


GLOSSARY". 


of  the  prince  contained  in  his  body, 
2425. 

flaesc-hama,  w.  m.,  clothing  of  flesh, 
i.e.  the  body  :  ace.  sg.  flaesc-homan, 
1569. 

flet,  St.  n. :  1)  ground,  floor  of  a 
hall :  ace.  sg.  heo  on  flet  gebeah, 
fell  to  the  ground,  1541;  similarly, 
1 569.  —  2)  hall,  mansion  :  nom. 
sg.  1977;  aec.  sg.  flet,  1037,  1648, 
1950,  2018,  etc. ;  flett,  2035;  hat 
hie  him  o"Ser  flet  eal  geiymdon, 
that  they  shoiddgive  up  entirely  to 
them  another  hall,  1087 ;  dat.  sg. 
on  flette,  1026. 

llet-riist,  st.  f.,  resting-place  in  the 
hall:  aec.  sg.  flet-raste  gebeag, 
reclined  upon  the  couch  in  the  hall, 
1242. 

flet-sittend,  pres.  part.,  sitting  in 
the  hall :  aec.  pi.  -sittende,  2023  ; 
dat.  pi.  -sittendum,  1789. 

flet-werod,  st.  n.,  troop  from  the 
hall :  nom.  sg.,  476. 

fledm,  St.  m.,  flight :  ace.  sg.  on 
fleam  gewand,  had  turned  to  flight, 
1002  ;   fleam  eowerne,  2890. 

fleogan,  st.  v.,  to  fly :  prs.  sg.  III. 
fleogeS,  2274. 

fleon,  St.  v.,  to  flee  :  inf.  on  heolster 
fleon,  756;  fleon  on  fenhopu, 765; 
fleon  under  fen-hleu^'u,  821 ;  prct. 
hete-swengeas  fleah,  2226. 

Ije-fleon,  \v.  ace,  to  avoid,  to  es- 
cape :  gerund  no  hat  y<^e  byiS  to 
befleonne,  that  is  not  easy  (i.e.  not 
at  all)  to  he  avoided,  1004. 

i)fer- fleon,  w.  ace.,  to  flee  from 
one,  to  yield :  inf.  nelle  ic  beorges 
wcard  oferfleon  fotes  trem,  will 
not  yield  to  the  ivarder  of  the 
mountain  (the  drake)  a  foot's 
hreiiJth,  2526. 

(Ipotan,  St.  v.,  to  lloat  upon  the  water, 
to  swim  :  inf.  n3  he  wiht  fram  me 


flod-Ct!um  feor  fle6tan  meahte, 
hratSor  on  hclme,  no  whit,  could  hi 
swim  from  me  farther  on  the  waves 
(regarded  as  instrumental,  so  tha' 
the  waves  marked  the  distance), 
more  szviftly  in  the  sea,  542  ;  pret. 
sa'genga  fleat  famigheals  forS  bfer 
^Se,  floated  away  over  the  waves, 
1910. 

fliht.     See  flyht. 

flitme.     See  un-flitme. 

flitan,  St.  v.,  to  exert  one's  self,  to 
strive,  to  emulate :  pres.  part,  fli- 
tende  fealwe  sti-sete  mearum  maeton 
(rode  a  race),gi'j;  pret.  sg.  II. 
eart  |>u  se  Beowulf,  se  be  wiS 
Breean  . . .  ymb  sund  flite,  art  thou 
the  Bedwulf  who  once  contended 
zvith  Breca  for  the  prize  in  swim- 
ming? 507. 

ofer-flitan,  to  surpass  one  in  a 
contest,  to  conquer,  to  overcome  : 
pret.  w.  aec.  he  l-e  at  sunde  ofer- 
fldt  {overcome  thee  in  a  swimming- 
wager),  517. 

ge-flit,  St.  n.,  emulatioti  :  ace.  sg. 
leton  on  geflit  faran  fealwe  niearas, 
let  the  fallow  horses  go  in  emula- 
tion, 866. 

floga,  w.m.,y?)wv  in  the  compounds : 
gfuN-,  lyft-,  uht-,  wt5-floga. 

flota  (see  fleotaii),  w.  m.,  float, 
ship,  boat:  nom.  sg.,  210,  218,  301 ; 
aec.  sg.  flotan  eowerne,  294. — 
Comp.  waeg-flota. 

flot-hcre,  st.  ni.,  fleet:  instr.  sg. 
cwom  faran  flotherge  on  Fresna 
land,  2916. 

flod,  St.  m.,  flood,  stream,  sea-cur- 
rent:  nom.  sg.,  545,  580, 1362,  etc.; 
ace.  sg.  flod,  3134;  ofer  fealonc 
flod,  1 951;  dat.sg.  t3  flode,  1889; 
gen.  pi.  floda  begong,  the  region 
of  floods,  i.e.  the  sea,  1498,  1827; 
floda  genipu,  2809. 


GLOSSARY. 


215 


B.6d-fff,  St.  t ,  flood-wave  :  instr.  pi 

flod-y'Sum,  542. 

flOr,  St.  m.,  floor,  stone-floor:   ace. 

sg.  on  fSgne  flor  (the  floor  was 

probably  a  kind  of  mosaic,  made 

of  colored    flags),  726 ;    dat.  sg. 

gang  J'a  after  flore,  along  the  floor 

(i.e.  along  the  hall),  131 7. 

flyht,  fliht,  St.  m.,  flight :  nom.  sg. 

gares  '^\\i\.,fliight  of  the  spear,  1 766. 

ge- flyman,  w.  v.,  to  put  to  flight : 

pret.  part,  geflymed,  847,  1 37 1. 
folc,  St.  n.,  troop,  band  of  warriors  ; 
folk,  in   the  sense  of  the   whole 
body  of  the  fighting  men  of  a  na- 
tion :  ace.  sg.  folc,  522,  694,  912  ; 
Sli'Sdene  folc,  464  ;    folc  and  rtce, 
1180;    dat.  sg.   folce,    14,   2596; 
folce  Deninga,  465  ;  as  instr.  folce 
gestepte  ofer  S3e  side,  went  with  a 
band  of  'cvarriors  over   the  wide 
sea,  2394  ;   gen.  sg.  folces,  1125  ; 
folces  Denigea,  1583.  —  The  king 
is  called  folces  hyrde,  611,  1833. 
2645,2982;  freawine  folces,  2358; 
or  folces  weard,  25 14.   The  queen, 
folces  cwen,   1933. — The  pi.,   in 
xhe?,ex\seoi  warriors,  flghtingtnen: 
nom.  pi.  folc,  1423,  2949;   dat.  pi. 
folcum,  55,    262,    1856;    gen.   pi. 
freo-  (frea-)  wine  {o\ca.,of  the  king, 
430,  2430  ;   friSu-sibb  folca,  of  the 
queen,  2018.  —  Comp.  sige-folc. 
folc-agend,  pres.  part.,  leader  of  a 
band  of  warriors  :   nom.  pi.  folc- 
agende,  3 114. 
folc-beorn,  st.  m.,  man  of  the  mul- 
titude^ a  common  tnan  :  nom.  sg. 
folc-beorn,  2222. 
folc-cwen,  st.  f.,  queen  of  a  warlike 
host :  nom.  sg.,  of  Wealh^eow,  642. 
folc-cyning,  st.  m.,  king  of  a  war- 
like host :  nom.  sg.,  2734,  2874. 
folc-raed,  st.  m.,  ',chat  best  serves  a 
warlike  host :  ace.  sg.,  3CX)7. 


folc-riht,  St.  n.,  the  rights  of  the 
flghtingmen  of  a  nation  :  gen-  pi. 
him  aer  forgeaf  .  .  .  folcrihta  ge- 
hwylc,  swS  his  fader  ahte,  2609. 

folc-scearu,  st.  f.,  part  of  a  host  of 
7varriors,  nation  :  dat.  sg.  folc- 
scare,  73. 

folc-stede,  st.  m.,  position  of  a  band 
of  warriors,  place  where  a  band  of 
warriors  is  quartered :  ace.  sg. 
folcstede,  of  the  hall,  Heorot,  76; 
folcstede  fara  {the  battle-fleld), 
1464. 

folc-toga,  w.  m.,  leader  of  a  body 
ofwarriors,  duke:  nom.  pi.,  power- 
ful liege -men  of  HroSgar  are 
called  folc-togan,  840. 

fold-bold,  St.  n.,  earth-house  (i.e.  a 
house  on  earth  in  contrast  with  a 
dwelling  in  heaven)  :  nom.  sg.  fa- 
ger  fold-bold,  of  the  hall,  Heorot, 

774- 
fold-buend,  pres.  part.,  dweller  on 

earth,  man  :  nom.  pi.  fold-bflend, 

2275;   fold-bflende,  1356;  dat.pl. 

fold-bfiendum,  309. 

folde,  w.  f.,  earth,  ground  :  ace.  sg. 
under  foldan,  1362;  fedll  on  fol- 
dan,  2976;  gen.  sg.  foldan  bearm, 
the  bosom  of  the  earth,  1 138;  fol- 
dan sceatas,  96;  foldan  faSm, 
1394.  —  Also,  earth,  world:  dat. 
sg.  on  foldan,  1197. 

fold-weg,  St.  m.,  fleld-way,  road 
through  the  country  :  ace.  sg.  fold- 
weg,  1634;  ace.  pi.  fold-wegas, 
867. 

folgian,  w.  V. :  i)  to  perform  vas- 
sal-duty, to  serve,  to  follow :  pret. 
pi.  heah  hie  hira  beaggyfan  banan 
folgedon,  although  they  followed 
the  murderer  of  their  prince,  1 103. 
—  2)  to  piirstie,  to  follow  after : 
folgode  feorb-geniSlan  (ace.  pi.), 
2934- 


216 


GLOSSARY. 


folm,  St.  f ,  hand:  ace.  sg.  folme, 
971,  1304;  dat.  sg.  mid  folme, 
743 ;  ace.  pi.  fet  and  folma,  feet 
and  hands,  746;  dat.  pi.  to  banan 
folmum,  15S;  folmum  (instr.),  723, 
993.  —  Comp. :  beado-,  gearo-folm. 

for,  prep.  w.  dat.,  instr.,  and  ace. : 
i)  w.  dat.  local,  before,  ante:  J>at 
he  for  eaxlum  gestod  Deniga  frean, 
358;  for  hlawe,  II2I.  —  h)  before, 
coram,  in  conspectu:  no  he  J>3ere 
feohgyfte  for  sceotendum  scami- 
gan  I'orfte,  had  no  need  lo  be 
ashamed  of  ihe  gift  before  tht 
warriors,  1027;  for  Yzxa  we- 
rede,  121 6;  for  eorlum,  1650; 
for  dugu^e,  before  the  noble 
band  of  warriors,  202 1 .  —  Causa), 

a)  to  denote  a  subjective  motive, 
on  account  of,  through,  from  :  for 
wlenco,  from  bravery,  through 
warlike  courage,  338,  1207;  for 
wlence,  508;  for  his  wonhydum, 
434;    for  onmedlan,  2927,  etc. — 

b)  objective,  partly  denoting  a 
cause,  through,  from,  by  reasmi 
of:  for  metode,  for  the  creator,  on 
account  of  the  creator,  169;  for 
breanydum,  833;  for  hreanedlan, 
2225;  for  dolgilpe,  <7«  account  of, 
in  accordance  with  the  promise  of 
bold  deeds  (because  you  claimed 
bold  deeds  for  yourself),  509;  him 
for  hrofsele  hrinan  ne  mehte  fojr- 
gripe  (lodes,  on  account  of  Ike  roofed 
hall  the  malicious  grasp  of  the  flood 
could  not  reach  him,  1516;  lig- 
egesan  wag  for  horde,  on  account 
of  (the  robbing  of)  the  treasure, 
2782;  for  mundgripe  minum,  on 
account  of,  through  the  gripe  of  my 
hand,  966;  for  has  hildfruman 
handgeweorce,  2836;  for  swenge, 
through  the  stroke,  2967  ;  ne  meah- 
tc  •  .  •  de6p   gedygan   for   dracan 


l§ge,  could  not  hold  out  in  the  deep 
on  account  of  the  heat  of  the  drake, 
2550.  Here  may  be  added  such 
passages  as  ic  Vixa  godan  sceal  for 
his  modj^race  maSmas  beodan,  will 
offer  him  treasures  on  account  of 
his  boldness  of  character,  for  his 
high  courage,  3S5 ;  ful-oft  for  las- 
san  lean  teohhode,  gave  often  re- 
ward for  what  was  inferior,  952; 
nalles  for  ealdre  mearn,  was  not 
uneasy  about  his  life,  1443;  simi- 
larly, 1538.  Also  denoting  pur- 
pose :  for  arstafum,  to  the  assist- 
ance, 382,  458.  —  2)  -w.  instr. 
causal,  because  of,  for  :  he  hine  feor 
forwrac  for  l>y  mane,  no.  —  3)  w. 
ace,  for,  as,  instead  of:  for  sunu 
fieogan,  love  as  a  son,  948;  for 
sunu  habban,  1176;  ne  him  bas 
wyrmes  wig  for  wiht  dyde,  held  the 
drake's  fighting  as  nothittg,  2349. 

foran,  adv.,  before,  among  the  first, 
forward :  siiSSan  .  .  .  sceawedon 
feondes  fingias,  foran  a;gh\vylc 
{each  before  himself),  985  ;  |>at 
was  an  foran  ealdgestreona,  that 
was  one  among  the  first  of  the  old 
treasures,  i.e.  a  splendid  old  treas- 
ure, 1459  ;  I'C  him  foran  ongean 
linde  b?eron,  bore  their  shields  for- 
ward against  him  (went  out  to 
fight  against  him),  2365. 

be- foran:  i)  adv.,  local,  before: 
he  .  .  .  beforan  gengde,  went  be- 
fore, 1413;  itm^oxzX, before, earlier, 
2498.  —  2)  prep.  w.  ace.  before,  in 
conspectu:  miere  mSSSum-sweord 
manige  gesSwon  beforan  beorn 
beran,  1025. 

ford,  St.  m.,  ford,  water-way  :  ace. 
sg.  ymb  brontne  ford,  568. 

forij  :  I )  local,  forth,  hither,  near  ; 
forS  near  z.\.i\.o'p,approached  nearer, 
746;  bi  cwom  Wealhbed  forS  gin, 


GLOSSARY. 


217 


1 1 63;  similarly,  613;  him  sele^egn 
for'S  wtsade,  led  him  (Beowulf) 
forth  (to  the  couch  that  had  been 
prepared  for  him  in  Ileorot),  1796; 
t>at  him  swSt  sprong  forS  under 
fexe,  forth  under  the  hair  of  his 
head,  2968.  Forward,  further  : 
gewttaS  forS  beran  wrepen  and 
gewsedu,  291  ;  he  to  for'S  gestop, 
2290;  freoSo-wong  bone  for 5  ofer- 
eodon,  2960.  Away,  forth,  45, 
904 ;  fyrst  forS  gewat,  the  time  (of 
the  way  to  the  ship)  %vas  out,  i.e. 
they  had  arrived  at  the  ship,  210  ; 
me  .  .  .  for&'-gewitenum,  to  me  the 
departed,  1480  ;  ferdon  forS,  went 
forth  (from  Grendel's  sea),  1633  ; 
Jjonne  he  for 5  scile,  when  he  must 
{go)  forth,  i.e.  die,  3178;  hine 
mihtig  god  . . .  ofer  ealle  men  for 5 
gefremede,  carried  him  forth,  over 
all  men,  1 7 19. —  2)  temporal,/or//^, 
from  now  on  :  heald  forS  tela  niwe 
sibbe,  949 ;  ic  sceal  forS  sprecan 
gen  ymbe  Grendel,  shall  from  now 
on  speak  again  of  Grendel,  2070. 
See  furiSfuin  and  furljor. 

forS-gerimed,  pres.  part.,  in  un- 
broken succession,  59. 

forU-gesceaft,  st.  f.,  that  which  is 
determined  for  farther  on,  future 
destiny :  ace.  sg.  he  hi  for5-ge- 
sceaft  forgyte'5  and  forgyme'S,i  75 1 . 

foriy-weg,  St.  m.,  road  that  leads 
away,  journey  :  he  of  ealdre  ge- 
wat frod  on  forlS-weg  (ufon  the 
way  to  the  next  world),  2626. 

fore,  prep.  w.  dat.,  local,  before, 
coram,  in  conspectu :  heo  fore 
t>am  werede  sprjic,  12 16.  Causal, 
through,  for,  because  of:  no  mearn 
fore  fseh  Se  and  fyrene,  1 36 ;  fore 
fader  daedum,  because  of  the  father"  s 
deeds,  2060  — Allied  to  this  is  the 
meaning,   ahout,   de,  super:    J^aer 


was  sang  and  swSg  samod  atgaderi, 
fore  Healfdenes  hildewisan,  song 
and  music  about  Flealfiene''  s  gene- 
ral (the  song  of  linaf),  1065. 

fore-niaere,  adj.,  renowned  beyond 
{others),  pn^clarus :  superl.  ha/ 
was  fore-mserost  foldbdendum  re^ 
ceda  under  roderum,  309. 

fore- mihtig,  adj.,  able  leyond 
{others),  priepotens  :  nom.  sg.  was 
to  foremihtig  feond  on  feSe,  the 
enemy  'Mas  too  strong  in  going 
(could  flee  too  rapidly),  970. 

fore-snotor,  adj.,  wise  beyond 
{others),  sapientissimus :  nom.pl. 
foresnotre  men,  3164. 

fore-l>anc,  st.  m.,  forethought,  con- 
sideration, deliberation  :  nom.  sg., 
1061. 

forht,  3.6.].,  fearful,  cowardly  :  nom. 
sg.  forht,  2968;  he  on  mode  wearS 
forht  on  ferhSe,  755.  —  Comp.  un- 
forht. 

forma,  adj.,  foremost,  first :  nom. 
sg.  forma  siiS  {the first  time),  717, 
1464,  1528,  2626;  instr.  sg.  fomian 
siSe,  741,  22S7  ;   forman  dogore, 

2574- 

fyrmest,  adv.  superl.,  yfr^/  of  all, 
in  the  first  place  :  he  fyrmest  lag, 
2078. 

forst,  St.  m.,  frost,  cold :  gen.  sg. 
forstes  bend,  1610. 

for-]?am,  for-J»an,  for-Jjon,  adv. 
and  conj.,  therefore,  on  that  ac- 
count, then  :  forl>am,  149;  forman, 
418,  680,  1060;  forhon  \>^,  because, 

503- 
fOn,  St.  v.,  to  catch,  to  grasp,  to  take 

hold,   to  take :    prs.  sg.   III.   feh  5 

65er  to,  another  lays  hold  (takes 

possession),    1756;     inf.    ic    mid 

grSpe  sceal  fon  wi5  feonde,  439  ; 

pret.  sg.  him  togeanes  feng,  caughi 

"It  Aim,  grasped  at  Aim,  1^4^;   w 


218 


GLOSSARY. 


dat.  he  IjSm  fratvvum  f§ng,  received 
the  rich  adornments  (Ongenl^eow's 
equipment),  2990. 

bi-fon,  to  surround,  to  ensnare, 
to  encompass,  to  embrace:  pret. 
part,  hyne  sar  hafai^  .  .  .  nearwe 
befongen  balwon  bendum,  977  ; 
heo  aSelinga  anne  hafde  faste  be- 
fangen  (Jiad  seized  him  ftrml)>), 
1296;  helm  . . .  befongen  freawras- 
num  {encircled  by  an  ornament 
like  a  diadem),  1452  ;  fenne  bi- 
fongen,  surrounded  by  the  fen, 
2010  ;  (draca)  fyre  befongen,  en- 
circled  by  fire,  2275,  2596  ;  hafde 
landwara  lige  l^efangen,  encom- 
passed by  fire,  2322. 

ge-fon,  \v.  ace,  to  seize,  to  grasp : 
pret.  he  gefeng  slaependne  rinc, 
741  ;  gft"5rinc  gefeng  atolan  clom- 
mum,  1502;  gefeng  ba  be  eaxle  . . . 
GfiSgeata  leod  Grendles  modor, 
1538;  gefeng  \A  fetelhilt,  1564; 
hond  rond  gefeng,  geolwe  linde, 
2610;  ic  on  ofoste  gefeng  micle 
mid  mundum  magen  -  byr'Senne, 
hastily  I  seized  with  my  hands  the 
enormous  burden,  309 1. 

c  n  -  f  o  n ,  w.  dat.,  to  receive,  to  accept, 
to  take :  pres.  imp.  sg.  onfoh  \n%- 
sum  fulle,  accept  this  cup,  1 1 70  ; 
inf.  hat  \<'iX  ^eodnes  beam  .  .  . 
scolde  fader-aJSelum  onfon,  receive 
the  paternal  rank,  912  ;  pret.  sg. 
hvvS  |>am  hlaste  onfeng,  who  re- 
ceived the  ship's  lading,  52;  hleor- 
bolster  onfeng  eorles  andwlitan, 
the  pillow  received  the  noblema?i's 
face,  689  ;  similarly,  853,  1495  ; 
heal  swege  onfeng,  the  hall  re- 
ceived the  loud  noise,  1215  ;  he 
onfeng  hra(5e  inwit-hancum,  he 
(Beowulf)  at  once  clutched  him 
(Grendel)  devising  malice,  749. 

>>urh-f8n,w.  ace,  to  break  through 


with  grasping,  to  destroy  by  grasp- 
ing :  inf.  t>at  he6  )?one  fyrd-hom 
purh-fon  ne  mihte,  1505. 

wiC-fon,  w.  dat.,  {to  grasp  at),  to 
seize,  to  lay  hold  of:  pret.  sg.  him 
faste  wiS-feng,  761. 

ymbe-fon,  w.  ace,  to  encircle: 
pret.  heals  ealne  ymbefeng  biteran 
banum,  encircled  his  (Beowulf's) 
whole  neck  with  sharp  bones  (teeih), 
2692. 

fot,  St.  m.,  foot :  gen.  sg.  fotes  trem 
{the  measure  'of  a  foot,  a  fool 
broad),  2526;  ace.  pi.  fet,  746; 
dat.  pi.  at  fotum,  at  the  feet,  500, 
1 1 67. 

fOt-geinearc,  st.  n.,  measure,  deter- 
mining by  feet,  number  of  feet : 
gen.  sg.  se  was  fiftiges  fotgemearces 
long  {fifty  feet  long),  3043. 

fOt-last,  St.  m.,  foot-print :  ace.  sg. 
(draca)  onfand  feondes  fot-last, 
2290. 

f  racod,  adj.,  objectionable,  useless . 
nom.  sg.  nas  seo  ecg  fracod  hilde- 
rince,  1576. 

frain,  froin,I.prep.w.dat.loc.a«'fl^' 
from  something :  ]Kcr  fram  sylle 
Sbeag  medubenc  monig,  776, 1 7 16; 
I'anon  eft  gewiton  ealdgesi'Sas  .  .  . 
fram  mere,  856;  cyning-balde  men 
from  ham  holmclife  hafelan  baeron, 
1636;  similarly,  541,  543,  2367. 
Standing  after  the  dat. :  he  hine 
feor  forwrac  .  .  .  mancynne  fram, 
no;  similarly,  1716.  Also,  hither 
from  something :  \>%  ic  cwom  .  .  . 
from  feondum,  420;  reghwaSrum 
was  .  .  .  broga  fram  o'Srum,  2566. 
—  Causal  with  verbs  of  saying  and 
hearing,  of,  about,  concerning : 
sagdest  from  his  si'Se,  532;  no  ic 
wiht  fram  he  swylcra  searo-ni^a 
secgan  hyrde,  581;  j^at  he  fram 
Sigemunde  secgan  hyrde,  876. 


GLOSSARY. 


219 


II  adv.,  away,  thence:  n8  \>^ 
aer  fram  meahte,  755;  forth,  out : 
from  oerest  cwom  oru'5  aglaecean 
(it  of  stSne,  the  breath  of  the 
dragon  came  forth  first  from  the 
rock,  2557. 

fram,  from,  adj.:  l)  directed  for- 
wards,striving  forwards ;  incomp. 
sl^-fram.  —  2)  excellent,  splendid, 
of  a  man  with  reference  to  his  war- 
like quahties :  nom.  sg.  ic  eom  on 
mode  from,  2528;  nom.  pL  frome 
fyrd-hwate,  1642,2477.  Of  things: 
instr.  pi.  fromum  feoh-giftum,  21. 
—  Comp.  un-from  ;  see  freme, 
forma. 

g  e  - fragen.     See  f riguan. 

frat"we,  st.  f.  pi.,  ornament,  any- 
thing costly,  originally  carved  ob- 
jects (cf.  Dietrich  in  Hpts.  Ztschr. 
X.  216  ff.),  afterwards  of  any  costly 
and  artistic  work :  ace.  pi.  fiatwe, 
2920;  beorhtefratwe,  214;  beorhte 
fratwa,  897  ;  fratwe  .  .  .  eorclan- 
stinas,  1 208  ;  fratwe,  .  .  .  breost- 
weor'Sunge,  2504,  both  times  of 
Hygelac's  collar;  fratwe  and  fat- 
gold,  1922  ;  fratwe  (Eanmund's 
sword  and  armor),  2621 ;  dat.  instr. 
pi.  l>im  fratwum,  2164;  on  frate- 
wum,  963;  fratwum  (HeaSobeard 
sword)  hrlmig,  2055;  fratwum,  of 
the  drake's  treasures,  2785;  frat- 
wum (Ongen}>e6w's  armor),  2990; 
gen.  pi.  fela  .  .  .  fratwa,  37;  \>^xz. 
fratwa  (drake's  treasure),  2795  ; 
fratwa  hyrde  (drake),  3134. 

f  ratwan,  w.  v.,  to  supply  with  or- 
naments, to  adorn  :  inf.  folc-stede 
fratwan,  76. 

g  e  -  f  r  a  t  w  i  a  n ,  w.  v.,  to  adorn  :  pret. 
sg.  gefratwade  foldan  sceatas  leo- 
mum  and  leafum,  96;  pret.  part. 
J>S  was  hSten  Heort  innanweard 
folmum  gefratwod,  993. 


ge-frsege,  adj.,  known  by  reputa- 
tion,  renowned:   nom.   sg.  leod- 
cyning  .  .  .  folcum   gefi-sege,  55; 
swS  hyt  gefraege  was,  2481. 
g  e-frjege,  st.  n.,  inforination  through 
hearsay :  instr.  sg.  mine  gefra;ge 
{as  I  learned  through  the  tiarra 
live  of  others),  777,  838,  1956,  etc, 
g  e  -  f raegn  \i\\\,\v.\.,to  become  known 
through  hearsay  :  pret.  part,  fylle 
geficegnod  (of  Grendel's  mother, 
who  had  become  known  through 
the  carrying  off  of  Aschere),  1334? 
f  reca,  w.  m.,  properly  a  wolf,  as  one 
that  breaks  in,  robs;   here  a  desig- 
nation of  heroes :  nom.  sg.  freca 
Scildinga,    of    Beowulf,    1564.  — 
Comp. :  gCi'5-,hilde-,  scyld-,sweord- 
wig-freca;   ferh'5-frec  (adj.). 
fremde,  adj.,  properly  distant,  for- 
eign ;  then  estranged,  hostile  :  nom 
sg.    l^at   was   fremde    l?e6d   ecean 
dryhtne,  of  the  giants,  1692. 
f  reiue,    adj.,    excellent,    splendid  : 
nom.  sg.  fem.  fremu  folces  cwen, 
of  pry-So,  I933(?)- 
frernnian,  w.  v.,  to  press  for^vard, 
to  further,  hence:   i)  in  general, 
to  perform,  to  accomplish,  to  do,  to 
make:  pres.  subj.  without  an  ob- 
ject, fremme  se  be  wille,  let  him  do 
{it)  whoever  will,  1004.   With  ace. : 
imp.    pi.    fremmaS    ge    nu    leoda 
hearfe,  2801 ;    inf.  fyrene  fremman, 
10 1 ;   sacce  fremman,  2500;  foehSe 
.  .  .  mrer'Sum  fremman,  2515,  etc.; 
pret.sg.  folcrced  fremede  {didivhat 
was   best  for  his    men,   i.e.  ruled 
wisely),  3007;   pi.  h(i  \A  aSelingas 
ellen   fremedon,   3  ;    feohtan  fre- 

medon,  960;   nalles  facenstafas 

)?enden  fremedon,  1020;  pret.  subj. 
Y'iX  ic  .  .  .  moerSo  fremede,  2135. 
—  2)  to  help  on,  to  support :  inf 
\>'iX  he  mec  fremman  wile  wordara 


220 


GLOSSARY. 


and  worcum   (to  an  expedition), 

1833- 

ge-fremman,  w.  ace,  to  do,  to 
make,  to  render  :  inf.  gefremman 
eorlic  ellen,  637;  helpan  gefrem- 
man, to  give  help,  2450 ;  after 
weaspelle  wyrpe  gefremman,  to 
-oork  a  change  after  sorrow  (to 
give  joy  after  sorrow),  1316;  ge- 
rund, to  gefremmanne,  174,  2645; 
pret.  sg.  gefremede,  135,  165,  551, 
585,  etc. ;  I'eah  J)e  hine  mihtig  god 
. . .  ofer  ealle  men  foriS  gefremede, 
placed  him  aiuay,  above  all  men, 
i.e.  raised  liim,  1719;  pret.  pi.  ge- 
tremedon,  I188,  2479;  pret.  subj. 
gefremede,  177;  pret.  part,  gefre- 
med,  476  ;  fern,  nu  scealc  hafaS 
'.  .  .  da'd  gefremede,  941  ;  abso- 
lutely, hu  be  self  hafast  da;dum 
gefremed,  |>at  .  .  .,  hast  brought  it 
about  by  thy  deeds  that,  955. 

fretan,  st.  v.,  to  devour,  to  consume  : 
inf.  I'a  (the  precious  things)  sceal 
hrond  fretan,  3015;  nu  sceal  gled 
fretan  wigena  strengel,  3 1 1 5 ;  pret. 
sg.  (Grendel)  sla>pende  frat  folces 
Denigea  fyftyne  men,  1582. 

frecne,  adj.,  dangerous,  bold:  nom. 
sg.  frecne  f^'r-draca,  2690;  feorh- 
bealo  frecne,  2251,  2538;  ace.  sg. 
frecne  dxde,  890 ;  frecne  fengelad, 
1360;  frecne  stowe,  1379;  inslr. 
sg.  frScnan  spraece  {through  pro- 
voking words),  1 105. 

fr&cne,  adv.,  boldly,  audaciously, 
960,  1033,  1692. 

fred,  w.  m.,  ruler,  lord,  of  a  tempo- 
ral ruler  :  nom.  sg.  frea,  2286;  ace. 
sg.  frean,  351,  1320,  2538,  3003, 
3108;  gen.sg.  frean,  359,500,1 167, 
1681;  dat.  sg.  frean,  271,  291, 
2663.  Of  a  husband :  dat.  sg.  code 
...  to  hire  fre.an  sittan,  642.  Of 
God  :   dat.  sg.  frean  ealles,  the  Lord 


of  all,  2795;   gen.  sg.  frean,  27. — 

Comp. :  agend-,  lif-,  sin-frea. 

froii-dryhten,  st.  m.,  lord,  ruling 
lord :  gen.  sg.  frea-drihtnes,  797. 

fred-\vino,  st.  m.,  lord  and  friend, 
friendly  ruler  :  nom.  sg.  frea-wine 
folces  (folca),  2358,  2430;  acc.sg. 
his  frea-wine,  2439. 

f^ed-\^'^asn,  st.  f.,  encircling  orna- 
ment like  a  diadem  :  instr.  pi.  helm 
.  .  .  befongen  freawrasnum,  I4';2; 
see  ^Tasii. 

freoiju,  friUu,  f.,  protection,  asy- 
lum, peace  :  ace.  sg.  wel  bi5  liim 
J'e  mot  ...  to  fader  faSmum  freo- 
'So  wilniaii,  7oho  may  obtain  a?t  asy- 
lum in  God's  arms,  18S;  nean  and 
feorran  t'U  nu  [friSu]  hafast,  11 75. 
—  Comp.  fen-freo'5o. 

freoijo-burh,  st.  f.,  castle,city  afford- 
ing protection  :  ace.  sg.  freo^oburh 
fagere,  522. 

freoiSfo-woiig,  st.  m.,  field  of  peace, 
field  of  protection  :  ace.  sg.,  2960; 
seems  to  have  been  the  proper 
name  of  a  field. 

f  reoffo-^vfer,  st.  f.,  peace-alliance, 
security  of  peace :  ace.  sg.  |'S  hie 
getrflwedon  on  twS  healfa  faste 
frio"5u-w£Ere,  1097;  &^^-  ^S-  frioi^o- 
wiere  bad  hlaford  sinne,  entreated 
his  lord  for  the  protection  of  peace 
(i.e.  full  pardon  for  his  delinq  len- 
cy),  2283. 

f reolSfo-wcbbe,  w.  f.,  peace-rveaver, 
designation  of  the  royal  consort 
(often  one  given  in  marriage  as  a 
confirmation  of  a  peace  between 
two  nations)  :   nom.  sg.,  1943. 

frco-barh,  st.  f.,  =  frea-burg  (?), 
ruler's  castle  (?)  (according  to 
Grein,  arx  ingenua)  :  ace.  sg.  fred- 
burh,  694. 

f  re6tl,  St.  f.,  friendship  :  ace.  sg 
freode  ne  wuldon  ofer  heafo  heal 


GLOSSARY. 


001 


dan,  2477;  gen.  sg.  nas  J^aer  mara 
fyrst  freode  to  friclan,  was  no  longer 
time  to  seek  for  friendship,  2557  ; 
— favor,  ackftowledgetnent:  ace.  sg. 
ic  \>e  sceal  mine  gelaestan  freode 
(tvill  show  myself  grateful,  with 
reference  to  1 38 1  ff.),  1708. 

freo  dryhten  (=  frea-dryhten),  st. 
in.,  lord,  ruler;  according  to  Grein, 
dominusingenuus  vel  nobilis :  nom. 
sg.  as  voc.  freo-drihten  min !  1 1 70; 
dat.  sg.  mid  his  freo-diyhtne,  2628. 

f  reogan,  w.  v.,  to  love  ;  to  think  of 
lovingly:  pres.  subj.  |  at  men  his 
wine-dryhten  .  .  .  ferhi^um  freoge, 
3178;  inf.  nu  ic  J'cc  .  .  .  me  for 
sunu  wylle  freogan  on  ferhi^'e,  949. 

freo-Iic,  adj.,  free,  free-born  (here 
of  the  lawful  wife  in  contrast  with 
the  bond  concubine)  :  nom.  sg. 
freolic  wif,  616;  freolicu  folc-cwen, 
642. 

freond,  st.  m.,  friend:  ace.  sg. 
freond,  13S6,  1865;  dat.  pi.  freon- 
dum,  916,  1019,  1127;  gen.  pi. 
freonda,  1307,  1839. 

freond-laUu,  st.  I.,  friendly  invita- 
lio7t :  nom.  sg.  him  was  ful  boren 
and  freond-la'Su  {friendly  invita- 
tion to  drink)  wordum  bewagned, 

II93- 
freond-lar,  st.  i.,  friendly  counsel : 

dat.  (instr.)  pi.  freond-larum,  2378. 
freond-lice,   adv.,    in   a   friendly 

manner,  kindly  :  compar.  freond- 

Itcor,  1028. 
freond-scipe,    st.    m.,  friendship : 

ace.  sg.  freond-scipe  fastne,  2070. 
freo-'wine,  st.  m.  (see  fredwine), 

lord  and  friend,  friendly  ruler; 

according  to  Grein,  amicus  nobilis', 

princeps  amicus  :  nom.  sg.  as  voc. 

freo-wme  folca !  430. 
fricgean,  w.  v.,  to  ask,  to  inquire 

into:   inf.  ongan  stnne  geseldan 


fagre  fricgean  hwylce  Sae-Geata 
stiNas  wasron,  1986 ;  pres.  part, 
gomela  Scilding  fela  fricgcnde 
feorran  rehte,  the  old  Scilding, 
asking  many  questions  (having 
many  things  related  to  him),  told 
of  old  times  (the  conversation  was 
alternate),  2107. 

g6-fricgean,  to  learn,  to  learn  by 
inquiry  :  pres.  pi.  sySSan  hie  ge- 
fricgeaS  frean  fiserne  ealdorleasne, 
when  they  learn  that  our  lord  is 
dead,  3003  ;  pres.  subj.  gif  ic  \>2X 
gefricge,  t^at . . .,  1827;  pi.  sySSan 
a&lingas  feorran  gefricgean  fleam 
eowerne,  2890. 

friclan  (see  freca),  w.  v.  w.  gen., 
to  seek,  to  desire,  to  strive  for  : 
inf.  nas  \>7kx  mSra  fyrst  freode  t8 
friclan,  2557. 

friffo-sib,  st.  f.,  kin  for  the  confirm- 
ing of  peace,  designation  of  the 
queen  (see  freo3'o-webbe),/f«f  ^- 
bringer  :  nom.  sg.  friSu-sibb  folca, 
2018. 

frignan,  fringan,  frinan,  st.  v.,  to 
ask,  to  inquire :  imp.  ne  frin  I'u 
after  srelum,  ask  not  after  the  well- 
being  t  1323 ;  inf.  ic  has  wine  Deni- 
ga  frinan  wille  .  .  .  ymb  jnnne  si5, 
351;  pret.sg.fragn,236,332;  fragn 
gif  .  .  .,  asked  whether  .  .  .,  1 320. 

ge-frignan,  ge-fringan,  ge- 
frinan,  to  find  otit  by  inquiry, 
to  learn  by  narration :  pret.  sg. 
(w.  ace.)  hat  fram  hSm  gefragn 
Higelaces  ^egn  Grendles  daeda, 
194;  no  ic  gefragn  heardran  feoh- 
tan,  575;  (w.  ace.  and  inf.)  J'a  ic 
vi'tde  gefragn  weorc  gebannan,  74; 
similarly,  2485,  2753,  2774;  ne 
gefragen  ic  hS  maegSe  mSran  weo- 
rode  ymb  hyra  sincgyfan  sel  ge- 
bseran,  /  never  heard  that  any  peo 
tie,  richer  in  warriors,  conducted 


009 


GLOSSARY. 


Itself  better  about  its  chief,  1012; 
similarly,  1028;  pret.  pi.  (w.  ace.) 
we  J-eodcyninga  I'rym  gefrunon,  2 ; 
(w.  ace.  and  inf.)  geongne  g&S- 
cyning  godne  gefiunon  hringas 
dsiLin,  1970;  (parenthetK^al)  swS 
guman  gefrungon,  667 ,  (after 
J)onne)  medo-iirn  micel  {greater) 
.  .  .  \>ox\ii  yldo  beam  refre  gefru- 
non, 70  ;  pret.  part,  hafde  Hige- 
laces  hilde  gefrunen,  2953;  hiifdon 
gefrunen  )jat  . .  .,  kad  learned  that 
•  •  •>  695;  hJifde  gefrunen  hwanan 
sio  fzeh^  Sr.is,  2404  ;  healsbeaga 
nicest  hSra  he  ic  on  foldan  gefragen 
habbe,  1 197. 

from.     See  frain. 

frod,  adj.:  i)  a;tate  provectus,  old, 
gray:  nom.  sg.  frod,  2626,  2951  ; 
frod  cyning,  1307,  2210 ;  frod 
folces  weard,  2514;  vvintrum  frod, 
1725,2115,2278;  se  froda,  2929; 
ace.  sg.  frode  feorhlege  {the  laying 
down  of  my  old  life),  2801  ;  dat. 
sg.  frodan  fyrnwitan  (may  also, 
from  its  meaning,  belong  under 
No.  2),  2124.  —  2)  mente  excellen- 
tior,  intelligent,  experienced,  raise  : 
nom.  sg.  frod,  1367;  frod  and 
god,  279;  on  mode  frod,  1845. — 
Comp. :  in-,  un-frod. 

frOfor,  St.  f.,  consolation,  compensa- 
tion, help  :  nom.  sg.  fr8for,  2942; 
ace.  sg.  frofre,  7,  974;  fyrena  fro- 
fre,  O29;  frofre  and  fultum,  1274; 
frofor  and  fultum,  699;  dat.  sg.  to 
frofre,    14,  1708;    gen.  sg.  frofre, 

185. 
fruma  (see  forma),  \v.  m.,  the  fore- 
most,  hence:  l)  beginning :  nom. 
sg.  was  se  fruma  egeslic  leodum 
on  lande,  swa  hyt  lungre  weart!  on 
hyra  sincgifan  sare  geendod  {the  be- 
ginning of  the  dragon-combat  was 
terrible,  its  end  distressing  through 


the    death   of  Bedwulf),   2310.  — 

2)  he  who  stands  first,  prince  ;  in 
comp.  da;d-,  hild-,  land-,  leod-, 
ord-,  wig-fruma. 

friim-cyn,  st.  n.,  (genus  jiriniiii- 
vum),  descent,  origin  :  ace.  sg.  nu 
ic  eouer  sceal  frumcyn  witan,  252. 

friim-gar,  st.  m.,  primipilus,  dnlce, 
prince  :  dat.  sg.  frumgare  (of  Beo- 
wulf), 2857. 

frum-sceaft,  st.  f.,  prima  creatio, 
beginning :  ace.  sg.  se  he  c(i5e 
frumsceaft  lira  feorian  reccan,  who 
could  tell  of  the  bcginniiig  of  man- 
kind in  old  times,  91 ;  dat.  sg.  frum- 
sceafte,  in  the  beginning,  i.e  at  his 
birth,  45. 

fugol,  St.  m.,  bird:  dat.  sg.  fugle 
gelicost,  218;  dat.  pi.  [fuglum]  to 
gamene,  2942. 

ful,  adj.,  full,  filled :  nom.  sg.  w. 
gen.  pi.  se  was  innan  full  wratta 
and  wira,  2413.  —  Comp.:  eges-, 
sorh-,  weofS-ful. 

ful,  adv.,  plene,  very :  ful  oft,  480 ; 
ful-oft,  952. 

ful,  st.  n.,  cup,  beaker :  nom.  sg., 
1 193;  ace.  sg.  ful,  616,  629,  ro26; 
ofer  pSa  ful,  over  the  cup  of  the 
waves  (the  basin  of  the  sea  filled 
with  waves),  1209;  dat.  sg.  onfoh 
hissum  fulle,  1 1 70. —  Comp. :  medo-, 
sele-full. 

fullaestian,  w.  v.  w.  dat.,  to  give 
help :  pres.  sg.  ic  he  fullivstu,  2669. 

fultum,  St.  m.,  help,  support,  protec- 
tion :  ace.  sg.  frofor  (frofre)  and 
fultum,  699,  1274;  magenes  fvd- 
tum,  1836;  on  fultum,  2663. — 
Comp.  magen-fultum. 

f  unclian,  w.  v.,  to  strive,  to  have  in 
viero  :  pres.  pi.  we  fundia'iS  Hige- 
lac  secan,  1820;  pret.  sg.  fundode 
of  geardum,  1 138. 

fard'uni,  adv.,  primo,  just,  exactly; 


GLOSSARY. 


223 


then  first :  ha  ic  fufSum  we61d 
folce  Deninga,  then  first  governed 
the  people  of  the  Danes  (had  just 
assumed  the  government),  465 ;  hS 
hie  to  sele  fur  Sum  .  .  .  gangan 
cwomon,  323;  ic  l^ter  furSum  cvvom 
to  l^am  hringsele,  2010; — before, 
previously :  ic  be  sceal  mine  ge- 
Isestan  freode,  swS  wit  furSum 
spraecon,  1708. 

f  urUur,  adv.,  further,  forioard,  more 
distant,  254,  762,  3007. 

fus,  adj.,  inclined  to,  favorable, 
ready :  nom.  sg.  nu  ic  eom  siSes 
ffls,  1476;  leofra  manna  fds,  pre- 
pared for  the  dear  men,  i.e.  expect- 
ing them,  191 7;  sigel  sUSan  fQs, 
the  sun  inclined  from  tliesouth(m\d- 
day  sun),  1967;  se  wonna  hrefn 
f(is  ofer  fregum,  eager  over  the 
slain,  3026;  sceft  .  .  .  feSer-gear- 
wum  ffis,  3 1 20;  nom.  pi.  wseron 
...  eft  to  leodum  ffise  to  farenne, 
1806. —  Sometimes  ffls  means 
ready  for  death,  moribundus  :  f(is 
and  fsege,  1242. —  Comp. :  hin-, 
fit-ffis. 

fus-lic,  adj.,  prepared,  ready :  ace. 
sg.  ffls-lic  f[yrd]-le6'5,  1425;  fyrd- 
searo  ffts-lic,  2619;  ace.  pi.  fyrd- 
searu  ffls-licu,  232. 

fyl,  St.  m.,  fall :  nom.  sg.  fyll  cyn- 
inges,  the  fall  of  the  king  (in  the 
dragon-fight),  2913;  dat.  sg.  hat 
he  on  fylle  wearS,  that  he  came  to 
a  fall,  fell,  1545.  —  Comp.  hrS-fyl. 

fylce  (collective  form  from  folc), 
St.  n.,  troop,  band  of  warriors  :  in 
comp.  al-fylce. 

ge-fyllan  (see  feal),  w.  v.,  to  fell, 
to  slay  in  battle:  inf.  fane  gefyl- 
lan,  to  slay  the  enemy,  2656;  pret. 
pi.  fe6nd  gefyldan,  they  had  slain 
the  enemy,  2707. 

ft-fyllan  (see  ful),  w.  v.,  to  Jill  : 


pret.  psrt.  Heorot  innan  was  fre6n- 
dum  ifylled  {was filled  with  trustea 
men),  1019. 

fyWOfSi.i.jplenty,  abundant  meal : 
dat.  (instr.)  sg.  fylle  gefraegnod, 
^334;  g^ii-  sg.  nas  hie  h^re  fylle 
gefean  hafdon,  562;  fylle  gefaeg(m, 
1015.  —  Comp. :  wal-,  vvist-fyllo. 

fyl-werig,  adj.,  weary  enough  to 
fall,  faint  to  death,  moribundus : 
ace.  sg.  fyl-werigne,  963. 

fyr.     See  feor. 

fyrlan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.  {—  ferian),  to 
bear,  to  bring,  carry :  pret.  pi.  b9 
\>e  gif-sceattas  Geata  fyredon  hyder 
to  jiance,  378. 

fyras.     See  firas. 

fyren.     See  firen. 

fyrde,  adj.,  movable,  that  can  t>f 
moved. — Comp.  hard-fyrde. —  Leu. 

fyrd-gestealla,  w.  m.,  comrade  on 
an  expedition,  companion  in  bat- 
tle :  dat.  pi.  fyrd-gesteallum,  2874 

fyrd-ham,  st.  m.,  war-dress,  coat 
of  mail :  ace.  sg.  hone  fyrd-hom, 

1505- 
fyi'd-hragl,   st.  n.,    coat   of  mail, 

war-dress :    ace,    sg.    fyrd-hragl, 

1528. 
fjTd-hwat,    adj.,   sharp,    good    in 

war,    'warlike :    nom.    pi.    frome 

fyrd-hwate,  1642,  2477. 
fyrd-leoij,  st.  n.,  war-song,  warlike 

music :    ace.   sg.    horn    stundum 

song  fflslic  f[yrd]leo'S,  1425. 
fyrd-searu,  st.  n.,  equipment  for 

an  expedition  :  ace.  sg.  fyrd-searu 

fflslic,   2619 ;    ace.  pi.  fyrd-searu 

ffislicu,  232. 
fyrd-vpyrffe,  adj.,  of  worth  in  war, 

excellent  in  battle  :  nom.  sg.  fyrd- 

%vyr'5e  man  (Beowulf),  131 7. 
ge-fjrffran  (see  forU),  w.  v.,  to 

bring  forward,  to  further  :  pret. 

part.   &r  was  on  ofoste,  eftstSes 


224 


GLOSSARY. 


georn,  fratwum  gefyr(5red,  he  was 
hurried  forward  by  the  treasure 
(i.e.  after  he  had  gathered  up  the 
treasure,  he  hasted  to  return,  so 
as  to  be  able  to  show  it  to  the 
mortally-wounded  Beowulf),  27S5. 

fyriaest.     See  forma. 

fyrii-dagas,  st.  m.  pi.,  by-gone  days: 
dat.  pi.  fyrndagum  {in  old  times), 
1452. 

fyrn-gew^eorc,  st.  n.,  work,  some- 
thing  done  in  old  times  :  ace.  sg. 
fira  fyrn-gevveorc  (the  drinking- 
cup  mentioned  in  2283),  2287. 

fyrn-ge'win,  st.  n.,  combat  in  ancient 
times  :  gen.  sg.  or  fyrn-gewinnes 
{the  origin  of  the  battles  of  the 
giants'),  1690. 

fyrn-man,st.m., /«(ZM  of  ancient 
times :  gen.  pi.  fyrn-manna  fatu, 
2762. 

fyru-wlta,  w.  m.,  counsellor  ever 
since  ancient  times,  adviser  for 
many  years  :  dat.  sg.  frodan  fyrn- 
witan,  of  Aschere,  2124. 

fyrst,  st.  m.,  portion  of  time,  definite 
time,  time  :  noni.  sg.  nas  hit  lengra 
fyrst,  ac  ymlj  Sne  niht  .  .  .,  134; 
fyrst  for S  gewat,  the  time  (of  going 
to  the  harbor)  ivas  past,  210;  nas 
Kvr  mSra  fyrst  freode  to  friclan, 
2556 ;  ace.  sg.  niht-longne  fyrst, 
528;  f if  nihta  fyrst,  545;  instr.  sg. 
h^  fyrste,  2574;  dat.  sg.  him  on 
fyrste  gelomp  . . .,  within  the  fixed 
time,  76. 

fyr-wit,  -^'et,  -wjt,  st.  n.,  prying 
spirit,  curiosity  :  nom.  sg.  fyrwyt, 
232;   fyrwet,  1986,  2785. 

ge-fysan  (fus),  w.  v.,  to  make 
ready,  to  prepare :  part,  winde 
gef^^sed  flota,  the  ship  provided 
with  wind  (for  the  voyage),  217  ; 
(wyrm)  f^re  gef^sed, provided ^rith 
fire,  23 lO;   ]>Sl  was  hringbogan  (of 


the  drake)  heorte  gef^sed  sacce  to 
secanne,  2562 ;  with  gen.,  in  an- 
swer to  the  question,  for  what? 
gflcSe  gefysed,  ready  for  battle,  de- 
term  ined  to  fight,  63 1 . 

fyr,  St.  x\.,fire:  nom.  sg.,  1367,  2702, 
2SS2  ;  dat.  sg.  fyre,  2220 ;  as  instr. 
fyre,  2275,  2596;  gen.  sg.  f^'res 
fjiSni,  185;  f)>res  feng,  1765.— 
Comp. :  ad-,  ba-l-,  heaiiu-,  wal-fyr. 

f;^r-bcnd,  st.  m.,  band  forged  in 
fire  :  dat.  pi.  duru  .  .  .  fyr-bendum 
fast,  723. 

fjT-draca,  w.  m.,  fire-drake,  fire- 
spnving  dragon  :  nom.  sg.,  2690. 

fjr-heard,  adj.,  hard  throitgh  fiire, 
hardened  in  fire  :  nom.  pi.  (eofor- 
lic)  fah  and  fyr-heard,  305. 

fyr-leoht,  st.  n.,  fire-light :  ace.  sg., 

1517- 
fyr-wylin,  st.  m.,  wave  offire, flame- 
wave  :    dat.  pi.  wyrm  .  .  .  fj^rwyl- 
mum  fSh,  2672. 


G 


galan,  st.  v.,  to  sing,  to  sound :  pres. 
sg.sorh-le65gale"6",  2461 ;  inf.gryre- 
leo^" galan,  787;  bearlUmongeaton, 
gfliShorn  galan,  heard  the  clang,  the 
battle-trumpet  sound,  1433. 

S-gal  an,  to  sing,  to  sound:  pret.  sg. 
t)at  hire  on  hafelan  hringmx'l  Sgol 
gnedig  g(l51e6'?>,  that  the  sword 
caused  a  greedy  battle-song  to  sound 
ttpon  her  head,  1522. 

gainban,  or,  according  to  Bout., 
gambe,  w.i.,  tribute,  interest:  ace. 
sg.  g.emban  gyldan,  11. 

gamen,  st.  n.,  social  pleasure,  re- 
joicing, joyous  doings :  nom.  sg. 
gamen,  1 161 ;  gomen,246o;  gomen 
gleobeames,  the  pleasure  of  the 
harp,  2264;  acc.  sg.  gamen  and 


GLOSSARY. 


225 


gle6dreSm,  3022;  dat.  sg.  gameue, 
2942;  gomene,  1776. — Comp.  heal- 
gamen. 

ganien-waiy,  st.  f.,  way  offering 
social  enjoyment,  journey  in  joyous 
society  :  dat.  sg.  of  gomen-wdSe, 
855. 

ganicn-wudu,  st.  m.,  tvood  of  social 
enjoyment,  i.e.  harp :  nom.  sg.  \>xx 
was  . .  .  gomenwudu  gr8ted,  1066; 
ace.  sg.  gomenwudu  grette,  2109. 

gainol,  gomol,  goinel,  adj.,  old ; 
of  persons,  having  lived  tnany 
years, gray :  gamol,  58, 265 ;  gomol, 
3096;  gomel,  21 13,  2794;  se  go- 
niela,  1398 ;  gamela  (gomela) 
Scylding,  1 793, 2 1 06 ;  gomela,2932 ; 
ace.  sg.  jjone  gomelan,  2422;  dat. 
sg.gamelum  rince,  1678;  gomelum 
ceorle, 2445;  ham  gomelan,  2818; 
nom.  pi.  blondenfeaxe  gomele, 
1 596.  —  Also,  late,  belonging  to 
former  time  :  gen.  pi.  gomelra  lafe 
(legacy),  2037.  —  O^  things,  old, 
from  old  times:  nom.  sg.  sweord 
.  .  .  gomol,  2683 ;  ace.  sg.  gomele 
ISfe,  2564;  gomel  swyrd,  261 1; 
gamol  is  a  more  respectful  word 
than  eald. 

gamol-feax,  adj.,  with  gray  hair  : 
nom.  sg.,  609. 

gang,  St.  m. :  i)  gait,  way :  dat.  sg. 
on  gange,  1885 ;  gen.  sg.  ic  hine  ne 
mihte  . . .  ganges  ge-twaeman,  could 
not  keep  him  from  going,  969. 
—  2)  step,  foot-step :  nom.  sg.  gang 
(the  foot-print  of  the  mother  of 
Grendel),  1405;  aec.sg.  utonhra'Se 
fcran  Grendles  mSgan  gang  scea- 
wigan,  1392.  —  Comp.  in-gang. 

be-gang,  bi-gang,  st.  m.,  (^oy^r 
as  something  goes) ,  extent :  acc.sg. 
ofer  geofenes  begang,  over  the  ex- 
tent of  the  sea,  362;  ofer  flSda  be- 
gang, 1827 ;  under  swegles  begong, 


861, 1774;  fl6da  begong,  1498;  sic 
leSa  bigong,  2368. 

gangan.     See  under  gan. 

ganot,  St.  m.,  diver,  fulica  marina : 
gen.  sg.  ofer  ganotes  ba3  (i.e.  the 
sea),  1862. 

gad,  St. n.,  lack:  nom.sg.  ne  bit?  he 
wilna  gSd  {thou  shall  have  no  lack 
ofdesirahle\y?iS.Vi^\€\  things ),(>6\ ; 
similarly,  950. 

gan,  expanded  =  gangan,  st.  v.,  to 
go :  pres.  sg.  III.  gae'S  a  Wyrd 
swa  hio  seel,  455;  gaeS  eft  .  .  .  to 
medo,  605  ;  honne  he  ...  on  flett 
gffii?,  2035;  similarly,  2055;  pres. 
subj.  III.  sg.  gS  hasr  he  wille,  let 
him  go  whither  he  will,  1395 ;  imp. 
sg.  II.  ga  nu  to  setle,  1783;  nu  hu 
lungre  geong,  hord  seeawian,  under 
harne  stan,  2744;  inf.  in  gSn,  to  go 
in,  386,  1645 '  fo"^*^  8^"' ''"  S'^fi>'l^t, 
to  go  thither,  1 164;  hat  hie  him 
to  mihton  gegnum  gangan,  to  go 
towards,  to  go  to,  314;  to  sele  .  .  . 
gangan  cvvomon,  324;  in  a  similar 
construction,  gongan,  1643;  ri^  S^ 
moton  gangan  . . .  Hro'Sgar  geseon, 
395 ;  ha  com  of  more  .  .  .  Grendel 
gongan, /'/i^r<?  came  Grendel  (going) 
from  the  fen,  712;  ongean  gramum 
gangan,  to  go  to  meet  the  enemy,  to 
go  to  the  'war,  1035;  cwom  ...  to 
hofe  gongan,  1975;  wutun  gangan 
to,  let  us  go  thither,  2649.  —  As 
preterite,  serve,  i)  geong  or  giong : 
he  to  healle  geong,  926;  similarly, 
2019;  se  he  on  orde  geong,  who 
went  at  the  head,  went  in  front, 
3126;  on  innan  giong,  went  in, 
2215;  he  .  .  .  giong  t6  has  he  he 
eorSsele  Snne  wisse,  went  thither, 
where  he  knew  of  that  earth-hall, 
24 1  o ;  h^  se  a'Seling,  gi6ng,  hat  he  bl 
wealle  gesat,  then  went  the  prince 
(Beowulf)  that  he  might  sit  dovm 


226 


GLOSSARY. 


by  the  wall,  2716.  —  2)  gang:  t8 
healle  gang  Healfdenes  sunu,  loio; 
similarly,  1296;  gang  |>a  after  flore, 
went  along  Ike  fioor,  along  the 
hall,  1317-— 3)  gengde  (Goth, 
gaggida)  :  he  .  .  .  beforan  gengde 
.  .  .,  wong  sceawian,  went  in  front 
to  inspect  the  fields,  1413;  gengde, 
also  of  riding,  1402.  —  4)  from 
another  stem,  code  (Goth,  iddja)  : 
eode  ellenrof,  )>at  he  for  eaxlum 
gestod  Deniga  frean,  358;  similar- 
ly, 403;  [wi5  duru  healle  Wulfgar 
eode],  went  toxvards  the  door  of  the 
hall,  390;  eode  Wealhl'cow  forS, 
luent  forth,  613;  eode  to  hire  frean 
sittan,  641 ;  eode  yrremod,  went 
with  angry  feeling,  727;  eode  .  .  . 
to  sele,  919;  similarly,  1233;  eode 
.  .  .  \>7&x  se  snottra  bSd,  1313;  eode 
weorS  Uenum  aSeling  to  yppan, 
the  prince  (Beowulf),  honored  by 
the  Danes,  went  to  the  high  seat, 
181 5  ;  eode  .  .  .  under  inwit-hrof, 
3124  ;  pi.  J'ser  swi'SferhSe  sittan 
eodon,  493  ;  eodon  him  \>^  to- 
geanes,  went  to  meet  him,  1627  ; 
eodon  under  Earna  nas,  3032. 

S-gangan,  to  go  out,  to  go  forth,  to 
befall :  pret.  part,  swa  hit  igangen 
vvear'5  eorla  manegum  (^as  it  befell 
many  a  one  of  the  earls),  1235. 

f  ull-gangan,  to  emulate,  to  follow 
after :  pret.  sg.  bonne  .  .  .  sceft 
nytte  heold,  fe  5er-gearwum  fCls 
flSne  fuU-eode,  when  the  shaft  had 
employment,  furnished  with  feath- 
ers it  followed  the  arrow,  did  as 
the  arrow,  3120. 

ge-gin,  ge-gangan:  i)  to  go,  to 
approach  :  inf.  (w.  ace.)  his  modor 
,  .  .  gegin  wolde  sorhfulne  si's, 
1278;  se  be  gryre-siSas  gegSn 
dorste,  who  dared  to  go  the  'ways  of 
terror  (to  go  into   the   combat), 


1463;  pret.  sg.  se  maga  gconga 
under  his  mseges  scyld  elne  geeode. 
went  quickly  under  his  kinsman'^ 
shield,  2677;  pi.  elne  geeodon  t8 
bas  be  .  .  .,  went  quickly  thither 
where  . . .,  1968;  pret.  part.  sy'^'iSan 
hie  to-gadre  gegin  hafdon,  when 
they  (Wiglaf  and  the  drake)  had 
come  together,  2631 ;  bat  his  aldres 
was  ende  gegongen,  that  the  end  of 
his  life  had  come,  823 ;  b^  was  ende- 
dag  godum  gegongen,  bat  se  gG5- 
cyning  .  .  .  swealt,  3037.  —  2)  to 
obtain,  to  reach :  inf.  (w.  acc.) 
bonne  he  at  gflSe  gegSn  benccS 
longsumne  lof,  1536;  ic  mid  elne 
sceall  gold gegangan, 2537;  gerund, 
nas  bat  f&s.  ceap  to  gegangenne 
gumena  aenigum,  2417;  pret.  pi. 
elne  geeodon  .  .  .  bat  se  byrnwiga 
bflgan  sceolde,  2918;  pret.  part, 
hafde  .  .  .  gegongen  bat,  had  at- 
tained it,  that  .  .  .,  894;  hord  ys 
gesceawod,  grim  me  gegongen, 
3086.  —  3)  to  occur,  to  happen  : 
pres.  sg.  III.  gif  bat  gegangeS  bat 
.  .  .,  if  that  happen,  that .  . .,  1847; 
pret.  sg.  bat  geiode  ufaran  dogrum 
hilde-hlammum,  it  happened  in 
later  times  to  the  warriors  (the 
Geatas),  2201 ;  pret.  part.  bS  was 
gegongen  guman  unfrodum  ear- 
foSlice  bat, ///^«  it  had  happened  to 
the  young  man  in  sorroivful  xvise 
that  .  .  .,  2822. 

8'5-gangan,  to  go  thither:  pret. pi. 
oS  bat  hi  oSeodon  ...  in  Hrefnes- 
holt,  2935. 

ofer-gangan,  w.  acc,  to  go  over  : 
pret.  sg.  ofereode  b<^  a'Selinga  beam 
steap  stin-hlifio,  went  over  steep, 
rocky  precipices,  1409;  pi.  freotSo- 
wong  bone  for"?  ofereodon,  2960. 

ymb-gangan,  v/.  SlCc,  to  go  around: 
pret.  ymb-eode  \>i.  ides  Helminga 


GLOSSARY. 


227 


dugu'Se   and   geogofSe   dtel    oegh- 

wylcne,    went    around   in    every 

part,  atnotig  the  superior  and  the 

inferior  warriors,  621. 
gar,  St.  m.,  spear,  javelin,  missile  : 

nom.  sg.,   1847,   3022  ;    instr.  sg. 

gSre,  1076  ;    blodigan  gare,  2441  ; 

gen.  sg.  gires  fliht,  1766;  nom.  pi. 

gSras,  328;    gen.    pi.,    i6i(?).— 

Comp. :  bon-,  frum-gir. 
gar-cene,  z.^).,  spear-bold:  nom.sg., 

'959- 

gar-cwcalni,  st.  m.,  murder,  death 
by  the  spear :  jicc.  sg.  gSr-cwealm 
gumena,  2044. 

gclr-holt,  St.  n.,  forest  of  spears,  i.e. 
crowd  of  spears  :  ace.  sg.,  1835. 

gar-secg,  st.  m.(cf.  Grimm,  in  Haupt 
1.  578),  sea,  ocean  :  ace.  sg.  on  gar- 
secg,  49,  5J7  ;    ofer  gar-secg,  515. 

gar-wiga,  w.  m.,  one  ivho  fights  with 
the  spear  :  dat.  sg.  geongum  gar- 
wigan,  of  Wtglaf,  2675,  2812. 

gar-wigeufl,  pres.  part.,  fighting 
with  spear,  spear-fighter  :  ace.  pi. 
gir-wigend,  2642. 

g^st,  gcBst,  St.  m.,  ghost,  demon  : 
ace.  sg.  helle  gast  (Grendel),  1275; 
gen.  sg.  wergan  g^stes  (of  Grendel), 
133;  (of  the  tempter),  1748  ;  gen. 
pi.  dyrnra  gasta  (Grendel's  race), 
1358;  gEesta  glfrost  {^flames  con- 
suming corpses) ,  1 1 24.  —  Comp. : 
ellor-,  geo-sceaft-gast ;  ellen-,  wal- 
gsest. 

gast-bana,  w.  m.,  slayer  of  the 
spirit,  i.e.  the  devil :  nom.  sg.  gast- 
bona,  177. 

gadeling,  st.  m.,  he  ivho  is  connected 
with  another,  relation,  companion: 
gen.  sg.  gadelinges,  2618;  dat.  pi. 
mid  his  gadelingum,  2950. 

at-giidere,  adv.,  together,  ztnited : 
321,  1 165,  1191;  samod  atgadere, 
329.  387.  730.  1064- 


t6-gadere,  adv.,  together,  zb^^x. 

gast,  gist,  gyst,  St.  m.,  stranger, 
guest:  nom.  sg.  gast,  180 1 ;  se  gast 
(the  drake),  2313;  se  grimmagast 
(Grendel),  102;  gist,  1139,  1523; 
ace.  sg.  gryre-ltcne  gist  (the  nixy 
slain  by  Beowulf),  1442;  dat.  sg. 
gyste,  2229;  nom.  pi.  gistas.  1603; 
ace.  pi.  gas[tas],  1894.  —  Comp.: 
fede-,  gryre-,  inwit-,  niS-,  sele-gasi 

(■gyst). 

gast-sele,  st.  m.,  hall  in  which  the 
guests  spend  theit'time,  guest-hall : 
ace.  sg.,  995. 

ge,  conj.,  atid,  1341  ;  ge  . . .  ge  . . ., 
as  well .  .  .as  .  .  .,  1865 ;  ge  .  . .  ge 
. .  .,  ge  .  .  .,  1 249  ;  ge  swylce,  and 
likeiuise,  aitd  moreover,  2259. 

ge,  pron.,  ye,  you,  plur.  of  J^u,  237, 
245,  etc. 

gegn-cwide,  st.  m.,  reply  :  gen.  pi. 
Hnra  gegn-cwida,  367. 

gegnum,  adv.,  thither,  towards, 
away,  with  the  prep,  to,  ofer, 
giving  the  direction :  \>'i.\.  hie  him 
to  mihton  gegnum  gangan  {that 
they  might  go  thither'),  314;  geg- 
num for[)5a]  ofer  myrcan  mor, 
away  over  the  dark  7noor,  1405. 

gehUu,  geohafUjSt.  f.,  sorrow,  care : 
instr.  sg.  giohiSo  maende,  226S  ; 
dat.  sg.  on  gehSo,  3096;  on  giohiSe, 
2794. 

gen  (from  gegn),  adv.,  yet,  again  . 
ne  was  hit  lenge  \>%  gen,  )?at  .  . .,  it 
was  ttot  then  long  before  .  .  .,  83; 
ic  sceal  forS  sprecan  gen  ymb 
Grendel,  shall  from  now  on  speak 
again  of  Grendel,  207 1;  no  by  £er 
Gt  ha  gen  .  .  .  gongan  wolde  {still 
he  would  not  yet  go  out),  2082  ; 
gen  is  eall  at  be  lissa  gelong  {^yet 
all  my  favor  belongs  to  thee), 
2150;  M  gen,  then  again,  2678, 
2703 ;  sw3  he  nu  gen  de5,  as  h< 


228 


GLOSSARY. 


ttill  does,  2860  ;  fur'Sur  gen,  fur- 
ther still,  besides,  3007  ;  nu  gen, 
no'o  again,  3 1 69 ;  ne  gen,  tio  more, 
no  farther  :  ne  was  \>'iX  wyrd  I'd 
gen,  that  was  no  more  fate  (fate 
no  longer  willed  that),  735. 

gen  a,  still:  cwico  was  \A  gena, 
■was  still  living,  3094. 

genga,  w.  m.,  goer ;  in  comp.  in-, 
S3e-,  sceadu-genga. 

gengde.     See  gan  (3). 

gengc.     See  uij-geuge. 

genuuga  (from  geguunga),  adv., 
precisely,  completely,  2872. 

gerwan,  gyrwan,  w.  v.:  x')  to 
prepare,  to  make  ready,  to  put  in 
condition  :  pret.  pi.  gestsele  gyre- 
don,  995.  —  2)  to  equip,  to  arm 
for  battle :  pret.  sg.  gyrede  hine 
Beowulf  eorl-gewsedum  {dressed 
himself  in  the  armor),  1442. 

ge-gyrwan:  i)  to  make,  to  pre- 
pare :  pret.  pi.  him  \>^  gegiredan 
Geata  leode  Sd  .  .  .  unwaclicne, 
3138;  pret.  part,  glof  .  .  .  call  ge- 
gyrwed  de6fles  craftum  and  diacan 
felluin,  208S.  —  2)  to  fit  out,  to 
make  ready :  inf.  ceol  gegyrwan 
hilde-wa'pnum  and  hea^owcedum, 
38;  het  him  ySlidan  godne  gegyr- 
wan, had  {his)  good  ship  fitted  up 
for  him,  199.  Also,  to  provide 
warlike  equipment :  pret.  part,  sy 'S- 
"San  he  hine  to  gClSe  gegyred  hafde, 
1473.  —  3)  to  endow,  to  provide, 
to  adorn  :  pret.  part.  nom.  sg.  bea- 
do-hragl .  .  .  golde  gegyrwed,  553; 
ace.  sg.  lafe  .  .  .  golde  gegyrede, 
2193;  ace.  pi.  madmas  .  .  .  golde 
gegyrede,  1029. 

getau,  w.  v.,  to  injure,  to  slay :  inf., 
2941. 

be-gete,  adj.,  attainable ;  in  comp. 
eiS-begete. 

gcador,    adv.,     unitedly,     together, 


jointly,    836 ;     geador    iitsomne, 

491. 
on-geador,  adv.,  unitedly,  together, 

1596. 
gealdor,  st.  n. :   i)  sound:  ace.  sg. 

Ij^man  gealdor,  2944.  —  2)  magic 

song,  incantation,  spell :  instr.  sg. 

)50nne  was  \>'iX  yrfe  .  .  .  galdre  be- 

wunden   {placed  under  a  spell), 

3053- 

gealga,  w.  m.,  gallows  :  dat.  sg.  \>'iX 
his  byre  ride  giong  on  galgan,  2447. 

gealg-niGd,  adj.,  ^/oow^)/.-  nom.  sg. 
gifre  and  galgniod,  1278. 

gealg-treow,  st.  n.,  gallo-ws :  dat. 
pi.  on  galg-tre6vvu[m],  2941. 

geard,  st.  m.,  residence  ;  in  Beowulf 
corresponding  to  the  house-com- 
plex uf  a  prince's  residence,  used 
only  in  the  plur. :  ace.  in  geardas 
{in  Finn's  castle),  1 135;  dat.  in 
geardum,  13,  2460 ;  of  geardum, 
1 139;  ser  he  on  weg  hwurfe  ...  of 
geardum,  before  he  ivent  away  from 
his  dwelli)ig-place,  i.e.  died,  265. 
—  Comp.  middan-geard. 

gearo,  adj.,  properly,  made,  pre- 
pared; hence,  ready,  finished, 
equipped :  nom.  sg.  hat  hit  weariS 
eal  gearo,  heal-arna  maest,  77;  wiht 
unhi^lo  .  .  .  gearo  sona  was,  the 
demon  of  destruction  was  quickly 
ready,  did  not  delay  long,  121 ; 
Here-Scyldinga  betst  beadorinca 
was  on  bi"el  gearu,  7vas  ready  for 
the  funeral-pile  (for  the  solemn 
burning),  mo;  I'eod 'is) eal  gearo, 
the  warriors  are  alti,gether  ready, 
always  prepared,  1231 ;  hra^e  waf 
at  holme  h^S-weard  gearo  (geara, 
MS.),  1915;  gearo  gflS-freca, 
2415,  sie  sio  baer  gearo  adre  ge- 
afned,  let  the  bier  be  made  ready 
at  once,  2^06.  With  gen.:  gearo 
gyrnwrace,  ready  for  revenge  for 


GLOSSARY. 


229 


harm  done,  211%  ace.  sg.  gearwe 
stowe,  1007;  nom.  pi.  beornas 
gearwe,  211;  similarly,  1814. 

gearwe,  gearo,  geare,  adv.,  com- 
pletely, etitirely:  ne  ge  . . .  gearwe 
ne  wisson,  you  do  ttot  know  at 
all .  .  .,  246;  similarly,  879;  hine 
gearwe  geman  witena  welhwylc 
{remembers  him  very  well),  265; 
wisse  he  gearwe  bat  .  .  .,  ke  knew 
very  well  that  .  .  .,  2340,  2726; 
t>at  ic  .  .  .  gearo  sceawige  swegle 
searogimmas  {that  I  tnay  see  the 
treasures  altogether,  as  many  as 
they  are),  2749;  ic  wSt  geare  bat 
.  . .,  2657.  —  Comp.  gearwor,  more 
readily,  rather,  3077. —  Superl. 
gearwost,  716. 

gearo-foliii,  adj.,  with  ready  hand, 
2086. 

gearwe,  st.  f.,  eqicipment,  dress  ;  in 
comp.  feSer-gearwe. 

geat,  St.  n.,  opening,  door  ;  in  comp. 
bf;n-,  hilde-geat. 

g«ato-lic,  adj.,  well  prepared, hand- 
some, splendid :  of  sword  and  ar- 
mor, 215,  1563,  2155;  of  Heorot, 
308.  Adv. :  wisa  fengel  geatolic 
gengde,  passed  on  in  a  stately 
manner,  1402. 

geafrwe,  st.  f.  pi.,  equipment,  adorn- 
ment:  ace.  recedes  geatwa,  the 
ornaments  of  the  dragon^ s  cave  (its 
treasures),  3089. —  Comp.:  cored-, 
gryre-,  gdS-,  hilde-,  wig-geatwe. 

gedn  (from  gegn),  adv.  in 

on-gean,  adv.  and  prep.,  against, 
towards :  bat  he  me  ongean  slea, 
682;  rsehte  ongean  feond  mid  fol- 
me,  748;  foran  onge6.n,  forward 
towards,  2365.  With  dat. :  ongean 
gramum,  against  the  enemy,  1 035. 

to-geanes,  to -genes,  prep,  aa'«?«5/, 
towards:  Grendle  \.ogQ.zx]A%,towards 
Grendel,    against    Grendel,   667; 


grSp  bS  togeanes,  she  grasped  at 
(Beowulf),  1502;  similarly,  him 
togeanes  feng,  1543;  eodon  hira 
ba  togeanes,  went  towards  him, 
1627;  het  b^  gebeodan  ...  bat 
hie  bffil-wudu  feorran  feredon  go- 
dum  togenes,  had  it  ordered  thai 
they  should  bring  the  wood  from 
far  for  the  funeral-pyre  towards 
the  good  man  (i.e.  to  the  place 
where  the  dead  Beowulf  lay),  31 15. 

gedp,  adj.,  roomy,  extensive,  wide  : 
nom.  sg.  reced  . . .  geap,  the  roorny 
hall,  1801  ;  ace.  sg.  under  geapne 
hr6f,S37.— Comp. :  horn-,S£e-geap. 

gear,  st.  n.,  year :  nom.  sg.,  1135  ; 
gen.  pi.  gedra,  in  adverbial  sense, 
dim,  in  former  times,  2665.  See 
un-geara. 

gear-dagas,  st.  m.  pi.,  former  days  : 
dat.  pi.  in(on)  geSr-dagum,  i,  1355. 

geofe.     See  gifu. 

geofon,  gifen,  gyfen  (see  Kuhn 
Zeitschr.  I.  137),  St.  n.,  sea,  flood : 
nom.  sg.  geofon,  515;  gifen  geo- 
tende,  the  streaming  flood,  1691  ; 
gen.  Sg.  geofenes  begang,  362 ; 
gyfenes,  1395. 

geogoff,  St.  f . :  i)  youth,  time  of 
youth  :  dat.  sg.  on  geogo'Se,  409, 
466,  2513;  ongiogo'Se,  2427;  gen. 
gioguSe,  21 13. —  2)  contrasted 
with  dugu'5,  the  younger  warriors 
of  lower  rank  (about  as  in  the 
Middle  Ages,  the  squires  with  the 
knights)  :  nom.  sg.  geogo'S,  66  ; 
giogo'S,  1 1 9 1  ;  ace.  sg.  geogo'Se, 
1 182;  gen.  dugu'Se  and  geogo'Se, 
160 ;  duguSe  and  iogo'Se  (geo- 
goSe),  1675,  ^22. 

geoguff-feorh,  st.  n.,  age  of  youth, 
i.e.  age  in  which  one  still  belongs 
in  the  ranks  of  the  geogo'S :  on 
geogoS- (geoguS-)  feore,  537, 2665. 

geohSTo.    See  geh<5o. 


230 


GLOSSARY. 


geolOy  adj.,  yellow :  ace.  sg.  geolwe 
linde  i^the  shield  of  yellow  linden 
bark),  261 1. 

geolo-raud,  st.  m.,  yellow  shield 
(shield  with  a  covering  of  inter- 
laced  yellow   linden   bark)  :    ace. 

sg-,  438. 

geond,  prep.  w.  ace,  through, 
Ihroughuut,  along,  over :  geond 
Hsne  middangeard,  through  the 
earth,  over  the  earth,  75  ;  wide 
geond  eorJSan,  266,  3100;  ferdon 
folctogan .  ..geond  wid-wegas,7t/f«/ 
along  the  ways  coming  from  afar, 
841;  similarly,  1705;  geond  hat 
said,  through  the  hall,  through  the 
extent  of  the  hall,  1 28 1;  similarly, 
19S2,  2265. 

geoiig,  adj.,  young,  youthful :  nom. 
sg.,  13,  20,  855,  etc.;  giong,  2447; 
w.  m.  se  maga  geonga,  2676;  ace. 
sg- geongne  gQScyning,  1970;  dat. 
sg.  geongum,  1949,  2045,  2675, 
etc. ;  on  swa  geongum  feore,  at  a 
so  youthful  age,  1844;  geongan 
cempan,  2627;  ace.  pi.  geonge, 
2019;  dat.  pi.  geongum  and  eal- 
dum,  72. — Superl.  gingest,  the  last  : 
nom.  sg.  w.  f.  gingeste  word,  2818. 

georn,  adj.,  striving,  eager,  w.  gen. 
of  the  thing  striven  for :  eft  stSes 
georn,  2784.  —  Comp.  lof-georn. 

georne,  adv.,  readily,  imllitigly : 
bat  him  wine-magas  georne  har- 
den, 66;  georne  trQwode,  670.  — 
zealously,  eagerly  :  sohte  georne 
after  grunde,  eagerly  searched  over 
the  ground,  2295.  — carefully,  in- 
dustriously :  no  ic  him  has  georne 
atfealh  {held  him  not  fast  enough), 
969.  —  completely,  exactly  :  comp. 
wiste  t'8  geornor,  822. 

ge6,  ifi,  adv.,  once,  formerly,  earlier, 
1477;    gio.  2522;    id,  2460. 

ge6c,  St.  f.,  help,  support:  ace.  sg. 


geoee  gefremnian,  2675;  bat  him 
gast-bona  gedce  gefremede  wi^ 
beod-l'reaum,  177;  geoce  gel^fde, 
believed  in  the  help  (of  Beowulf), 
609;   dat.  sg.  to  geoce,  1835. 

geocor,  adj.,  ill,  bad .  nom.  sg.,  766. 
—  See  Ilaupt's  Zeitschrift  8,  p.  7. 

geo-man,  iii-inan,st.  m.,  man  of  for- 
flier    times:    gen.    pi.    id-manna, 

3053- 

geo-meowle,  w.  f.,  {formerly  a  vir- 
gin), 7vifc  :  ace.  sg.  io-meowlan, 
2932. 

ge6iT»or,  adj .,  rtjith  depressed  feelings, 
sad,  troubled :  nom.  sg.  him  was 
geomor  sefa,  49,  2420,  2633,  295 1 ; 
modes  geomor,  2101 ;  fem.  bat  was 
geomuru  ides,  1076. 

g  e  o  ni  o  r  e ,  adv.,  sadly,  151. 

geonior-gid,  st.  n.,  dirge :  ace.  sg. 
giomor-gyd,  315 1. 

geOinor-lic,  adj.,  sad,  painful :  swa 
bi"5  geoniorlic  gomelum  eeorle  to 
gebklanne  bat  .  .  .,  it  is  painful  to 
an  old  man  to  experience  it,  thai 

•  •  -,  2445- 
geOinor-mod,  adj.,  sad,  sorrowful : 

nom.  sg.,  2045,  30'9;  giomor-mod, 

2268. 
geonirian,   w.  v.,    to    complain,   tc 

lament:    pret.  sg.  geomrode  gid- 

dum,  1 119. 
geo-sceaft,   st.    f.,  {fixed   in  past 

times),  fate:    ace.    sg.   geosceaft 

grimme,  1235. 
geosoeaft-gast,  st.  m.,  demon  soil 

by  fate :  gen.  pi.   fela  ge6sceaft- 

gSsta,  of  Grendel   and   his   race, 

1267. 
ge6tan,  st.  v.  intrans.,  to  pour,  to 

flow,  to  stream  :  pres.  p.irt.  gifen 

geotende,  1691. 
glcel,  St.  m.,  icicle  :  in  comp.  hilde 

gicel. 
gid,  gyd,  St.  n.,  speech,  solemn  allh 


GLOSSARY. 


231 


terative  song:  nom.  sg.  \>xr  was 
.  .  .  gid  oft  wrecen,  1066;  leoS  was 
isungen,  gleomannes  gyd,  the  song 
was  sung,  the  gleeinan's  lay,  1 1 61 ; 
baer  was  gidd  and  gleo,  2106;  ace. 
sg.  ic  Hs  gid  Swrac,  1724;  gyd 
Swrac,  2109 ;  gyd  after  wrac,  2155; 
bonne  he  gyd  wrece,  2447;  ^^^-  P^- 
giddum,  151,  1 1 19;  gen.  pi.  gidda 
gemyndig,  869.  — Comp.:geomor-, 
word-gid. 
giddian,  w.  v.,  to  speak,  to  speak 
in    alliteration :    pret.    gyddode, 

631. 

gif,  conj.:  i)  if,  w.  ind.,  442,  447, 
527,  662,  etc.;  gyf,  945,  etc.  With 
subj.,  452,  594,  1482,  etc.;  gyf, 
280,  1105,  etc. —  2)  whether,  w. 
ind.,  272;   w.  subj.,  II41,  1320. 

gifa,  geofa,  w.  m.,  giver ;  in  comp. 
gold-,  sine-,  wil-gifa  (-geofa). 

gifan,  St.  v.,  to  give:  inf.  giofan, 
2973;  pret.  sg.  nallas  beagas  geaf 
Denum,  1720;  he  me  [miSmas] 
geaf,  2147;  and  similarly,  2174, 
2432,  2624,  etc.;  pret.  pi.  geafon 
(hyne)  on  garsecg,  49;  pret.  part. 
bS  was  HrotSgare  here-sped  gyfen, 
64;  \>%.  was  gylden  hilt  gamelum 
rince  ...  on  hand  gyfen,  1679; 
sy'S'Sanasrestwear'S  gyfen . . .  geon- 
gum  cempan  {given  in  marriage^, 
1949. 

S -gifan,  to  give,  to  impart:  inf. 
andsware  .  .  .  Sgifan,  to  give  an 
answer,  355;  pret.  sg.  sona  him  se 
froda  fader  Ohtheres  .  .  .  ondslyht 
Sgeaf  {gave  him  a  counter-blo^v) , 
{hajid-blowl),  2930. 

for- gyf  an,  to  give,  to  grant:  pret. 
sg.  him  J>as  lif-frea  .  .  .  worold-Sre 
forgeaf,  17;  \>z.m  t3  hSm  forgeaf 
HrStSel  Geata  dngan  dohtor  {gave 
in  marriage),  374;  similarly,  2998; 
he   me   lond  forgeaf,  granted  me 


land,  2493;  similarly,  697,  102 1, 
2607,  2617;  magen-raes  forgeaf  hil- 
de-bille,  he  gave  with  his  battle- 
sword  a  mighty  blo'v,  i.e.  he  struck 
with  full  force,  1520. 

of-gifan,  {to  give  up),  to  leave: 
inf.  J^at  se  msera  maga  Ecgheowes 
grund-wong  l^one  ofgyfan  wolde 
{was  fated  to  leave  the  earth- 
plain),  2589;  pret.  sg.  \>as  worold 
ofgeaf  gromheort  guma,  1 682 ;  sim  • 
ilarly,  gumdream  ofgeaf,  2470 ; 
Dena  land  ofgeaf,  1905;  pret.  pi. 
nas  ofgeafon  hwate  Scyldingas, 
left  the  pro7nontory,  1601;  J^at  M 
hildlatan  holt  ofgefan,  that  the  coio- 
ards  left  the  wood  (into  which  they 
had  fled),  2847;  sg.  pret.  for  pi. 
bara  \>&  Hs  [lif]  ofgeaf,  2252. 

gifeffe,  adj.,  given,  granted :  GflS- 
fremmendra  svvylcum  gifeSe  \y& 
V^X.  .  .  .,  to  such  a  warrior  is  it 
granted  that  .  .  .,  299;  similarly, 
2682;  swS  me  gife'Se  was,  2492; 
t'cer  me  gifeSe  swa  senig  yrfeweard 
after  vvurde,  if  an  heir,  (living) 
after  me,  had  been  given  me,  2731. 
—  Neut.  as  subst. :  was  hat  gife'Se 
to  swi^,  J^e  bone  [beoden]  byder 
ontyhte,  the  fate  was  too  harsh 
that  has  drawn  hither  the  king, 
3086;  gyfeSe,  555,  820.  —  Comp. 
un-gifeI5e. 

gif-heal,  st.  f.,  hall  in  which  fiefs 
were  bestowed,  throne-hall:  ace. 
sg.  ymb  \>^  gifhealle,  839. 

gif-sceat,  st.  m.,  gift  of  value  :  ace. 
pi.  gif-sceattas,  378. 

gif-stOl,  St.  m.,  seat  from  zvhich  fiefs 
are  granted,  throne :  nom.  sg., 
2328;   aec.  sg.,  168. 

gfift,  St.  f.,  gift,  present:  in  comp. 
feoh-gift. 

gifu,  geofu,  St.  f.,  gift,  present, 
grant ;  fief:  nom.  sg.  gifa,  1885  * 


232 


GLOSSARY. 


ace.  sg.gimfaste  gife  ]>e  him  god 
sealde,  /Ae  great  gift  that  God  had 
granted  him  (i.e.  the  enormous 
strength),  1272;  ginfastan  gife  J>e 
him  god  sealde,  2183;  dat.  pi.  (as 
instr.)  geofum,  1959;  gen.  pi.  gifa, 
1931;  geofena,  1174.  —  Comp. : 
mSSSum-,  sinc-gifu. 

gigant,  St.  m.,  giant:  nom.  pi.  gi- 
gantas,  113;  gen.  pi.  giganta,  1563, 
1691. 

gild,  gyld,  St.  n.,  reparation  :  in 
comp.  wi^er-gyld  (?). 

gildan,  gyldan,  st.  v.,  to  do  some- 
thing  in  return,  to  repay,  to  re- 
ward,  to  pay  :  inf.  gomban  gyldan, 
pay  tribute,  1 1 ;  he  mid  gode  gyl- 
dan vville  uncran  eaferan,  11S5; 
we  him  \>t  gdSgeatwa  gyldan  wol- 
don,  2637;  pret.  sg.  heaiSoraesas 
geald  mearum  and  mS'Smum,  re- 
paid the  battles  with  horses  and 
treasures,  1048;  similarly,  2492; 
geald  hone  gflSrass  .  .  .  Jofore  and 
Wuife  mid  ofermaSmum,  repaid 
Eofor  and  IVulf  the  battle  7vith  ex- 
ceedingly great  treasures,  2992. 

an-gildan,  to  pay  for:  pret.  sg. 
sum  sSre  angeald  aefenraste,  one 
(Aschere)  paid  for  the  evening- 
rest  luith  death's  pain,  1252. 

fl-gildan,  to  offer  one's  self:  pret. 
sg.  I'd  me  sael  Sgeald,  whe7i  the  fa- 
vorable opportunity  offered  itself, 
1666;  similarly,  l-a  him  rflm  Sgeald, 
2691. 

for-gildan,  to  repay,  to  do  some- 
thing in  return,  to  reward :  pres. 
subj.  sg.  III.  alwalda  J^ec  g8de  for- 
gylde,  may  the  ruler  of  all  reward 
thee  ivithgcod,  957 ;  inf.  )'one  senne 
hSht  golde  forgyldan,  he  ordered 
that  the  one  (killed  by  Grendel)  be 
paid  for  (atoned  for)  with  gold, 
1055;   he  .  .  .  wolde  Grendle  for- 


gyldan gCl^raesa  fela,  wished  to  pay 
Grendel  for  many  attacks,  1 5 78; 
wolde  se  ISJSa  lige  forgyldan  drinc- 
fat  d^re,  the  enemy  wished  to  repay 
with  fire  the  costly  drinking  vessel 
(the  theft  of  it),  2306;  pret.  sg.  he 
him  l^as  lean  forgeald,  he  gave  them 
the  reward  therefor,  114;  simi- 
larly, 1542,  1585,  2095;  forgeald 
hra'Se  vvyrsan  wrixle  walhlem  hone, 
repaid  the  murderous  blow  with  a 
worse  exchange,  2969. 
gilPj  gylP)  St.  m.,  speech  in  which 
one  promises  great  things  for  him- 
self in  a  coming  combat,  defiant 
speech,  boasting  speech :  ace.  sg. 
hafde  .  .  .  Geat-mecga  leod  gilp 
gelaested  {had  fulfilled  what  he 
had  claimed  for  himself  before  the 
battle),  830 ;  nallas  on  gylp  sele'5 
fatte  beagas,  gives  no  chased  gold 
rings  for  a  boastful  speech,  1750; 
\>'i.\.  ie  wiS  hone  gQ^'flogan  gylp  ofer- 
sitte,  restrain  myself  from  the 
speech  of  defiance,  2529;  dat.  sg. 
gylpe  witSgripan  {fulfil  my  prom- 
ise of  battle),  2522. — Comp.  dol- 

gilp- 
gilpan,  gylpan,  st.  v.  w.  gen.,  ace, 

and  dat.,  to  make  a  defiant  speech, 

to  boast,  to  exult  insolently  :  pres. 

sg.  I.  no  ic  )ias  gilpe  (after  a  break 

in  the  text),  587;   sg.  III.  morSres 

gylpe  i>,  boasts  of  the  murder,  2056; 

inf.  swa  ne  gylpan  hearf  Grendles 

magaaenig.  . .  uhthlem  I'one,  2007; 

nealles  folc-cyning  fyrdgesteallum 

gylpan  I'orfte,  had  no  need  to  boast 

of  his  fellow-warriors,  2875;  pret. 

sg.  hreSsigora  ne  gealp  goldwine 

Geata,  did  not  exult  at  the  glorious 

victory  (could  not  gain  the  victory 

over  the  drake),  2584. 

gilp-cwide,  st.  m.,  speech  in  which 

a  man  promises  much  for  himsel) 


GLOSSARY. 


233 


for  a  coming  combat,  speech  of  de- 
fiance :  nom.  sg.,  641. 

gilp-hliiden,  pret.  part.,  laden  with 
boasts  of  defiance  (i.e.  he  who 
has  made  many  such  boasts,  and 
consequently  has  been  victorious 
in  many  combats),  covered  with 
glory  :  nom.  sg  guma  gilp-hladen, 
869. 

gilp-spraec,  same  as  gilp-cwide, 
speech  of  defiance,  boastfid  speech  : 
dat.  sg.  on  gylp-spraece,  9S2. 

gilp-word,  St.  n.,  defiant  word  be- 
fore the  coming  combat,  vaunting 
word :  gen.  pi.  gesprac  .  .  .  gylp- 
worda  sum,  676. 

gim,  St.  m.,  gem,  precious  stone, 
jewel:  nom.  sg.  heofones  gim, 
heaven^ s  jewel,  i.e.  the  sun,  2073. 
Comp.  searo-gim. 

gimme-rice,  adj.,  rich  in  jewels  : 
ace.  sg.  gimme-rice  hord-burh  ha- 
le'Sa,  466. 

gin  (according  to  Bout.,  ginne), 
adj.,  properly  gaping,  hence,  wide, 
extended:  ace.  sg.  gynne  grund 
(^the  bottom  of  the  sea),  1552. 

gin-fast,  adj.,  extensive,  rich  :  ace. 
sg.  gim-faste  gife  (gim-,  on  account 
of  the  following/),  1272;  in  weak 
form,  gin-fastan  gife,  2183. 

ginnan,  st.  v.,  original  meaning,  to 
be  open,  ready  ;  in 

on-ginnan,  to  begin,  to  undertake : 
pret.  o^  t'at  an  ongan  fyrene  frem- 
man  feond  on  helle,  100 ;  secg  eft  on- 
gan sW  Be6wulfes  sny  ttrum  styrian, 
872;  )>a  l^at  sweord  ongan  .  .  .  wa- 
nian,  the  sivord  began  to  diminish, 
1606;  Higelac  ongan  sinne  gesel- 
dan  .  .  .  fagre  fricgean,  began  with 
propriety  to  question  his  compan- 
ion, 1984,  etc.;  ongon,  2791;  pret. 
pi.  no  her  c&^licor  cuman  ongun- 
non  lindhabbende,  no  shield-bear- 


ing men  e'er  undertook  more  openly 
to  come  hither,  244  ;  pret.  part, 
hiibbe  ic  mgerba  fela  ongunnen  on 
geogo'Se,  have  in  my  youth  under- 
taken many  deeds  of  renown,  409. 

gist.     See  gast. 

gistran,  adv.,  yesterday:  gystran 
x\\hX,  yesterday  night,  1335. 

git,  pron.,  ye  two,  dual  of  J>u,  508, 
512,  513,  etc. 

git,  gyt,  adv.,  yet ;  then  still,  536, 
II28,  U65,  2142;  hitherto,  957; 
nsefre  git,  never  yet,  583;  still,  945, 
1059,  1 135;  once  more,  2513; 
moreover,  47,  105 1,  1867. 

gitan  (original  meaning,  to  take  hold 
of,  to  seize,  to  attain),  in 

be -gitan,  w.  zee,  to  grasp,  to  seize, 
to  reach:  pret.  sg.  begeat,  1147, 
2231;  J>S  hine  wig  beget,  when 
war  seized  him,  came  upon  him, 
2873;  similarly,  begeat,  1069;  pret. 
pi.  hit  aer  on  W  gode  be-geiton, 
good  men  received  it  formerly 
from  thee,  2250;  subj.  sg.  for  pi. 
bat  was  HrolSgare  hreowa  tornost 
t>ira  be  leodfruman  lange  begeate, 
the  bitterest  of  the  troubles  that  for 
a  long  time  had  befallen  the  peo- 
ple's chief,  2131. 

for- git  an,  w.  ace,  to  forget:  pres. 
sg.  III.  he  \A  forSgesceaft  forgyte'5 
and  forg5*me^",  1752. 

an-gitan,  on-gitan,  w.  ace:  \)  to 
take  hold  of  to  grasp:  imp.  sg. 
gumcyste  ongit,  lay  hold  of  manly 
virtue,  of  what  becomes  the  man, 
1724;  pret.  sg.  he  hine  se  broga 
angeat,  whom  terror  seized,  1292. — 
2)  to  grasp  intellectually,  to  compre- 
hend, to  perceive,  to  distinguish,  to 
behold:  pres.  subj.  I.  ^at  ic  serwelan 
.  .  .  ongite,  that  I  may  behold  the 
ancient  wealth  (the  treasures  of 
the  drake's  cave),  2749;    inf.  sal 


234 


GLOSSARY. 


timbred  .  .  .  ongytan,  308,  1497; 
■  Geata  clifu  ungitan,  1912;  pret.  sg. 
fyren-J>earfe  ongeat,  had  perceived 
their  distress  from  hostile  snares, 
14;  ongeat  .  .  .  grund-wyrgenne, 
beheld  the  she-ivolf  of  the  bottom, 
1519;  pret.  pi.  bearhtm  ongeaton, 
gft  Shorn  galan,  perceived  the  noise, 
(heard)  the  battle-trumpet  sound, 
1432;  syS^an  hie  Ilygelaces  horn 
and  banian  gealdor  ongeSton,  2945. 

gif  re,  adj.,  greedy,  eager  :  noin.  sg. 
gifre  and  galgmod,  of  Grendel's 
mother,  1278. — Superl. :  Itg  .  .  ., 
gsestagifrost,  1 124. — Comp.heoro- 
gifre. 

gitsian,  w.  v.,  to  be  greedy  :  pres.  sg. 
III.  g^tsa.^,  1750. 

gio-,  gio-.     See  geo-,  geo-. 

gladian,  w.  v.,  to  gleam,  to  shimmer: 
pres.  pi.  III.  on  him  gladia^  go- 
melra  lafe,  upofi  him  gleams  the 
legacy  of  the  men  of  ancient  times 
(armor),  2037. 

glad,  adj.,  gracious,  friendly  (as  a 
form  of  address  for  princes)  :  nom. 
sg.  beo  wiSGeatas  glad,  1 174;  ace. 
sg.  gladne  IIro•^"gir,  864;  gladne 
HroSulf,  1 1 82;  dat.  sg.  gladum 
suna  Frodan,  2026. 

glade,  adv.,  in  a  gracious,  friendly 
way,  58. 

gladnian,  w.  v.,  to  rejoice  :  inf.  w. 
gen.,  367. 

glad-mOd,  a.d].,  joyous,  glad,  1786. 

gled,  St.  f.,  fire,  flame  :  nom.  sg., 
2653,  31 15;  "^^t.  (instr.)  pi.  gle- 
dum,  2313,  2336,  2678,  3042. 

gled-egesa,  w.  m.,  terror  on  account 
of  fire,  fire-terror  :  nom.  sg.  gI6d- 
egesa  grim  {the  fire-spewing  of  the 
drake),  2651. 

gleAw  (Goth.  glagg\vu-s),  adj.,  con- 
siderate,  well-bred,  of  social  con- 
duct; in  comp.  un-gleaw. 


gle6,  St.  n.,  social  entertainment, 
(especially  by  music,  play,  and 
jest)  :  nom.  sg.  l>2er  was  gidd  and 
gleo,  2106. 

gleo-bedin,  st.  m.,  {tree  of  social 
entertainment,  of  music),  harp  . 
gen.  sg.  gleo-beames,  2264. 

gleo-dredm,  st.  m.,  joyous  carrying- 
on  in  social  entertainment,  mirth, 
social  gaiety  :  ace.  sg.  gamen  and 
gleo-dream,  3022. 

gle6-inan,  m.,  {gleeman,  who  enli- 
vens the  social  entertainment,  es- 
pecially 'with  music),  harper :  gen. 
sg.  gleomannes  gyd,  1161. 

glitiuiati  (O.H.G.  glizinon),  \v.  v., 
to  gleam,  to  light,  to  glitter :  inf. 
geseah  ^>i  .  .  .  gold  glitinian,  2759. 

glidan,  st.  v.,  to  glide :  pret.  sg.  sy'5- 
fian  heofones  gim  glad  ofer  grun- 
das,  after  heaven'' s  gem  had  glided 
over  the  fields  (after  the  sun  had 
set),  2074;  pret.  pi.  glidon  ofer 
gdrsecg,  you  glided  over  the  ocean 
(swimming),  515. 

t8-glldan  {to  glide  asunder),  to 
separate,  to  fall  asunder :  pret. 
gdS-helm  to-glad  (Ongen)>e6w's 
helmet  was  split  asunder  by  the 
blow  of  Eofor),  2488. 

glOf,  St.  L, glove  :  nom.  sg.  glof  han- 
gode,  (on  Grendel)  a  glove  hung, 
2086. 

gnedS',  adj.,  niggardly :  nom.  sg.  f. 
nas  hi6  ...  to  gneat^  gifa  Geata 
le6dum,  7vas  not  too  niggardly  with 
gifts  to  the  people  of  the   Gedtas, 

1931- 
gnorn,  st.  m.,  sorrow,  sadness  :  ace. 

sg.  gnorn  hrowian,  2659. 

gnornian,  w.  v.,  to  be  sad,  to  com- 
plain :  pret.  sg.  earme  .  .  .  ides 
gnornode,  iiiS. 

b  e  -  g  n  o  r  n  i  a  n ,  w.  ace,  to  bemoan, 
to   mourn  for :  pret.  pi.  begnor- 


GLOSSARY. 


235 


nodon  .  .  .  hlifordes  [hr>']re,  be- 
tnoaned  their  lord'' s  fall,  3180. 

god,  St.  m.,  god:  nom.  sg.,  13,  72, 
478,  etc.;  haiig  god,  381,  1554; 
witig  god,  6a6;  mihtig  god,  702; 
ace.  sg.  god,  812;  ne  wiston  hie 
drihten  god,  did  not  know  the  Lord 
God,  181 ;  dat.  sg.  gode,  113,  227, 
626,  etc.;  gen.  sg.  godes,  570,  712, 
787,  etc. 

gold,  St.  n.,  gold:  nom.  sg.,  3013, 
3053;  icge  gold,  1 108;  wunden 
gold,  wound  gold,  gold  in  ring- 
form,  1 194,  3136;  ace.  sg.  gold, 
2537.  2759,  2794,  3169;  hjE-Sen 
gold,  heathen  gold  (that  from  the 
drake's  cave),  2277;  brad  gold, 
massive  gold,  3106;  dat.  instr.  sg. 
golde,  1055,  2932,  3019;  fattan 
golde,  'i.vilh  chased  gold,  7i'ith  gold 
in  plate-form,  2103;  gehioden  gol- 
de, covered  with  gold,  gilded,  304; 
golde  gegyrwed  (gegyrede),  pro- 
vided with,  ornamented  7vith  gold, 
553,  1029,  2193;  golde  geregnad, 
adorned  with  gold,  778;  golde 
fahne  (hrof  ),  the  roof  shining  with 
gold,  928;  bunden  golde,  bound 
with  gold  (see  under  bindan), 
1901;  hyrsted  golde  (helm),  the 
helmet  ornametTted  zvith,  mounted 
with  gold,  2256;  gen.  sg.  goldes, 
2302;  fattan  goldes,  1094,  2247; 
sciran  goldes,  of  pure  gold,  1695. 
—  Comp.  fat-gold. 

gold-seht,  St.  f.,  possessions  in  gold, 
treasure  :  ace.  sg.,  2749. 

gold-ftlh,  adj.,  variegated  with  gold, 
shining  with  gold :  nom.  sg.  reced 
.  .  .  gold-fih,  1 801 ;  ace.  sg.  gold- 
fahne  helm,  2812;  nom.  pi.  gold- 
fag  scinon  web  after  wagum,  va- 
riegated with  gold,  the  tapestry 
gleamed  along  the  walls,  995. 

gold-gifa,  w.  m.,  gold-giver,  de.sig- 


nation  of  the  prince  :  ace.  sg.  mid 
mfnne  goldgyfan,  2653. 

gold-hroden,  pret.  part.,  {covered 
with  gold),  ornamented  'with gold: 
nom.  sg.,  615,  641,  1949,  2026; 
epithet  of  women  of  princely  rank. 

gold-hwat,  adj.,  striving  after  gold, 
greedy  for  gold :  nas  he  goldhwat, 
he  (BeowTilf)  was  not  greedy  for 
gold  (he  did  not  fight  against  the 
drake  for  his  treasure,  cf.  3067  ff.) 

3075- 
gold-niaitrm,  st.  m.,  jewel  of  gold : 

ace.  pi.  gold-mdSmas  (the  treas- 
ures of  the  drake's  cave),  2415. 

gold-sele,  st.  m.,  gold-hall,  i.e.  the 
hall  in  which  the  gold  was  dis- 
tributed, ruler's  hall :  ace.  sg.,  716, 
1254;  dat.  sg.  gold-sele,  1640, 
2084. 

gold-'weard,  st.  m.,  gold-ward,  de- 
fender of  the  gold  :  ace.  sg.  (of  tne 
drake),  3082. 

gold-wine,  st.  m.,  friend  who  dis- 
tributes gold,  i.e.  ruler, prince :  nom. 
sg.  (partly  as  voc.)  goldwine  gu- 
mena,  1 172,  1477,  1603;  goldwine 
Geata,  2420,  2585. 

gold-wlanc,  adj.,  proud  of  gold : 
nom.  sg.  guSrinc  goldwlanc  (Beo- 
wulf rewarded  with  gold  by  Hro6- 
gar  on  account  of  his  victoiy), 
1882. 

goniban,  gomel,  gomen.  See 
gamban,  gamal,  gamen, 

gong,  gongan.  See  gang, gangan. 

god,  adj.,  good,  jit,  of  persons  and 
things:  nom.  sg.,  11,  195,  864. 
2264,  2391,  etc.;  frod  and  god, 
279 ;  w.  dat.  cyning  aSelum  god, 
the  king  noble  itt  birth,  1871  ; 
gumcystum  god,  2544 ;  w.  gen. 
wes  \>\i  fis  larena  god,  he  good  to 
us  with  teaching  (help  us  thereto 
through  thy  instruction),  269:    in 


236 


GLOSSARY. 


weak  form,  se  goda,  205,  355,  676, 
1 191,  etc.;  ace.  sg.  godne,  199, 
347,  1596,  1970,  etc.;  gumcystum 
godne,  1487;  neut.  god,  1563; 
dat.  sg.  godum,  3037,  31 15;  )>am 
godan,  384,  2328 ;  nom.  pi.  gode, 
2250;  \>Si  godan,  1164;  ace.  pi. 
gode,  2642;  dat.  pi.  godum  dcedum, 
2179;  gen.  pi.  godra  gflSrinca, 
2649.  —  Comp.  ser-god. 

gdd,  St.  n. :  i )  good  that  is  done,  ben- 
efi^^gift-  instr.  sg.  gode,  20,  957, 
1 185;  gode  mcere,  renowned  on 
account  of  her  gifts  (f:"ry'i5o),  1953; 
instr.  pi.  godum,  1862.  —  2)  ability, 
especially  in  fight :  gen.  pi.  nSt  he 
t^ara  goda,  682. 

gram,  adj.,  hostile  :  gen.  sg.  on  gra- 
mes  grapum,  in  the  gripe  of  the 
enemy  (Beowulf),  766;  nom.  pi. 
I'a  graman,  778;  dat.  pi.  gramum, 
424,  1035. 

gram-heort,  adj.,  of  a  hostile  heart, 
hostile  :  nom.  sg.  grom-heort  guma, 
1683. 

gram-hj'dig,  adj.,  with  hostile  feel- 
ing, maliciously  inclined:  nom. 
sg.  gromhydig,  1 750. 

grap,  St.  f.,  the  hand  ready  to  grasp, 
hand,  claw :  dat.  sg.  mid  grdpe, 
438;  on  grape,  555;  gen.  sg.  eal 
.  .  .  Grendles  grape,  all  of  Gren- 
defs  claw,  the  whole  claiv,  837; 
dat.  pl.  on  grames  grapum,  766; 
(as  instr.)  grimman  grSpum,  ^ijith 
grim  claws,  1543. —  Comp.:  feond-, 
hilde-grSp. 

grapian,  w.  v.,  to  grasp,  to  lay  hold 
of,  to  seize  :  pret.  sg.  J^at  hire  wiiN 
halse  heard  grapode,  that  (the 
sword)  griped  hard  at  her  neck, 
1567;  he  .  .  .  grapode  gearofolni, 
he  took  hold  with  ready  hand, 
2086. 

Kras-molde,  w.  f.,  grass-plot :  ace. 


sg.  grasmoidan  trad,  went  over  tht 
grass-plot,  1882. 
graedig,  adj .,  greedy,  hungry,  vora- 
cious :  nom.  sg.  grim  and  grocdig, 
121,1500;  acc.sg. gr3ediggfl5Ie6'S, 

'523- 
grieg,  z.^].,  gray :  nom.  pl.  ase-holt 

ufan  grasg,  the   ashen  wood,  gray 

above  (the  spears  with  iron  points). 

330;  ace.  pl.  graege  syrcan,  gray 

(i.e.  iron)  shirts  of  mail,  334. 

%v<it^-n\?ii\,7i.^]. , having  a  gray  color , 
here  =  iroti :  nom.  sg.  sweord  Be6- 
wulfes  gomol  and  graegmael,  2683. 

grtepe.     See  at-graepe. 

gretan,  w.  v.  w.  ace. :  i)  to  greet,  to 
salute  :  inf.  hine  swi  godne  gretan, 
347;  HroSgar  gretan,  1647,  201 1; 
e6wie  gretan  het  (^bade  me  bring 
you  his  last  greeting),  3096;  pret. 
sg.  griitte  Geata  leod,  626;  grStte 
I'a  guma  6i>erne,  653;  Hro'Sgar 
grctte,  1817.  —  2)  to  come  on,  to 
come  near,  to  seek  out;  to  touch; 
to  take  hold  of:  inf.  gifstol  gretan, 
take  possession  of  the  throne,  mount 
it  as  ruler,  168;  nas  se  folceyning 
Knig  .  .  .  I'e  mee  gftSwinum  gretan 
dorste  {attack  with  swords),  i'j'}fi; 
Wyrd  .  .  .  se  J)one  gomelan  gretan 
sceolde,  2422;  J'iit  hone  sin-sca'5an 
gftM^illa  nan  gretan  nolde,  that  nc 
sword  would  take  hold  upon  tht 
irreconcilable  enemy,  804;  pret. 
sg.  grette  goldhroden  guman  on 
healle,  the  gold-adorned  (queen) 
greeted  the  men  in  the  hall,  615; 
no  he  mid  hearme  .  .  .  gastas 
grclte,  did  not  approach  the  stran- 
gers with  insults,  1894;  gomenwu- 
du  grette,  touched  the  vfood  of  joy, 
played  the  harp,  2 109;  pret.  subj. 
II.  sg.  I'iit  I'u  hone  walgx'st  wihte 
ne  grStte,  that  thou  shouldst  by  no 
means  seek  out  the  murderous  spirit 


GLOSSARY. 


23; 


(Grendel),  1996;  similarly,  sg.  III. 
^at  he  ne  grStte  goldweard  J^one, 
3082;  pret.  part.  1>3ST  was  .  .  .  go- 
menwudu  greted,  1066. 
ge-gretan,  w.  ace. :  \)  to  greet,  to 
salute,  to  address  :  pret.  sg.  holdne 
gegrette  meaglum  wordum,  greeted 
the  dear  man  with  formal  words, 
1 981;  gegrette  hS  gumena  ge- 
hvvylcne  .  .  .  hindeman  siSe,  spoke 
then  the  last  time  to  each  of  the 
men,  2517.  —  2)  to  approach,  to 
come  near,  to  seek  out :  inf.  sceal 
.  .  .  manig  0(~Serne  godum  gegretan 
ofer  ganotes  baS,  many  a  one  will 
seek  another  across  the  sea  with 
gifts,  1862. 

greot,  St.  m.,  grit,  sand,  earth  :  dat. 
sg.  on  greote,  3169. 

greotan,  st.  v.,  to  weep,  to  mourn, 
to  lament:  pres.  sg.  III.  se  he 
after  sincgyfan  on  sefan  greote'S, 
who  laments  in  his  heart  for  the 
treasure-giver,  1 343. 

grim,  adj.,  grim,  angry,  wild,  hos- 
tile:  nom.  sg.,  121,  555,  1500,  etc.; 
weak  form,  se  grimma  gast,  102; 
ace.  sg.  m.  gnmne,  1149,  2137; 
fern,  grimme,  1235;  gen.  sg.  grim- 
re  gfiSe,  527;  instr.  pi.  grimman 
grapum,  1543.  —  Comp. :  beado-, 
hea'So-,  heoro-,  searo-grimm. 

grimme,  adv.,  grimly,  in  a  hostile 
vianner,  bitterly,  3013,  3086. 

grim-lic,  adj.,  grim,  terrible  :  nom. 
sg.  grimlic  gry[re-gast],  3042. 

grimman,  st.  v.,  (properly  to  snort), 
to  go  forward  hastily,  to  hasten  : 
pret.  pi.  grummon,  306. 

grindan,  st.  v.,  to  grind,  in 

{ or -grindan,  to  destroy,  to  ruin: 
pret.  sg.  w.  dat.  forgrand  gramum, 
destroyed  the  enemy,  hi  lied  them  {}), 
424;  pret.  part.  w.  ace.  hafde  lig- 
draca  ledda  fasten  .  .  .  gledum  for- 


grunden,  had  with  flames  destroyed 
the  people's  feasts,  2336;  )>&  his 
Sgen  (scyld)  was  gledum  forgrun- 
den,  since  his  own  (^shield)  had 
been  destroyed  by  the  fire,  2678. 
gripe,  St.  m.,  gripe,  attack  :  nom.  sg. 
gripe  meces,  1766;  ace.  sg.  grimne 
gripe,  1 149.  —  Comp. :  foer-,  mund-, 
niS-gripe. 
grima,  w.  m.,  tnask,  visor :  in  comp. 

beado-,  here-grima. 
grim-lielm,  st.  m.,  mask-helmet,  hel- 
met with  visor:  ace.  pi.  grim-hel- 
mas,  334. 
gripan,  st.  v.,  to  gripe,  to  seize,  to 
grasp :  pret.  sg.  grap  b^  togeanes, 
theJi  she  caught  at,  1 502. 
for-gripan  {to  gripe  vehemently) , 
to  gripe  so  as  to  kill,  to  kill  by  the 
grasp,  \v.  dat. :    pret.  sg.  at  gflSe 
forgrap  Grendeles  masgum,  2354. 
wi  5 -grip an,  w.  dat.,  {to  seize  at), 
to  maintain,  to  hold  erect  :  inf.  hfl 
wiS   )iam    aglcecean   elles  meahte 
gylpe  wi5-grTpan,  how  else  I  might 
maintain  my  boast  of  battle  against 
the  monster,  2522. 
groAvan,  st.  v.,  to  grow,  to  sprout : 
pret.   sg.    him    on    ferhSe   greow 
breosthord  blodreow,  17 19. 
grund,  St.  m. :    i)   ground,   plain, 
fields  in  contrast  with  highlands; 
earth  in  contrast  with  heaven  :  dat. 
sg.  sohte  .  .  .  after  grunde,  sought 
along  the  ground,  2295;    ace.  pi. 
ofer  grundas,  1405,  2074.  —  2)  bot- 
tom, the  lowest  part :  ace.  sg.  grund 
(of  the  sea  of  Grendel),  1368;   on 
gyfenes  grund,  1395;  under  gynne 
grund   [bottom  of  the  sea),   1552; 
dat.  sg.  to   grunde   (of  the  sea), 
553;   grunde  (of  the  drake's  cave) 
getenge,    2759;     so,   on    grunde, 
2766. —  Comp.:    eormen-,  mere- 
sae-grund. 


238 


GLOSSARY. 


grund-bfiend,  pres.  part.,  inkabi- 

tatit  of  the  earth  :  gen.  pi.  grund- 
bdendra,  1007. 

gruncl-hyrde,  st.  m.,  warder  of  the 
bottom  (of  the  sea) :  ace.  sg.  (of 
Grendel's  mother),  2137. 

griind-sele,  st.  m.,  hall  at  the  bottom 
(of  the  sea)  :  dat.  sg.  in  l-am 
[grund]sele,  2140. 

grund-wang,  st.  ni.,  ground  sur- 
face, lowest  surface  :  ace.  sg.  bone 
grund-wong  {bottom  of  the  sea), 
1497;  (bottom  of  the  drake's  cave), 
2772,  2589. 

gl•lInd-^VJ'^gen,  st.  f.,  she-wolf  of 
the  botlojn  (of  the  sea)  :  ace.  sg. 
grund-wyrgenne  (Grendel's  moth- 
er), 1519- 

gryn  (cf.  Gloss.  Aldh.  "retinacu- 
lum, rete  grin,"  Hpts.  Ztschr.  IX. 
429),  St.  n.,  net,  noose,  snare : 
gen,  pi.  fela  .  .  .  grynna,  931.  See 
gyrn. 

gryre,  st.  m.,  horror,  terror,  any- 
thing causing  terror:  nom.  sg., 
1283;  ace.  sg.  wiS  Grendles  gryre, 
384;  hie  Wyrd  forsweop  on  Gren- 
dles gryre,  snatched  them  aivay 
into  the  horror  of  Grendel,  to  the 
horrible  Grendel,  478  ;  dat.  pi. 
mid  gryrum  ecga,  483  ;  gen.  pi. 
svvi  fela  gryra,  592.  —  Comp. :  frer-, 
wig-gryre. 

gryre-brdga,  w.  m.,  terror  and 
horror,  amazement :  nom.  sg. 
[gryre-]br[o]g[a],  2229. 

gryre-fah,  adj.,  gleaming  terribly  : 
ace.  sg.  gryre-fdhne  (^the  fire-spew- 
i)ig  drake,  cf.  also  [draca]  fyr- 
wylmum  fdh,  2672),  2577. 

gryre-gtist,  st.  m.,  terror-guest, 
stranger  causing  terror  :  nom.  sg. 
grimltc  gry[regast],  3042;  dat.  sg. 
wi"5  bam  gryregieste  (the  dragon), 
2561. 


gryre-geatwe,  st.  f.  pi.,  terror-ar 
fftor,  ivarlike  equipment :  dat  pi 
in  hyra  gryre-geatwum,  324. 

gryre-Ieoitr,  st.  n.,  terror-song,  fear- 
ful song  •  ace.  sg.  gehyrdon  gryre- 
leoSgalan  godes  aiul-sacan  {heard 
GrendeVs  cry  of  agony),  787. 

gryre-lic,  adj.,  terrible,  horrible  : 
ace.  sg.  gryre-licne,  1442,  2137. 

gryre-siiSf,  st.  m.,  7aay  of  terror,  way 
causing  terror,  i.e.  warlike  expedi- 
tion :  ace.  pi.  se  he  gryre-stSas 
gegan  dorste,  1463. 

guma,  w.  m.,  man,  human  being : 
nom.  sg.,  653,  869,  etc. ;  ace.  sg. 
guman,  1844,  2295;  dat.sg.guman 
(gumum,  MS.),  2822;  nom  pi.  gu- 
man, 215,  306,  667,  etc.;  acc.pl. 
guman,  615;  dat.  pi.  gumum,  127, 
321  ;  gen.  pi.  gumena,  73,  328, 
474,  716,  etc.  —  Comp.:  driht-, 
seld-guma. 

gum-cyn,  st.  n.,  raceof  men,  people, 
nation :  gen.  sg.  we  synt  gum- 
cynnes  Geata  leode,  people  from 
the  nation  of  the  Gedtas,  260 ;  dat. 
pi.  after  gum-cynnum,  along  the 
nations,  among  the  nations,  945. 

gmn-cyst,  st.  f.,  man's  excellence, 
man's  virtue:  ace.  sg.  (or  pi.) 
gumcyste,  1724;  dat.  pi.  as  adv.. 
excellently,  preeminently :  guni- 
cystum  godne  beaga  bryttan,  1487; 
gumcystum  god  .  .  .  hilde-hlemma 
(Beowulf),  2544. 

guni-drediii,  st.  m.,  joyous  doing; 
of  men  :  acc.  sg.  gum-dream  of- 
geaf  (died),  2470. 

gum-dry  hten,  st.  m.,  lord  of  men  . 
nom.  sg.  1643. 

guin-feija,  w.m.,  troop  ofinengoin^ 
on  foot :  nom.  sg.,  1402. 

gum-man,  st.  m.,  man:  gen.  pi.  gum- 
manna  fela,  1029. 

gum-stOl,  St.   m.,    man's   stat   kut 


GLOSSARY. 


239 


(i,oxhv,  ruler's  seat,  throne :  dat. 

sg.  in  gumstole,  1953. 
^9",  St.  f.,  combat,  battle  :  nom.  sg., 

1 124,  1659,  2484,  2537;  ace.  sg. 

gft'Se,  604;   instr.  sg.  gfiSe,  1998; 

dat.  sg.  to  (at)   gflSe,  438,   1473, 

1536,  2354,  etc. ;  gen.  sg.  gfiSe,  483, 

527,631,  etc.;  dat.  pi.  gfl^um,  1959, 

2179;    gen.  pi.  gft-Sa,  2513,  2544. 
gui5'-beorn,   st.  m.,   luarrior :  gen. 

pi.  gft'S-beorna  sum   (^the  strand- 

gtiard on  the  Danish  coast),  314. 
guU-bil,  St.  n.,   baiile-biil :  nom.  sg. 

gflSbill,   2585  ;  gen.  pi.  gft'S-billa 

nSn,  804. 
gulff-byrne-    ■^v.   T.,    battle-corselet  : 

nom.  sg.,  321. 
guff-oearu,  st.  f.,  sorrow  ivhich  the 

conihat  brings  :  dat.  sg.  after  gfi'S- 

ceare,  1259. 
guff-craft,  St.  m.,  warlike  strength, 

power  in  battle  :  nom.  sg.  Grendles 

g(i'5-craft,  127. 
guff-cjaung,  St.  m.,  hing  in  battle, 

king  directing  a  battle  :  nom.  sg., 

199,  1970,  2336,  etc. 
guff-deAff,  St.  m.,  death  in  battle  : 

nom.  Sg.,  2250. 
guij-floga,  w.  m.,  flying  warrior : 

ace.  sg.  wi'5  l^one  gfi^flogan  (the 

drake),  2529. 
guff-freca,  w.    m.,    hero    in    battle, 

warrior  (see   freca) :    nom.    sg. 

gearo    g&"5-freca,    of    the    drake, 

2415. 
guS-freniniend,  pres.  Tp2t.vi.,flghting 

a  battle,  warrior  :   gen.  pi.  gft'S- 

fremmendra,    246;     gfl'S-     (god-, 

MS.)  fremmendra  swylcum,  such  a 

warrior  (meaning  Beowulf),  299. 
guff-gewsede,  st.  n.,  battle-dress,  ar- 
mor:  nom.  pi.  gftS-gewEedo,  227; 

ace.  pi.  -gewiiedu,  2618,  2631  (?), 

2852,2872;  gen.pl. -gewseda,  2624. 
gfiff-ge^veorc,   st.   n.,   battle-work. 


warlike  deed:  gen.  pL,  •geweorca, 

679,  982,  1826. 
guff-geatwe,  st.  f.  pi.,    equipmetit 

for   combat:  ace.    \>^   gd'S-geatwa 

(-getawa,  MS.),  2637 ;  dat.  in  e6w- 

rum  gd'S-geatawum,  395. 
^\i^-Yi^\m,?>\..m.,battle-helmet:  nom. 

sg.,  2488. 
guff-horn,  st.  n.,  battle-horn  :  ace. 

sg.,  1433- 
guff-hreff,  St.    L,  battle-fame  :  nom. 

sg.,  820. 
guff-ledff,   St.  n.,  battle-song:   ace. 

sg.,  1523- 

guff-mOd,  adj.,  disposed  to  battle, 
having  an  inclination  to  battle. 
nom.  pi.  gfi^-mode,  306. 

giiff-raes,  st.  m.,  storm  of  battle,  at- 
tack :  ace.  sg.,  2992;  gen.  pi.  gftlS- 
rsesa,  1578,  2427. 

guff-re6w,  adj.,  fierce  in  battle: 
nom.  sg.,  58. 

guff-rinc,    st.    m.,    man    of  battle, 
fighter,   warrior :    nom.  sg.,  839, 
1119,   1882;  ace.  sg.,   1502;    gen. 
pi.  gftS-rinca,  2649. 

guff-r6f,  adj.,  renowned  in  battle: 
nom.  sg.,  609. 

guff-sceaffa,  w.  m.,  battle-foe,  en- 
emy in  combat :  nom.  sg.,  of  the 
drake,  2319. 

guff-scearu,  st.  f.,  decision  of  the  bat- 
tle :  dat.  sg.  after  gfl'S-sceare,  1214. 

giiff-sele,  St.  m.,  battle-hall,  hall  in 
which  a  battle  takes  place  :  dat  sg. 
in  ham  gfiSsele  (in  Heorot),  443. 

guff-searo,  st.  n.  pi.,  battle-equip 
ment,  armor:  ace.,  215,  328. 

guff-SAveord,  st.  n.,  battle-szvord : 
aec.  sg.,  2155. 

guff-werig,  adj.,  wearied  by  battle, 
dead :  aec.  sg.  gfilS-werigne  Gren- 
del,  1587. 

guff-wine,  st.  m.,  battle-friend,  com- 
rade in  battle,  designation  of  the 


240 


GLOSSARY. 


sword:  ace.  sg.,  l8l  I ;  instr.  pi.  Jjc 
mec  gflS-winum  gretan  dorste,  w/w 
dared  to  attack  me  with  his  war- 
friends,  2736. 

giiff-wiga,  vv.  m.,  fighter  of  battles, 
warrior  :  nom.  sg.,  21 12. 

syd.     See  gid. 

gyfan.     See  gifan. 

gyldan.     See  gildan. 

gylden,  adj.,  ^ffl/i/<f«  .•  nom.  sg.  gyl- 
den  hilt,  1678;  ace.  sg.  segen  gyl- 
denne,  47,  1022;  bring  gyldenne, 
2810;  dat.  sg.  under  gyldnum 
beage,  1 164.  —  Conip.  eal-gylden. 

y;ylp.     See  gilp. 

gyrdan,  w.  v.,  to  gird,  to  lace  :  pret. 
part,  gyrded  cempa,  the  {sTcord-) 
girt  warrior,  2079. 

gym,  St.  n.,  sorrozv,  harm  :  nom. 
sg.,  1776. 

gyrn-wracu,  st.  f.,  revenge  for 
harm :  dat.  sg.  to  gyrn-wrace, 
1 139;  gd-  sg.  )'a  was  eft  hra'Se 
gearo  gyrn-wrace  Grendeles  modor, 
then  was  G renders  mother  in  turn 
immediately  ready  for  revenge  for 
the  injury,  21 19. 

gyrwan.     See  gerwan. 

gystran.     See  gistran. 

gfyii'<iQ>  w.  V.  w.  gen.,  to  take  care 
of,  to  be  careful  about :  pres.  III. 
g^meS,  1758,  2452;  imp.  sg.  ofer- 
hyda  ne  gym !  do  not  study  arro- 
gance (despise  it),  1761. 

for-gyman,  w.  aec.,  to  neglect,  to 
slight:  pres.  sg.  III.  he  I'S  forS- 
gesceaft  forg}'te"5  and  forg^mCS, 
1752. 

g.Vtsian.     .Sec  gitsian. 

gyt.     See  git. 

H 

habban,  w.  v.,  to  have  :  i)  w.  ace. : 
pres.  sg.  I.  has  ic  wen  habi)e  {as  J 
hope'),  383;   he  ie  ge weald  hiibbe, 


95 1 ;  ic  me  on  hafu  bord  and  byr- 
nan,  have  on  tne  shield  and  coat 
of  mail,  2^2^;  hafo,  3001;  sg.  II. 
|>u  nu  ffriSu]  hafast,  11 75;  pi.  I. 
habbaJS  we  .  . .  micel  aerende,  270; 
pres.  subj.  sg.  III.  \>a.t  he  Jrittiges 
manna  mageneraft  on  his  mund- 
gripe  hiibbe,  381.  Blended  with 
the  negative:  pi.  III.  ^at  ];>e  Sx- 
Geatas  selran  nabben  to  geceosen- 
ne  cyning  cenigne,  that  the  Sea- 
Gedtas  will  have  no  better  king 
than  you  to  choose,  1851;  imp. 
hafa  nu  and  geheald  hQsa  selest, 
659;  inf.  habban,  446,  462,  3018; 
pret.  sg.  hafde,  79,  518,  554;  pi. 
hafdon,  539.  —  2)  used  as  an  aux- 
iliary with  the  pret.  part. :  pres.  sg. 
I.  hiibbe  ic  .  .  .  ongunnen,  408; 
hiibbe  ic  .  .  .  geihsod,  433;  II.  ha- 
fast, 954,  1856;  III.  hafaS,  474, 
596;  pret.  sg.  hafde,  106,  220,666, 
2322,  2334,  2953, etc.;  pi.  hiifdon, 
ii7»  695,  884,  2382,  etc.  Pre;.. 
part,  inflected :  nu  scealc  hafalS 
doedgefremede,  940 ;  hiifde  segoda 
.  .  .  cempan  gecorene,  205.  With 
the  pres.  part,  are  formed  the  com- 
pounds:  bord-,  rond-liiibbend. 

for-habban,  to  hold  back,  to  keep 
one^s  self:  inf.  ne  meahte  wiifre 
mod  forhabban  in  hrecNre,  the  ex- 
piring life  could  not  hoLl  itsell 
back  in  the  breast,  1 152;  ne  niihte 
I'd  for-habban,  could  not  restrain 
himself,  26  lO. 

wi'S-habban,  to  resist,  to  offer  re- 
sistance :  pret.  \>'i.\  se  winsele  wi"5- 
hafde  heaSo-deorum,  that  the  hall 
resisted  them  furious  in  fight,  773. 

hafela,  hcafola,  w.  m.,  head :  ace. 
sg.  hafelan,  1373,  1422,  1615,  1636, 
1 781 ;  nS  |>u  minne  hearft  hafalan 
hCdan,  446;  l>onne  we  on  orlege 
hafelan    weredon,    protected   our 


GLOSSARY. 


241 


heads,  defended  ourselves,  1328  ; 
se  hwita  helm  hafelan  werede, 
1449;  dat.  sg.  hafelan,  673,  1522; 
heafolan,  2680 ;  gen.  sg.  heafolan, 
2698;  noifl.  pi.  hafelan,  ri2l. — 
Comp.  wTg-heafola. 

hafenian,  w.  v.,  lo  raise,  to  uplift  : 
pret.  sg.  wsepen  hafenade  heard 
be  hiltum,  raised  the  weapon,  the 
strong  man,  by  the  hilt,  1574. 

hafoc,  St.  m.,  hawk .  nom.  sg., 
2264. 

baga,  \v.  m.,  enclosed  piece  of  ground, 
hedge,  farm-enclosure  :  dat.  sg.  to 
hagan,  2893,  2961. 

haga,  \v.  m.     See  an-haga. 

haina,  hoina,  vv.  m.,  dress :  in  the 
comp.  flgesc-,  fyrd-,  lic-hama,  sctr- 
ham  (adj.). 

hanier,  st.  m.,  hammer  :  instr.  sg. 
hamere,  1286  ;  gen.  pi.  homera 
ISfe  (swords),  2830. 

hand,  bond,  st.  f.,  hand:  nom.  sg. 
2138  ;  sio  swiSre  .  .  .  hand,  the 
right  hand,  2100 ;  hond,  1521, 
2489,  2510;  ace.  sg.  hand,  55S, 
984;  hond,  657,  687,  835,  928, 
etc.;  dat.  sg.  on  handa,  495,  540; 
mid  handa,  747,  2721  ;  be  honda, 
815;  dat.  pi.  (as  instr.)  hondum, 
1444,  2841. 

hand-banii,  w.  m.,  murderer  with 
the  hand,  or  in  hand-to-hand  com- 
bat:  dat.  sg.  t6  hand-bonan  (-ba- 
nan),  460,  1331. 

hand-gemOt,  st.  n.,  hand-to-hand 
conflict,  battle :  gen.  pi.  (ecg)  ho- 
lode  ser  fela  hand-gemota,  1527; 
n6  bat  iasest  was  hond-gemota, 
2356. 

hand-gesella,  w.  m.,  hand-compan- 
ion, man  of  the  retinue:  dat.  pi. 
hond-gesellum,  1482. 

hand-gestealla,  w.  m.,  {one  whose 
position  is  near  at  hand),  comrade. 


companion,  attendant:  dat.  sg. 
hond-gesteallan,  21 70;  nom.  pi. 
hand-gesteallan,  2597. 

hand-ge'w^eorc,  st.  n.,  work  done 
with  the  hatids,  i.e.  achievement  in 
battle  :  dat.  sg.  for  J'as  hild-fruman 
handgeweorce,  2836. 

hand-gewriffen,  pret.  part ,  hand- 
wreathed,  bound  with  the  hand. 
ace.  pi.  walbende  .  .  .  hand-gewii- 
Sene,  1938. 

band-locen,  pret.  part.,  joined, 
united  by  hand:  nom.  sg.  (gflS- 
byrne,  lic-syrce)  handlocen  (be- 
cause the  shirts  of  mail  consisted 
of  interlaced  rings),  322,  551. 

hand-raes,  st.  m.,  hand-battle,  i.e. 
combat  with  the  hands :  nom.  sg. 
hond-rses,  2073. 

hand-scalu,  st.  f.,  hand-attendance, 
retinue :  dat.  sg.  mid  his  hand- 
scale  (hond-scole),  1318,  1964. 

hand-sporu,  st.  f.,  finger  (on  Gren- 
del's  hand),  under  the  figure  of  a 
spear  :    nom.  pi.  hand-sporu,  987. 

band-wnndor,  st.  n.,  wonder  done 
by  the  hand,  wonderful  handwork  : 
gen.  pi.  hond-wundra  msst,  2769. 

bangan.    See  hon. 

hangian,  w.  v.,  to  hang :  pres.  sg. 
III.  bonne  his  sunu  hangaS  hrefne 
to  hroSre,  when  his  son  hangs,  a 
joy  to  the  ravens,  2448 ;  pi.  III. 
ofer  bam  (mere)  hongia^'  hrlmge 
bearwas,  over  ivhich  frosty  for- 
ests hatig,  1364  ;  inf.  hangian, 
1663;  pret.  hangode,  hung  down, 
2086. 

batian,  w.  v.  w.  ace,  to  Kate,  to  be 
an  enemy  to,  to  hurt :  inf.  he  bone 
heaSo-rinc  hatian  ne  meahte  IS'Sum 
dasdum  {could  not  do  him  any 
harm),  2jf6'];  pret.  sg.  hfl  se  gu'5- 
sceaiSa  Geata  leode  hatode  and 
hynde,  2320. 


242 


GLOSSARY. 


h&d,  St.  m.,  form,  condition,  posi- 1 
tion,  manner  :  ace.  sg.  \>\\x\\  hoestne 
hSd,  in  a  powerful  manner,  1336; 
on  gesit^es  hSd,  in  the  position  of 
follower,  as  follower,  1298  ;  on 
sweordes  hid,  in  the  form  of  a 
sword,  2194.     See  under  on. 

hador,  st.  m.,  clearness,  brightness  : 
.  acc.sg.  under  heofenes  hidor,  414. 

hador,  adj.,  clear,  fresh,  loiui :  noni. 
sg.  scop  hwilum  sang  hador  on 
Ileorote,  497. 

hSdre,  adv.,  clearly,  brightly,  1572. 

hal,  adj.,  hale,  ivhole,  sound,  un- 
hurt: nom.  sg.  hil,  300.  With 
gen.  hea'So-laces  hal,  safe  from 
battle,  1975.  -^^^  form  of  saluta- 
tion, wes  .  .  .  hal,  407  ;  dat.  sg. 
halan  lice,  1504. 

halig,  adj.,  holy:  nom.  sg.  hSlig 
god,  381, 1554;  haiigdryhten,687. 

ham,  St.  m.,  home,  residence,  estate, 
land :  ace.  sg.  ham,  1408;  Hro5- 
gares  him,  718.  Usually  in  ad- 
verl)ial  sense :  gewit  him  him, 
betook  himself  home,  1602;  to  him, 
124,  374,  2993;  fram  him,  at 
home,  194;  at  him,  at  home,  1249, 
1924,  1 157;  gen.sg.  himes,  2367; 
ace.  pi.  himas,  11 28.  —  Comp. 
Finnes-him,  1 157. 

hain-^veorffuiig,  st.  f.,  honor  or 
ornament  of  home  :  ace.  sg.  him- 
weorc^unge  (designation  of  tlie 
daughter  of  I  lygelic,  given  in  mar- 
riage tc  Eofor),  2999. 

hfir,  z.d.].,gray  :  nom.  sg.  hir  hilde- 
rinc,  1308,  3137;  ace.  sg.  under 
(ofer)  hirne  stin,  888.  1416,  2554; 
hire  byrnan  (i.e.  iron  shirt  of 
rrail),  2154;  dat.  sg.  hirum  hild- 
fruman,  1679;  f.  on  heire  hitiNe 
(onheaw  . . .  h  . . . -Se,  MS.),  2213; 
gen.  sg.  hires,  of  the  old  fan,  2989. 
—  Comp.  un-hir. 


hat,  adj., hot, glowing, fia "ning  ■  nom. 
sg.,  161 7,  2297,  2548,  2559,  etc.; 
wyrm  hit  geraealt,  the  drake  hot  (of 
his  own  heat)  melted,Z^Z;  acc.sg., 
2282(  ? ) ;  inst.  sg.  hatan heolfre, 850, 
1424;  g.sg.hea'Su-fyreshites, 2523; 
ace.  pi.  hite  healSo-wylmas,  2820. — 
Sup.:  hitost  hea'^'o-s^vita,  1669. 
hat,  St.  n.,  heat,  fire :  ace.  sg.  geseah 
his  mondryhten  .  .  .  hit  ^rovvian, 
saw  his  lord  endure  the  (drake's) 
heat,  2606. 
hata,  w.  m.,  persecutor :  in  comp. 

doed-liata. 
hatau,  St.  v. :  i")  to  bid,  to  order,  to 
direct,  with  ace.  and  inf.,  and  ace. 
of  the  person  :  pres.  sg.  I.  ic  magu- 
hegnas  mine  hite  . . .  flotan  e6wer- 
ne  irum  healdan,  /  bid  my  thanes 
take  good  care  of  your  craft,  293; 
imp.  sg.  II.  hit  in  gin  .  .  .  sibbe- 
gedriht,  386;  pi.  II.  hita'S  hea^^o- 
mscre  hlaew  gewyrcean,  2803 ;  inf. 
hat  healreced  hitan  wolde  .  .  . 
men  gewyrcean,  that  he  wished  to 
command  men  to  build  a  hall-edi- 
fice, 68.  Pret.  sg.  heht :  heht  .  .  . 
eahla  mearas  ...  on  fiet  \G.Qv\,ga7<e 
comtnand  to  bring  eight  horses  into 
the  hall,  1036;  J^onne  aenne  heht 
golde  forgyldan,  commanded  to 
make  good  that  one  with  gold,  1054; 
heht  hi  )>at  hea'So-weore  to  hagan 
biodan,  ordered  the  combat  to  be 
announced  at  the  hedge{l~),  2S93; 
swa  se  snottra  heht,  as  the  wise 
(UrmNgir)  directed,  17S7;  so, 
1808,1809.  h&t:  hethim  yiSlidan 
godne  gegyrwan,  ordered  a  good 
vessel  to  be  prepared  for  him,  1 98; 
so,  h?t,  391,  1 1 15,  31 1 1.  As  the 
form  of  a  wish:  het  hine  wel  brflcan, 
1064;  50,2813;  pret.  part.  I'i  was 
hitcn  hra"5e  Heort  innan-weard 
folmum  gefratwod,  forthwith  wcu 


GLOSSARY. 


243 


ordered  Heorot, adorned  by  hand  on 
the  inside(\.e.  that  the  edifice  should 
be  adorned  by  hand  on  the  inside), 
992.  —  2)  to  name,  to  call:  pres. 
subj.  III.  pi.  ViX  hit  sxliSend  .  .  . 
hitan  Biowulfes  biorh,  that  mari- 
ners may  call  it  Bedwulfs  grave- 
mound,  2807;  pret.  part,  was  se 
giimma  gast  Grendel  liaten,  102; 
so,  263,  373,  2603. 
«-hatan,  to  promise,  to  give  one's 
word,  to  voiv,  to  threaten  :  pres.  sg. 
I.  ic  hit  \>Q  gehate,  1393;  so,  1672; 
pret.  sg.  he  me  m^de  gehet,  prom- 
ised me  reward,  2135;  him  fagre 
geh^t  leana  (gen.  pi.),  promised 
/hem  proper  reivard,  2990;  wean 
oft  gehet  earmre  teohhe,  with  woe 
often  threatened  the  unhappy  band, 
2938;  pret.  pi.  geheton  at  harg- 
trafum  wig-weor5'unga,  vowed  of- 
ferings at  the  shrines  of  the  gods, 
175;  I'onne  we  geheton.  (issum 
hlaforde  \>'i.t  .  .  .,  when  we  prom- 
ised our  lord  that .  .  .,  2635 ;  pret. 
part,  sio  gehatan  [was]  . . .  gladum 
suna  Frodan,  betrothed  to  the  glad 
son  of  Froda,  2025. 

hAtor,  St.  m.  n.,  heat:  in  comp. 
and-hStor. 

htift,  adj.,  held,  bound,  fettered:  nom. 
ig.,  2409  ;  ace.  sg.  helle  haftan, 
him  fettered  by  hell  (Grendel),  789. 

hiift-mece,  st.  m.,  sword  with  fetters 
ox  chains  (cf.  fetel-hilt)  :  dat.  sg. 
bam  haft-mece,  1458.     See  Note. 

htig-steald,  st.  m.,  man,  liegeman, 
youth:  gen.  pi.  hag-stealdra,  1890. 

hiile,  st.  m.,  vtan  :  nom.  sg.,  1647, 
1817,  31 12;  ace.  sg.  hale,  720; 
dat.pl.  h3elum(h2enum,  MS.),  1984. 

hiileiSr,  St.  m.,  hero,  fighter,  warrior, 
man:  nom.  sg.,  190,  331,  1070; 
nom.  pi.  halcS,  52,  2248,  2459, 
3143;  dat.  pl.hale'?""T>  1710,1962, 


etc.;    gen.   pi.   hale'Sa,  467,  497, 

612,  663,  etc. 
hiirg.     See  hearg. 
hteij,    St.  f.,  heath :   dat.   sg.  hse'Se, 

2213. 
haeijen,   adj.,   heathettish ;   ace.  sg. 

hreSene  sawle,  853;   dat.  sg.  has^- 

num  horde,  2217;  gen.  sg.  hae'Se- 

nes,  of  the  heathen  (Grendel),  987; 

gen.  pi.  hae&'enra,  179. 
hfeO'-stapa,  w.  m.,  that  which  goes 

about  on  the  heath  (stag)  :   nom. 

sg-,  1369 

liael,  St.  f. :  i )  health,  welfare,  luck  : 
ace.  sg.  him  heel  ahead,  654;  mid 
hcele,  1 21 8.  —  2)  favorable  sign, 
favorable  omen  :  hrel  sceawedon, 
observed  favorable  signs  (for  Beo- 
wulfs  undertaking),  204. 

Iiaelo,  st.  f.,  health,  welfare,  luck :  ace. 
sg.  hcelo  Sbead  heorS-geneatum, 
2419.  —  Comp.  un-haelo. 

hfest  (O.H.G.  haistera  hantl, 
manu  violenta;  heist,  ira;  heis- 
tigo,  iracunde),  z.d].,  violent,  vehe- 
ment:   ace.  sg.  |jurh  hsestne  hdd, 

1336. 

he,  fem.  he 6,  neut.  hit,  pers.  pron., 
he,  she,  it;  in  the  oblique  cases 
also  reflexive,  himself,  herself,  it- 
self: ace.  sg.  hine,  hi,  hit;  dat.  sg. 
him,  hire,  him;  gen.  sg.  his,  hire, 
his;  plur.  ace.  nom.  hi,  hig,  hie; 
dat.  him;  gen.  hira,  heora,  hiera, 
hiora.  —  he  omitted  before  the 
verb,  68,  300,  2309,  2345. 

hebban,  st.  v.,  to  raise,  to  lift,  w. 
ace. :  ir*"  qS'&an  ic  bond  and  rond 
hebban  mihte,  657;  pret.  part,  ha- 
fen,  1291;   hafen,  3024. 

S-hebban,  to  raise,  to  lift  from,  to 
take  away :  was  .  .  .  icge  gold  Sha- 
fen  of  horde,  taken  up  from  the 
hoard,  1 109;  \>^  was  .  .  .  wop  up 
ahafen,  a  cry  of  distress  raised,  1 28. 


244 


GLOSSARY. 


ge- began  [ge-hegan],  w.  v.,  to 
enclose,  to  fence:  hing  gehegan, 
to  mark  off  the  court,  kold  court. 
Here  figurative  :  inf.  sceal  .  .  .  Sna 
gehegan  I'ing  \vi5  J>yrse  {shall 
alone  decide  the  matter  with  Gren- 
del),  425. 

hcl,st.  i.,hill :  nom.  sg.,  853;  ace.  sg. 
helle,  179;  dat.  sg.  helle,  101,589; 
(asinstr.),  789;  gen.sg.  helle,  1275. 

hel-bend,  ii.in.i.,Oond 0/ hell :  instr. 
pi.  hell-bendum  fast,  3073. 

hel-runa,  \v.  m.,  sorcerer :  nom.pl. 
helrflnan,  163. 

he-helan,  st.  v.,  to  conceal,  to  hide  : 
prcl.  part.  l)e-holen,  414. 

helm,  St.  ni.:  i)  protection  itt  gen- 
eral, defence,  covering  that  protects: 
ace.  sg.  on  helm,  1393;  under 
helm,  1 746.  —  2)  helmet :  nom.  sg., 
1630;  ace.  sg.  helm,  673,  1023, 
1527,  2988;  (helo,  MS.),  2724; 
brdn-fdgne,  gold-fahne  helm,  2616, 
2812;  dat.  sg.  under  helme,  342, 
404;  gen.  sg.  helmes,  1031 ;  ace. 
pi.  helmas,  240, 2639.  —  3)  defence, 
protector,  designation  of  the  king: 
nom.  sg.  helm  Scyldinga  (IlroS- 
gSr),  371,  456,  1322;  ace.  sg.  heo- 
fena  helm  {the  defender  of  the 
heavens  =  God),  182;  helm  Scyl- 
finga,  2382.  —  Comp. :  grim-,  gfl^"-, 
heaSo-,  niht-helm. 

ofer-helnilan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  cov- 
er over,  to  overhang:  pres.  sg.  III. 
ofer-helmaN,  1365. 

helm-bereud,  pres.  part.,  helm- 
■zuearing  (warrior)  :  ace.  pi.  helm- 
berend,  2518,  2643. 

helpan,  st.  v.,  to  help  :  inf.  I'at  him 
holt-wudu  helpan  ne  meahte,  lind 
wiiS  lige,  that  a  -wooden  shield  could 
not  help  hi  in,  a  linden  shield 
against  fame,  2341 ;  hiit  him  tren- 
na  ecge   mibton  helpan  at  hilde, 


26S5;  wutun  gangan  to,  helpan 
hildfruman,  let  us  go  thitherto  help 
the  battle-chief,  2650 ;  w.  gen.  on- 
gan  .  .  .  mseges  helpan,  bigan  to 
help  my  kinsman,  2S80;  so,  pret. 
sg.  hser  he  his  mseges  (MS.  mage- 
nes)  healp,  2699. 

help,  m.  and  i.,hclp,  support,  main- 
tenance: ace.  sg.  helpe,  551,  1553; 
dat.  sg.  to  helpe,  1831;  ace.  sg. 
helpe,  2449. 

hende,  z.^].,-handed :  in  comp.  tdel- 
hende. 

hei",  adv.,  here,  397,  1062,  1229 
1655,  1821,  2054,  2797,  etc.;  hith- 
er, 244,  361,  376. 

here  (Goth,  harji-s),  st.  m.,  army, 
troops  :  dat.  sg.  on  herge,  in  the 
army,  on  a  warlike  expedition, 
1249;  in  the  army,  among  the 
fighting  men,  2639;  as  instr.  herge, 
2348. — Comp. :  flot-,  scip-,  sin-here. 

hcre-brOga,  w.  m.,  terror  of  the 
army,  fear  of  war  :  dat.  sg.  for 
here-biogan,  462. 

hei'C-byriie,  w.  f.,  battle-mail,  coat 
of  mail :  nom.  sg.,  1444. 

here-griina,  w.  m.,  battle-mask,  i.e. 
helmet  (with  visor)  :  dat.  sg.  -gri- 
man,  396,  2050,  2606, 

here-net,  st.  n.,  battle-net,  i.e.  coat 
of  mail  (of  interlaced  rings)  :  nom. 

«g-»  1554- 

here-niff,  st.  m.,  battle-enmity,  bat- 
tle of  armies:  nom.  sg.,  2475. 

herc-pad,  st.  f.,  army-dress,  i.e.  coat 
of  mail,  armor :  nom.  sg.,  2259. 

here-rinc,  st.  m.,  army-hero,  hero 
in  battle,  warrior :  ace.  sg.  here- 
rinc  (MS.  hereric),  1 177. 

here-sceaft,  st.  m.,  battle-shaft,  i.e. 
spear  :  gen.  pi.  here-sceafta  heap, 

335- 
here-sped,  st.  f.,  {war-speed),  luck 

I      in  war  :  nom.  sg.,  64. 


GLOSSARY. 


245 


here-stral,  st.  m  ,  war-arrozt>,  mis- 
sile :  nom.  sg.,  1436- 

here-syrce,  w.  f.,  battle-shirt,  shirt 
of  mail :  ace.  sg.  here-syrcan,  1 5 1 2. 

here-waed,  st.  f.,  army-dress,  coat 
of  mail,  armor  :  dat.  pi.  (as  instr.) 
here-w£edum,  1898. 

here-waesma,  w.  m.,  war-might, 
fierce  strength  in  battle  :  dat.  pi.  an 
here-waesmum,  678.  —  Leo. 

here-^visa,  w.  m.,  leader  of  the  army, 
i.e.  ruler,  king:  nom.  sg.,  3021. 

herg,  hearg,  st.  m.,  image  of  a  god, 
grove  where  a  god  was  worshipped, 
hence  to  tne  Christian  a  wicked 
place  (?)  :  dat.  pi.  hergum  ge- 
hea'Serod,  confined  in  wicked  places 
(parallel  with  hell-bendum  fast), 

3073- 
herlgean,  w.  v.  w.  dat.  of  pers.,  to 

provide  with  an  army,  to  support 

with  an  army :  pres.  sg.  L  ic  be 

wel  herige,  1834.  —  Leo. 
hete,  St.  m.,  hate,  enmity  :  nom.  sg. 

142,2555. — Comp. :  ecg-,mor5or-, 

wig-hete. 
hete-lic,  adj.,  hated :  nom.sg.,  1268. 
hetend,    hettend,    (pres.   part,  of 

hetan,  see  hatian),  enemy,  hostis : 

nom.  pi.   hetende,  1829  ;    dat.  pi. 

wi'5  hettendum,  3005. 
hete-niS',   st.    m.,    enmity   full   of 

hate:  ace.  pi.  hete-ni^as,  152. 
hete-SAveng,  st.  m.,  a  blow  from 

hate  :  ace.  pi.  hete-swengeas,  2226. 
hete-J>anc,  st.  m.,  hate-thought,   a 

hostile  design  :    dat.   pi.    mid    his 

hete-bancum,  475. 
hedan,  ge-hedan,  w.  v.  w.  gen.: 

i)  to  protect :  pret.  sg.  ne  hedde 

he  bas  heafolan,  did  not  protect  his 

head,  2698.  —  2)  to  obtain:  subj. 

pret.  sg.  III.  gehSdde,  505. 
herlan,  w.  v.  w.  ace,  to  praise,  to 

commend ;  with  reference  to  God. 


to  adore  :  inf.  heofena  helm  herian 
ne  cfl"5on,  could  not  ivors/np  the 
defejtce  of  the  heavens  (God),  182; 
ne  hfiru  Hildeburh  herian  borfte 
Eotena  treowe,  had  no  need  to 
praise  the  fidelity  of  the  Eote7ts, 
1072;  pres.  subj.  bat  mon  his  wine- 
dryhten  wordum  herge,  3177. 
ge-healjeriaii,  w.  v.,  to  force,  to 
press  in  :  pret.  part.  ge-hea'Serod, 

3073- 
heaSPo-bjrrne,  w.  f.,  battle-mail,  shirt 

of  mail :  nom.  sg.,  1553. 
heaUo-deor,   adj.,   bold   in    battle, 

brave :     nom.    sg.,    689 ;    dat.  pi. 

heaSo-deorum,  773. 
heaiJo-fyr,  st.  n.,  battle-fire,  hostile 

fire  :  gen.  sg.  hea'Su-fyres,  2523  ; 

instr.  pi.  hea~So-f^rum,  2548,  of  the 

drake's  fire-spewing. 
heaffo-grim,  adj.,  grim  in  battle, 

548. 

heaaro-helm,  st.  m.,  battle-helmet, 
war-helmet :  nom.  sg.,  3i57(?). 

heaffo-lac,  st.n.,  battle-play,  battle  : 
dat.  sg.  at  hea'So-lace,  584 ;  gen. 
sg.  hea^'o-laces  hM,  1975. 

heaSo-niaere,  adj.,  reno'wned  in 
battle :  ace.  pi.  -msere,  2803. 

heaffo-raes,  st.  m.,  storm  of  battle, 
attack  in  battle,  entrance  by  force: 
nom.sg., 557;  acc.pl. -rsesas,  1048; 
gen.  pi.  -rsesa,  526. 

heaSo-reaf,  st.  n.,  battle-dress, 
equipment  for  battle :  ace.  sg. 
hea6'o-reaf  heoldon  {kept  the  equip- 
ments'), 401. 

heaSTo-rinc,  st.  m.,  battle-hero,  war- 
rior: ace.  sg.  bone  heaNo-rinc 
(HreSel's  son,  Hseticyn),  2467; 
dat.  pi.  bsem  hea'So-rincum,  370. 

heai5o-r6f,  adj.,  renowned  i/t  battle : 
nom.  sg.,  381  ;  nom.  pi.  heaSo- 
rofe,  865. 

heaffo-scearp,  adj.,  sharp  tn  bittle. 


246 


GLOSSARY. 


bold:    n  m.   pi.    (-scearde,   MS.), 

2830. 
heaffo-seoc,  adj.,  battle-sick :   dal. 

sg.  -si6cum,  2755. 
heaQTo-steAp,   adj.,  /lig/i    in  battle, 

excelling   in    battle :    nom.  sg.  in 

weak   form,  hea  iNo-steapa,   1 246  ; 

ace.  sg.  heaMo-steapne,  2154,  both 

times  of  the  helmet. 
heaSo-swat,  st.  m.,  blood  of  battle  : 

dat.   sg.    heaSo-swate,    1607  ;     as 

instr.,  1461 ;  gen.  pi.  halost  hea'So- 

swSta,  1669. 
heaUo-sweiig,   st.  m.,  battle-stroke 

(blow  (jf  the  sword)  :   dat.  sg.  after 

heatiu-swenge,  2582. 
heaffo-torljt,  adj.,    loiid,   clear  in 


battle 


nw.  sg.  stefi)  .  .  .  hea'So- 


torht,    the    voice    clear    in    battle, 

2554- 

hea^'o-^vaJ<l,  st.  f.,  battle-dress,  coat 
of  mail,  armor:  instr.pl.  heaSo- 
wnsdum,  39. 

healffo-Aveorc,  st.  n.,  battlc-ivork, 
battle  :  ace.  sg.,  2893. 

healSfo-wylin,  st.  m., hostile  (  /lame-) 
wave  :  ace.  pi.  hSle  heaiSo-wyinias, 
2820;  gen.  pi.  heaSo-wylma,  82. 

heaf,  St.  n.,  sea  :  ace.  pi.  ofer  heafo, 
2478.     See  Note. 

hcafola.     See  hafcla. 

heal,  St.  f.,  hall,  main  apartment, 
large  building  (consisting  of  an 
assembly-hall  and  a  bantiueting- 
hall)  :  nom.  sg.  heal,  1 152,  1215  ; 
heall,  487;  ace.  sg.  healle,  1088; 
dat.  sg.  healle,  89,  615,  643,  664, 
926,  loio,  1927,  etc.  ;  gen.  sg. 
[healle],  389. — Comp. :  gif-,  meodo- 
heal. 

heal-arn,  st.  n.,  hall-building,  hall- 
house  :  gen.  sg.  heal-arna,  78. 

heal-{;aincn,  st.  n.,  social  enjoyment 
in  the  hall,  hall-joy :  nom.  sg., 
1067. 


hoal-roocd,    st.    n.,   hall-building . 

ace.  sg.,  68. 
boal-sittend,  pres.  part.,  sitting  in 

the  hall  (at  the  banquet)  :  dat.  pi. 
iieal-sittendum,  2869 ;  gen.  pi.  heal- 
sittendra,  2016. 

heal-}»egii,  st.  m.,  hall-thane,  i.e.  a 
warrior  who  holds  the  hall :  gen. 
sg.  heal-legnes,  of  Grendel,  142; 
ace.  pi.  heal-hegnas,  of  BeowulPs 
band,  720. 

heal-wudu,  hall-wood,  i.e.  hall  built 
ofwoud:   nom.  sg.,  1318. 

healdan,  st.  v.  w.  ace.:  \)  to  hold, 
to  hold  fast;  to  support:  pret.  pi. 
hfl  )'a  stSnbogan  .  .  .  eee  eor'iSreeed 
innan  heoldon  (MS.  healde),  how 
the  arches  of  rock  within  held  the 
everlasting  earth-house,  2720.  I'ret. 
sg.,  with  a  person  as  object :  heold 
hine  to  faste,  held  him  too  fast,  7S9; 
w.  the  dat.  he  him  freondlaruui 
heold,  supported  him  with  friendly 
advice,  2378.  —  2)  to  hold,  to  watch, 
to  preserve,  to  keep ;  reflexive,  to 
maintain  one^s  self,  to  keep  one's 
self:  jires.  sg.  II.  eal  \<\x  hit  t;el>yl- 
dum  hcaldest,  magen  mid  modes 
snyttrum,  a/l  that  preservest  thou 
continuously,  strength  and  wisdom 
of  mind,  1706;  III.  healdeJS  hige- 
meSum  heafod-wearde,  holds  for 
the  dead  the  head-watch,  2910; 
imp.  sg.  II.  heald  forS  tela  ni.ve 
sibbe,  keep  luell,  from  no7o  on,  the 
ne'u relatiottship,()j,() ;  heald(heold, 
MS.)  t'u  nu  hruse  .  .  .  eorla  a;hte, 
preserve  thou  now.  Earth,  the  noble 
men'' s  possessions,  2248;  inf.  se  )?e 
holmclifu  healdan  scolde,  watch 
the  sea-cliffs,  22,0;  50,705;  nacan 
.  .  .  Srum  healdan,  to  keep  well  your 
vessel,  296;  weaide  healdan,  319: 
forleton  eorla  gestredn  eorSan  heal- 
dan, 3168;   pres.  part,  dream  heal 


GLOSSARY. 


247 


detide,  holding  rejoicing  (i.e.  thou 
who  art  rejoicing),  1228;  pret.  sg. 
heold  hine  sySSan  fyr  and  fiistor, 
hept  himself  aftenvards  afar  and 
more  secure,  142;  regvvearde  heold, 
/  have  {^hitherto')  kept  watch  on 
the  sea,  241;  so,  305;  hiold  heah- 
lufan  wis  haleSa  brego,  preserved 
high  love,  1955;  ginfastan  gi/e  .  .  . 
heold,  21 84;  gold-mSiSmas  heold, 
took  care  of  the  treasures  of  gold, 
2415;  heold  rmni&la., protected laell 
mine  own,  2738;  t>onne  . . .  sceft . . . 
nytte  heold,  had  employment,  laas 
employed,  31 19;  heold  n\ec, protect- 
ed, i.e.  brought  me  up,  243 1 ;  pret. 
pi.  heacSo-reaf  heoldon,  ivatched 
over  the  armor,  401 ;  sg.  for  pi. 
heafodbeorge  . . .  vvalan  fitan  heold, 
outivards,  bosses  kept  guard  over  the 
head,  1032. — Related  to  the  preced- 
ing meaning  are  the  two  following  : 

3)  to  rule  and  protect  the  father- 
land: inf.  gif  bu  healdan  wylt  maga 
rice,  1853;  pret.  heold,  57,  2738. — 

4)  to  hold,  to  have,  to  possess,  to  in- 
.  habit :  inf.  let  bone  brego-stol  Beo- 
wulf healdan,  2390;  gerund,  to 
healdanne  hleoburh  wera,  1732; 
pret.  sg.  heold,  103,  161,466,  1749, 
2752;  lyftvvynne  heold  nihtes  hwt- 
lum,  at  night-time  had  the  enjoy- 
ment of  the  air,  3044;  pret.  pi. 
Geata  leode  hreSwlc  heoldon,  the 
Gedtas  held  the  place  of  corpses 
(lay  dead  upon  it),  1 21 5;  pret.  sg. 
bser  heo  aer  mseste  heold  worolde 
Wynne,  in  -which  she  formerly  pos- 
sessed the  highest  earthly  joy,  1080. 
—  5)  to  win  to  receive  :  pret.pl.  I. 
heoldon  heah  gesceap,  we  received 
a  heavy  fate,  heavy  fate  befell  us, 
3085. 

be-healdan,  w.    ace:    \)  to  take 
care  of,  to  attend  to :  pret.  sg.  J^egn 


nytte  behe61d,  a  thane  discharged 
the  office, ^()^;  so,  668. — 2)  to  hold: 
pret.  sg.  se  be  floda  begong  .  .  . 
beheold,  1499. —  3)  to  look  at,  to 
behold:  brySswy^  beheold  mseg 
IligelSces  h(i  .  .  .,  great  woe  saw 
IP's  kinsman,  how  . .  .,  737. 

f  o  r  -  h  e  a  1  d  a  n ,  vv.  ace,  {to  hold  bad- 
ly), to  fall  away  from,  to  rebel: 
pret.  part..hafdon  hy  forhealden 
helm  ^cy\'nwgA,liad  rebelled  against 
the  defender  of  the  Scylfings,  2382. 

ge-healdan:  i)  to  hold,  to  receive, 
to  hold  fast :  pres.  sg.  III.  se  J^e 
waldendes  hyldo  gehealde'S,  who 
receives  the  Lord's  grace,  2294 ; 
pres.subj.  Tader  alwalda  .  .  .  eowic 
gehealde  sii^'a  gesunde,  keep  you 
sound  on  your  journey,  317;  inf. 
ne  meahte  he  .  .  .  on  bam  frum- 
gare  feoih  gehealdan,  could  not 
hold  back  the  life  in  his  lord, 
2857.  —  2)  to  take  care,  to  pre- 
serve, to  'ivatch  over ;  to  stop  :  imp. 
sg.  hafa  nu  and  geheald  hfisa  se- 
lest,  659;  inf.  gehealdan  hSt  hilde- 
geatwe,  675;  pret.  sg.  he  frcitwe 
geheold  fela  missera,  2621 ;  bone 
be  ■six  geheold  wi5  het^endum  hord 
and  rice,  him  luho  before  preserved 
treasure  and  realm,  3004.  —  .1)  to 
rule:  inf.  folc  gehealdan,  912; 
pret.  sg.  geheold  tela  (brade  rice), 
2209. 

healf,  St.  f.,  half,  side,  part:  ace.  sg 
on  b3.  healfe,  towards  this  side. 
1676;  dat.  sg.  hale  Sum  be  healfe 
at  the  heroes'  side,  2263;  ace.  pi 
on  twS  healfa,  upon  two  sides,  mu 
tually,  1096;  on  bS  healfa  (healfe) 
on  both  sides  (to  Grendel  and  his 
mother),  1306;  on  two  sides,  on 
both  sides,  2064  ;  gen.  pi.  on  healfa 
gehwone,  in  half,  through  thi 
middle,  801. 


248 


GLOSSARY. 


heulf,  adj.,  half :  gen.  sg.  healfre, 
1088. 

heals,  St.  m.,  neck:  ace.  sg.  heals, 
2692;  dat.  sg.  wiS  halse,  1567; 
be  healse,  1873. — Comp. :  the  ad- 
jectives fdniig-,  wunden-heals. 

heals-bcAh,  st.  m.,  Vick-ring,  collar: 
ace.  sg.  I'one  he;ils-beah,  2173  ; 
gen.  pi.  heals-beaga,  1196. 

heals-gebedde,  w.  f.,  beloved  hed- 
Jellow,  wife:  noni.  sg.  healsge- 
bcdde  (MS.  healsgebedda),  63. 

healsian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  entreal 
earnestly,  to  implore  :  pret.  sg.  I'a 
se  heoden  mec . . .  healsode  hreoh- 
mod  J'at .  .  .,  entreated  me  sorrow- 
ful, that .  .  .,  2133. 

heard,  adj.:  i)  of  persons,  able, 
efficient  in  'var,  strong,  brave : 
nom.  sg.  heard,  342,  376,  404, 
1575,  2540,  etc. ;  in  weak  form, 
.se  hearda,  401,  1964;  se  hearda 
Jiegn,  2978;  bes  hearda  heap,  432;. 
nom.  pi.  hearde  hilde-frecan,  2206; 
gen.  pi.  heardra,  989.  Compara- 
tive:  aee.  sg.  heardran  hale,  720. 
With  accompanying  gen. :  wigcs 
heard,  strong  in  battle,  887;  dat. 
sg.  niSa  heardum,  21 71.  —  2)  of 
the  implements  of  war,  good,  firm, 
sharp,  hard :  nom.  sg.  (gO^-byriie, 
lie-syrce)  heard,  322,  551.  In  weak 
form :  masc.  here-stral  hearda. 
1436;  se  hearda  helm,  2256;  neutr. 
here-net  hearde,  1554;  ace.  sg. 
(swurd,  vvsepen),  heard,  540,  268S, 
2988;  nom.  pi.  hearde  .  .  .  hoinera 
ISfe,  2830 ;  heard  and  hring-nuul 
I leaiNobeardnagcstreon, 2038;  ace. 
pl.  heard  svveord,  2639.  Of  other 
things,  hard,  rough,  harsh,  hard  to 
bear:  ace.  sg.  hrciSor-bealo  hearde, 
1344;  nom.  sg.  wroht  .  .  .  heard, 
2915;  here-ni(^  hearda,  2475;  '^'^'^• 
»g.  heoro-sweng  heardne,    1591  ; 


instr.  sg.  heardan  ceape,  2483 ; 
instr.  pl.  heardan,  heardum  clam- 
mum,  964,  1336;  gen.  pl.  heardra 
hynSa,  166.  Compar. :  aee.  sg. 
heardran  feohtan,  576.  —  Comp.: 
f^r-,  iren-,  ni  S-,  regen-,  scflr-heard. 

hearde,  adv.,  hard,  very,  1439. 

heard-ecg,  adj.,  sharp-edged,  hard, 
good  in  battle  :  nom.  sg.,  1 289. 

\iQi\r(\-fyT<\(^,,2i.d].,  hard  to  take  away, 
heavy  :  ace.  sg.  hard-fyrdne,  2246. 
—  Leo. 

heard-hyegend,  pres.  part.,  of  a 
"warlike  disposition,  brave :  nom. 
pl.  -hicgende,  394,  800. 

hearg-trtif,  st.  n.,  tent  of  the  gods, 
temple :  dat.  pl.  at  harg-trafum 
(MS.  hnerg  trafum),  175. 

hearni,  st.  m.,  harm,  injury,  insult 
dat.  sg.  mid  heaime,  1893. 

hearin-sceaffa,  w.  m.,  enemy  caus- 
ing injury  or  grief:  nom.  sg. 
hearm-sca^a,  767. 

hearpe,  w.  f.,  harp  :  gen.  .sg.  hear- 
paii  sweg,  89,  3024;  hearpan 
Wynne  (wyn),  2108,  2263. 

hedtTu,  St.  f.,  sea,  waves:  ace.  sg. 
hea^'u,  1S63? 

hcAiyu-li'Jend,  pics.  '^:).x\..,sea-farcr, 
sailor:  nom.  pl.  -liSende,  1799; 
dat.  pl.  -liSendum  (designation  of 
the  Ceatas),  2956. 

heAfod,  St.  n.,  head :  ace.  sg.,  48, 
1640;  dat.  sg.  lieafde,  1591,  2291, 
2974;   dat.  pl.  heafdum,  1243. 

hesifod-beorh,  st.  f.,  head-defence, 
protection  for  the  head :  aee.  sg. 
heafod-beorge,  103 1. 

heAfod-iiifeg,  st.  m., head-kinsman, 
near  blood-relative  :  dat.  pl.  hea- 
fod-ma;gum  {brothers),  589;  gen.~ 
pl.  heafod-maga,  2152. 

hesifod-scgn,  st.  n.,  head-sign,  ban. 
ner:  ace.  sg.,  2153. 

heAfod-^vea^d,  st.  f.,  head-watch  ■ 


GLOSSARY. 


249 


ace.  sg.  healdeS  . . .  heafod-wearde 
leofes  and  laSes,  for  the  friend 
and  the  foe  (Beowulf  and  the  drake, 
who  lie  dead  near  each  other), 
2910. 

he^h,  hed,  adj.,  high,  noble  (in 
composition,  also  primus)  :  nom. 
sg.  heah  Healfdene,  57;  hea  (Ili- 
gelac),  1927;  heah  (sele),  82; 
heah  hlrew,  2S06,  3159;  ace.  sg. 
heah  (segn),  48,  2769;  heahne 
(MS.  heanne)  hrof,  9S4;  dat.  sg. 
in  (to)  sele  ham  hean,  714,  920; 
gen.  sg.  heah  hflses,  116.  —  high, 
heavy  :  ace.  heah  gesceap  (^an  un- 
usual, heavy  fate),  30S5. 

lied-burh,  st.  f.,  high  city,  first  city 
of  a  country  :  ace.  sg.,  1 1 28. 

hedli-cyuing,  st.  m.,  high  king, 
mightiest  of  the  kings :  gen.  sg. 
-cyninges  (of  IIro^'gar),  1040. 

hedh  -  gestreon,  st.  n.,  splendid 
treasure :  gen.  pi.  -gestreona,  2303. 

Iiedh-lufe,  w.  f.,  high  love :  ace.  sg. 
heah-lufan,  1955. 

hedh-sele,  st.  m.,  high  hall, first  hall 
in  the  land,  hall  of  the  ruler  :  dat. 
sg.  heah-sele,  648. 

hedh-setl,  st.  n.,  high  seat,  throne  : 
ace.  sg.,  10S8. 

he4h-stede,  st.  m.,  high  place,  rid- 
er''s  place:  dat.  sg.  on  heah-stede, 
'285. 

bedn,  adj.,  depressed,  low,  despised, 
miserable:  nom.  sg.,  1275,  2100, 
2184,  2409. 

hedp,  St.  m.,  heap,  crozvd,  troop : 
nom.  sg.  hepia  heap,  400;  hes 
hearda  heap,  this  brave  band, 
432;  ace.  sg.here-sceafta  heap,  the 
crowd  of  spears,  335 ;  mago-rinca 
heap,  731 ;  dat.  sg.  on  heape,  in  a 
compact  body,  as  many  as  there 
v/cre  of  them,  2597.  —  Comp.  wig- 
heap. 


hed^van,  st.  v.,  to  hew,  to  cleav:  : 
inf.,  801. 

g  e  -  h  e  a  \A'  a  n ,  cleave  :  pres.  subj .  ge- 
heawe,  6S3. 

heoffu,  St.  f.,  the  interior  of  a  build- 
ing :  dat.  sg.  hat  he  on  heo  Se  ge- 
stod,  ill  the  interior  (of  the  hall, 
Heorot),  404. 

heofon,  st.  m.,  heaven :  nom.  sg., 
3157;  dat.  sg.  hefene,  1572;  gen. 
sg.  heofenes,  414,  576,  1802,  etc.; 
gen.  pi.  heofena,  1S2;  dat.  pi, 
under  heofenum,  52,  505. 

heolfor,  st.  n.,  gore,  fresh  or  crude 
blood :  dat.  instr.  sg.  hatan  heol- 
fre,  850,  1424;  heolfre,  2139;  un- 
der heolfre,  1303. 

heolster,  st.  n.,  haunt,  hiding-place  : 
ace.  sg.  on  heolster,  756. 

heonan,  adv.,  hence,  from  here: 
heonan,  252;   heonon,  1362. 

heor,  St.  m.,  door-hinge :  nom.  pi. 
heorras,  1000. 

heorcjp,  adj.  See  ^vunden-heorde. 

heoriS-genedt,  st.  m.,  hcarlli-com- 
panion,  i.e.  a  vassal  of  the  king,  in 
whose  castle  he  receives  his  liveli- 
hood :  nom.  pi.  heorS-geneatas, 
261,  3181 ;  ace.  pi.  heorS-geneatas, 
1 58 1,  21S1;  dat.  pi.  heorS-genea- 
tum,  2419. 

heorot,  st.  m.,  stag :  nom.sg.,  1370. 

heorte,  w.  f.,  heart :  nom.  sg., 
2562;  dat.  sg.  at  heortan,  2271 ; 
gen.  sg.  heortan,  2464,  2508.  — 
Comp. :  the  adjectives  bliS-,  grom-, 
rflm-,  starc-heort. 

heoru,  st.  m.,  sword :  nom.  sg.  heoru 
bunden  (cf.  under  bindan),  12S6. 
In  some  of  the  following  com- 
pounds heoro-  seems  to  be  con- 
founded with  here-  (see  here). 

heoro-blac,  adj.,  pale  through  thi 
sword,  fatally  wounded :  nom.  sg 
[heoro-]blac,  2489. 


250 


GLOSSARY. 


heoru-(ire6r,   s^.  m.,   sword-blooi/ : 
instr.  sg.  heoru-dre6re,4S7;  heoro- 
dreore,  850. 
heoro-dreorig,  adj.,  bloody  through 
the  s-.tiorit:  nom.  sg.,  936;    ace.  sg. 
heoro-dreorigne,  1781,  2721. 
Iieoro-drync,  st.  ni.,  sword-drink, 
i.e.  blood  shed  by  the  sword  :  instr. 
pi.    hioro-dryncum    svvealt,    died 
through  sivord-drink,  i.e.  struck  by 
the  sword,  2359. 
heoro-gifrc,  adj.,  eager  for  hostile 

inroads:  nom.  sg.,  1499. 
heoro-griiu,  adj.,  s-coord-gi-itn, fierce 
in  battle  :  nom.  sg   m.,  1565;  fern, 
-grimme,  1S48. 
heoro-li>" cihte, adj., provided  with 
barbs,  sharp  like  s^vords  :  instr.  jii. 
mid  eofL-r-spreotum  heoro-hocyli- 
tum,  I43y. 
hcoro-scr«-<>,   w.   L,  sjiirt  of  mail  : 

ace.  sg.  liioro-sercean,  2540. 
hcoro-swciii»-,  si.  m.,  s7i'ord-s/rohe  : 

ace.  sg.  1 59 1. 
heoro-weallendc,  pres.  part.,  roll- 
ing around  fg/iti/ig,  of  the  drake, 
2782.     See  Aveallian. 
l\eoro-wcnv'h,st.m.,he  who  is  s:L'(>rd- 
cursed,  who  is  destined  to  die  by  the 
s7i<ord :   iioin.  >g.,  1  26S. 
lieofau,  w .  v.,  to  lament,  to  moan  : 

part.  nom.  pi.  hiofende,  3143. 
a-heoran,  to  freeil)  :  w.  ace.  pret. 

sg.  bryd  ahedrde,  2931. 
hcore,  adj.,  pleasant,  not  haunted, 
secure  :  nom.  sg.  fern,  nis  bat  he6rii 
stow,  that  is  no  secure  place.  1373. 
—  Comp.  un-lieore  (-hyre). 
hider,   adv.,   hither,   240,  370,  394, 

3093,  etc. 
ofer-hlgian,    w.  v.   (according  to 
the  connection,  probably  ),/^<?jrf<?dv/, 
2767.     (O.II.G.    ubar-hugjan, 
to  be  arrogant.) 
hlld,  St.  f.,  battle,  combat :  nom.  sg., 


452,  902,  1482,  2077;  hild  heorU' 
grimme,  1848;  ace.  sg.  hilde,  64S; 
instr.  sg.  hilde,  through  combat, 
2917;  dat.  sg.  at  hilde,  1461. 
hilde-bil,  st.  n.,  battle-sword:  nom. 
sg.,  1667;  instr.  dat.  sg.  hilde-bille. 

557.  1521- 
hilde-bord,  st.  n.,  battle-shield :  ace. 

pi.  hilde-bord,  397 ;  instr.  pi.  -bor- 

dum,  3140. 
hilde-cyst,  st.  f.,  excellence  in  battle, 

bravery  in  battle:  instr.pl.  -eystum, 

2599. 
hilde-dcor,  adj.,  bold  in  battle,  brave 

in  battle  :  nom.  .sg.,  312,  835, 1647, 

1817;   hildc-dior,  3112;    nom.pl. 

hilde-deore,  31 71. 
hilde-f  rcca,  w.  m.,  hero  in  battle : 

nom.  pi.  hilde-frecan,  2206;   dat. 

sg.  hild-frecan,  2367. 
hildc-gcatwc,  st.  f.  pi.,  equipment 

for  battle,  adornment  for  combat : 

ace.  hilde-geatwe,675;  gen. -geat- 

wa,  2363. 
hildc-gicel,  st.  m.,  battle-icicle,  i.e. 

the  blood  which  hangs  upon  the 

sword-blades  like  icicles :  instr.  j.l. 

hilde-gieelum,  1607. 
hildc-grap,  st.  f.,  battle-gripe  :  nom. 

sg.,  1447.  2508. 

hilde-hlciuina,  w.  m.,  one  raging 
in  battle,  warrior,  fighter  :  noin. 
sg-,  2352,  2545  ;  dat.  pi.  eft  l>at 
ge-eode  .  .  .  hilde-hlammum,  // 
happened  to  the  'warriors  (the 
Ceatas),  2202. 

hildc-leoma,  w.  m.,  battle-light, 
gleam  of  battle,  hence  :  l)  the  fire- 
spewing  of  the  drake  in  the  fight : 
nom.  pi.  -leoman,  2584.  —  2)  the 
gleaming  szt'ord :  ace.  sg.  -leoman, 
1 144. 

hilde-inecg,  st.  m.,  man  of  battle, 
warrior:  nom.  j)!.  hilde-mecgas, 
800. 


GLOSSARY. 


251 


bilde-mece,    st.   m.,   battle-sword : 

nom.  pi.  -m^ceas,  2203. 
hilde-rand,    st.   m.,    battle-shield : 

ace.  pi.  -randas,  1243. 
hilde-raes,  st.  m.,  storm  of  battle  : 

ace.  sg.,  300. 
hilde-riuc,   st.  m.,    man  of  battle, 

warrior,   hero:    nom.    sg.,    1308, 

3125,   3137;    dat.  sg.   hilde-rince, 

1496;   gen.  sg.  hilde-rinees,  987. 
hilde-sad,adj.,  satiated  with  battle, 

not  wishing  to  fight  any  more  :  ace. 

sg.  hilde-sadne,  2724. 
liilde-sceorp,    st.    n.,    battle-dress, 

armor,    coat  of  mail:    aec.    sg., 

2156. 
hilde-setl,  st.  n., battle-seat  (saddle) : 

num.  sg.,  1040. 
hilde-strengo,  st.  f.,  battle-strength, 

bravery  in  battle  :  ace.,  21 14. 
hilde-SAvat,    st.    m.,    battle-sweat : 

nom.  sg.  hat  hilde-swat  (the  hot, 

damp  breath  of  the  drake  as  he 

rushes  on),  2559. 
hilde-tux,  st.  m.,  battle-tooth  :  instr. 

pi.  hllde-tuxum,  1512. 
hilde-waepen,  st.ni.,  baltle-7veapon : 

instr.  pi.  -WEepnum,  39. 
hilde-wisa,  w.  m.,  leader  in  battle, 

general:     dat.     sg.     fore     Healf- 

denes  hildewisan,  Healfdene's  gen- 
eral (Hnaf),  1065. 
hild-freca.    See  hilde-freca. 
hild-fruma,  st.  m. ,  battle-chief :  dat. 

sg.   -fruma,  1679,  2650  ;   gen.  sg. 

Yi.%  hild-fruman,  2836. 
hild-lata,  \v.  m.,  he  who  is  late  in 

battle,  coward :  nom.  pi.  bi  hild- 

latan,  2847. 
hilt,   St.   n.,   sword-hilt:    nom.   sg. 

gylden  hilt,  1678;   ace.  sg.  l^at  hilt, 
1669;  hy It,  1668.   Also  used  in  the 

plural;   ace.  \>^  hilt,  1615;   dat.  pi. 

be  liiltum,  1575.  —  Comp. :  fetel-, 

wrecSen-hilt. 


hilte-cumbor,  st.  n.,  banner  with 
a  staff:  ace.  sg.,  1023. 

liilted,  pret.  part.,  provided  with  a 
hilt  or  handle :  ace.  sg.  heard 
swyrd  V'^X.qA,  sword  with  a  (rich) 
hilt,  2988. 

hln-fus,  adj.,  ready  to  die  :  nom.  sg. 
hyge  was  him  hinfds  (i.e.  he  felt 
that  he  should  not  survive),  756. 

hiudenia,  adj.  superl.,  hindmost, 
last  :'\nstT.  sg.  hindeman  stSe,  the 
last  time,  for  the  last  time,  2050, 
2518. 

hirde,  hyrde,  st.  m.,  {herd')  keeper, 
guardian,  possessor:  nom.  sg.  folces 
hyrde,  61 1, 1833, 2982;  rices  hyrde, 
2028  ;  fyrena  hyrde,  the  guardian 
of  mischief,  wicked  one,  751,  2220; 
wuldres  hyrde,  the  king  of  glory, 
God,  932;  hringa  hyrde,  the 
keeper  of  the  rings,  2246;  cumbles 
hyrde,  the  possessor  of  the  banner, 
the  bearer  of  the  banner,  2506  ; 
folces  hyrde,  1850;  fratwa  hyrde, 
3134;  rices  hyrde,  3081;  acc.pl. 
hlises  hyrdas,  1667.  —  Comp.  : 
grund-hyrde. 

hit  (O.N.  hita),  st.  L{l),heat :  nom. 
sg.  benden  hyt  s^,  2650. 

hladan,  st.  v.:  i)  to  load,  to  lay. 
inf.  on  bael  hladan  leofne  man- 
nan,  lay  the  dear  man  on  the 
funeral-pile,  2127;  him  on  bearm 
hladan  bunan  and  discas,  laid  cups 
and  plates  upon  his  bosom,  loaded 
himself  7vith  them,  2']']6;  pret.  part, 
hncr  was  wunden  gold  on  wxn  hla- 
den,  laid  upon  the  wain,  3135. — 
2)  to  load,  to  burden  :  pret.  part. 
ba  was  .  .  .  ssegeap  naca  hladen 
herewKdum,  loaded  with  artnor, 
1898.  — Comp.  gilp-hladen. 

ge-hladan,  w.  ace,  to  load,  to  bur- 
den :  pret.  sg.  ssebSt  gehlod  (MS 
gehleod),  896. 


252 


GLOSSARY. 


hiaford,  St.  m.,  lord,  ruler :  nom. 

sg.,  2376;   ace.  sg.,  267;   dat.  sg. 

hiaforile,  2635;  gen.  sg.  hlafordes, 

3 1 8 1 .  —  Comp.  eald-hlaford. 

hlaford-IcAs,  adj.,  without  a  lord : 

nom.  pi.  hlaford-lea.se,  2936. 
hluw,  hlaew,  st. m.,hill,  grave-kill: 
ace.  sg.  hlaew,  2S03,  3159,  3171; 
dat.  sg.  for  hlawe,  1 121.  Also, 
grave-chamber  (the  interior  of  the 
grave-hill),  cai'e :  ace.  sg.  hlaw 
[under]  hrusan,  2277;  hla;w  under 
hrusan,  2412;  dat.  sg.  on  hlii;\ve, 
2774.  The  drake  dwells  in  the 
rocky  cavern  which  the  former 
owner  of  his  treasure  had  chosen 
as  his  burial-place,  2242-227I. 
hliist,  St.  n.,  burden,  load :  dat.  sg. 

hlaste,  52. 
hlein,  St.  m.,  noise,  din   of  battle, 
noisy  attack :  in   the  compounds, 
uht-,  wal-hlem. 
blcinina,  w.  in.,  one  raging,  one  who 

calls ;  see  hilde-hlemma. 
a-hlehhau,  st.  v.,  to  laugh  aloud,  to 
shout,  to  exult :  pret.  sg.  his  mod 
Shlog,  his  mood  exulted,  731. 
hleahtor,   st.   m.,   laughter :   nom. 

sg.,  612;   aec.  sg.,  3021. 
hle^pan,  st.  v.,  to  run,  to  trot,  to 
spring:  inf.  hlcapan  l^ton  . . .  feal- 
we  mearas,  865. 
S-hleapan,    to   spring  up:    pret. 

ahleop,  1398. 
hieod'u.     See  hliKJ'. 
hieonian,  w.  v.,  to  incline,  to  hang 
over  :  inf.  o^  hat  he  .  .  .  fyrgen- 
beamas  ofer  hdrne  st^n  hieonian 
funde,  ////  he  found  mountain-trees 
hanging  over  the  gray  rocks,  1416. 
hleo,  St.  m.,  shady,  protected  place  ; 
defence,  shelter ;  figurative  desig- 
nation of  the  king,  or  of  powerful 
nobles :  wigendra  hleo,  of  HroS- 
g4r,  429;   of  Sigemund,  900;   of 


Beowulf,  1973,  2338;  eorla  hle6, 
ofllroSgar,  1036.  1867;  of  Be6- 
wulf,  792;   of  Ilygelac,  219!. 

hleo-burh,  st.  f.,  ruler's  castle  or 
city  :  ace.  sg.,  913,  1732. 

hleoaror-cwTde,  st.  m.,  speech  of 
solemn  sound,  ceremonious  words, 
19S0. 

hleor,  St.  n.,  cheek,  ja-v  :  in  comp. 
fated-hleor  (adj.). 

hleor-bera,  w.  m.,  cheek-bearer,  Vne 
part  of  the  helmet  that  reaches 
down  over  the  cheek  and  protects 
it:  ace.  pl.oferhleor-beran  {visorl), 

304- 
hleor-bolster,  st.  m.,  cheek-bolster, 

pillow  :  nom.  sg.,  689. 

hlcotan,  st.  v.  vv.  ace,  to  obtain  by 
lot,  to  attain,  to  get :  pret.  sg.  feorh- 
wunde  hleat,  2386. 

hiifian,  w.  v.,  to  rise,  to  be  promi- 
nent: inf.  hiifian,  2806;  pret.  hli- 
fade,  81,  1800,  1899. 

hliaf,  St.  n.,  cliff,  precipice  of  a  moun- 
tain: dat.  sg.  on  hli^e,  3159;  gen. 
sg.  hli'Ses,  1893;  pi.  hli'Suin  com- 
position, stSn-hlitiu;  hleo^"uin  the 
compounds  fen-,  mist-,  nas-,  vvulf- 
hleoNu. 

hlin-bed(  Frisian  hlen-bed,  Richt- 
hofen  206^,  for  which  another 
text  has  cronk-bed),  St.  n.,  kM- 
v'l^iov,  bed  for  reclining,  sick-bed  : 
aec.  sg.  hlim-bed,  3035. 

lu-blidan,  st.  v.,  to  spring  apart,  to 
burst :  pret.  part.  nom.  pi.  to-hli- 
dene,  1000. 

hlud,  adj.,  loud :  aec.  sg.  dream  .  . . 
hlCldne,  89. 

hlyn,  St.  m.,  din,  noise,  clatter:  nom. 
sg.,  612. 

hlynnan,  hlynian,  w.  v.,  to  sound, 
to  resound :  inf.  hlynnan   (of  the 
voice),  2554;  of  fire,  to  crackle 
pret.  sg.  hlynode,  1121. 


GLOSSARY. 


253 


hlynsian,  w.  v.,  to  resound,  to  crash  : 
pret.  sg.  reced  hlynsode,  771. 

hlytm,  St.  m.,  /ot :  dat.  sg.  nas  ha  on 
hlytme,  hwS  hat  hord  strude,  it  did 
not  depend  upon  lot  'who  should 
plunder  the  hoard,  i.e.  its  posses- 
sion was  decided,  3127. 

huah,  adj. :  1)  low,  i7tferior  :  comp. 
ace.  sg.  hnagran,  678;  dat.  sg. 
hnShran  rince,  an  inferior  hero, 
one  less  brave,  953.  —  2)  famil- 
iarly intimate:  nom.  sg.  nas  hio 
hnah  swS.  Jjeah,  was  nevertheless 
not  familiarly  intimate  («ith  the 
Geatas,  i.e.  preserved  her  royal  dig- 
nity towards  them),  {niggardlyl) , 
1930. 

hiiR'gan,  w.  V.  w.  ace,  (for  naegan), 
to  speak  to,  to  greet :  pret.  sg.  hat 
he  hone  wisan  wordum  hnsgde 
frean  Ingwina,  1 31 9. 

ge-hnsegan,  w.  ace,  to  bend,  to 
humiliate,  to  strike  down,  to  fell : 
pret.  sg.  ge-hncegde  helle  gast, 
1275  5  ^^  hyne  Iletware  hilde 
gehncegdon,  2917. 

Iiiiitau,  St.  v.,  to  dash  against,  to 
encounter,  here  of  the  colhsion  of 
hostile  bands  :  pret.  pi.  honne  hni- 
ton  (hnitan)  feSan,  132S,  2545. 

bod'nia,  w.  m.,  place  of  concealment, 
cave,  hence,  the  grave  :  dat.  sg.  in 
ho'Sman,  2459. 

hof,  St.  n.,  enclosed  space,  court-yard, 
estate,  manor-house :  ace.  sg.  hof 
(Hro%ar's  residence),  312;  dat. 
sg.  to  hofe  sinum  (Grendel's  home 
in  the  sea),  150S;  to  hofe  (Hyge- 
lac's  residence),  1975  '■>  ^^^-  P'- 
beorhthofu,  2314;  dat.  pi.  to  hofum 
Geata,  1837. 

hogode.     See  hycgan. 

hold,  adj.,  inclined  to,  attached  to, 
gracious,  dear,  true  :  nom-.  sg.  w. 
dat.   of  the   person,   hold  weorod 


frean  Scyldinga,  a  band  well  dis- 
posed  to  the  lord  of  the  Scyldings, 
290;  mandrihtne  hold,  1230,  Hy- 
gelace  was  .  .  .  nefa  swySe  hold, 
to  //.  was  his  nepheza  (Beowulf) 
very  much  attached,  2171  ;  acc. 
sg.  hurh  holdne  h\gQ,  from  a  kindly 
feeling,  7vith  honorable  mind,  267; 
holdne  wine,  376;  holdne,  19S0; 
gen.  pi.  holdra,  487. 

hold.     See  hcaldan. 

holm,  St.  m.,  deep  sea  :  nom.sg.,  519, 
1 132,  2139;  acc.sg.,48,  633;  dat. 
sg.  holme,  543, 1436, 191 5  ;  acc.  pi. 
holmas,  240.  —  Comp.  wag-holm. 

holm-clif,  St.  n.,  sea-cliff :  dat.  sg. 
on  ham  holm-clife,  1422;  from  ham 
holmclife,  1636  ;  acc.  pi.  holm- 
clifu,  230. 

holm-wylm,  st.  m.,  the  waves  of  the 
sea  :  dat.  sg.  holm-wylme,  2412. 

holt,  St.  n.,  wood,  thicket,  forest . 
acc.  sg.  on  holt,  2599;  holt,  2847. 
—  Comp.  :  asc-,  fyrgen-,  gar-, 
Hrefnes-holt. 

\\.o\t-\vw(\\\, •A.  vn, forest-wood:  i)  of 
the  material :  nom.  sg.,  2341.  —  2) 
= forest :  acc.  sg.,  1370. 

hord,  St.  m.  and  n.,  hoard,  treasure  : 
nom.  sg.,  22S4,  30S5;  beaga  hord, 
2285;  ma'Sma  hord,  3012;  acc. 
sg.  hord,  913,  2213,  2320,  2510, 
2745.  2774,  2956,  3057  ;  sSwle 
hord,  2423;  hat  hord,  3127;  dat. 
sg.  of  horde,  1109;  for  horde,  on 
account  of  (the  robbing  of)  the 
hoard,  2782  ;  hteSnum  horde, 
2217;  gen.  sg.  hordes,  888. — 
Comp. :  beah-,  breost-,  word-,wyrm- 
hord. 

hord-arn,  st.  n.,  place  in  which  a 
treasure  is  kept,  treasure-room  : 
dat. hord- arne,  2832;  gen.pl.  hord- 
arna,  2280. 

hord-burh,  st.  f.,   city  in  which  i> 


254 


GLOSSARY. 


the  treasure  (  if  'W  kmg's),  ruber's 
castle  :  ace.  sg.,  467. 
hord-gestreon,  st.  n.,  hoard-treas- 
ure, precious  treasure :  dat.  pi. 
hord-gestrednam,  1900;  gen.  pi. 
magen-byr  Senne  hord  -  gestreona, 
the  great  burden  of  rich  treasures, 

3093- 

hord-miiffSuTn,  st.  m.,  treasure- 
jewel,  precious  jewel:  ace.  sg. 
(-madmum,  MS.),  1199. 

hord-wela,  w.  m.,  treasure-riches, 
abundance  of  treasures  :  ace.  sg. 
hord-welan,  2345. 

hord-'«'eard,  st.  m.,  warder  of  the 
treasure,  hoard-warden  :  l)  of  the 
king:  nom.  sg.,  1048;  ace.  sg., 
1853.  —  2)  of  the  drake  :  nom.  sg., 
2294,  2303,  2555,  2594. 

hord-^veorUung,  st.  f.,  ornament 
out  of  the  treasure,  rich  ornament  : 
arc.  sg.  -weorSunge,  953. 

hord-wyn,  st.  f.,  treasure-joy,  joy- 
giving  treasure :  ace.  sg.  hord- 
wynne,  2271. 

horn,  St. m.,  horn:  i)  upon  an  ani- 
mal :  instr.pl.  heorot  hornum  truni, 
1370.  —  2)  wind-instrument :  nom. 
sg.,  1424;  ace.  sg.,  2944. —  Comp. 
g<i5-horn. 

horn-boga,  w.  m.,  bow  made  of 
horn :  dat.  sg.  of  horn-bogan, 
2438. 

born-gedp,  adj.,  of  great  extent  be- 
tween the  (stag-) horns  adorning 
the  gables  (?)  :  nom.  sg.  sele  . .  . 
heah  and  horn-geap,  82. 

horn-reced,  st.  n.,  building  whose 
two  gables  are  crowned  by  the 
halves  of  a  stag's  antler(?)  :  ace. 
sg.,  705.  Cf.  Ileyne's  Treatise  on 
the  Hall,  Heorot,  p.  44. 

hors,  St.  n.,  horse  :  nom.  sg.,  1400. 

hOciht,  adj.,  provided  with  hooks, 
hooked :  in  comp.  heoro-hociht. 


be-liOfian,  w.  v.  w.  gen.,  to  need,  to 
want :  pres.  sg.  HI.  nu  is  se  dag 
cumen  ViX  (ire  man-dryhten  mage- 
nes  behofa'S  godra  gfl'Srinea,  now 
IS  the  day  come  when  our  lord 
needs  the  tnight  of  strong  warriors, 
2648. 

o  n  -  hOhsniau,  w.  v.,  to  hinder:  pret. 
sg.  I'iit  onhohsnode  Heminges  ma;g 
(on  hohsnod,  MS.),  1945. 

hOIinga,  adv.,  in  vain,  without  rec- 
son,  1077. 

be-hon,  st.  v.,  to  hang  with  :  pret. 
part,  helmum  behongen,  3140. 

hup,  St.  n.,  protected  place,  place  of 
refuge,  place  of  concealment,  in  the 
compounds  fen-,  mor-hop. 

hos  (Goth,  hansa),  st.  f.,  accompany- 
ing troop,  escort:  instr.'sg.  magSa 
hose,  with  an  accompanying  train 
of  servingwomen,  925. 

hraffe,  adv.,  hastily,  quickly,  imme- 
diately, 224,  741,  749,  1 391,  etc.; 
hra'Se,  1438;  hreSe,  992;  compar. 
hraiSor,  543. 

hran-fix,  st.  m.,  whale :  ace.  pi. 
hion-fixas,  540. 

hran-rad,  st.  f.,  whale-road,  i.e. 
sea:  dat.  sg.  ofer  hron-rade,  10. 

hra,  St.  n.,  corpse  :  nom.  sg.,  1589. 

hra-fyl,  st.  m.,  fall  of  corpses,  kill- 
ing, slaughter :  ace.  sg.,  277. 

hradlioe,  adv.,  hastily,  immediately, 

356,  9f>4- 

hrilfn,  hrofn,  st.  m.,  raven  :  nom. 
sg.  hrefn  blaca,  black  raven,  1802; 
se  wonna  hrefn,  the  dark  raven, 
3025  ;  dat.  sg.  hrefne,  2449. 

hriigl,  St.  n.,  dress,  garment,  armor : 
nom.  sg.,  1 196  ;  gen.  sg.,  hragles, 
1218;  gen.  pi.  hragla,  454-  — 
Comp. :  beado-,  fyrd-,  mere-hragl. 

hreffe.    See  hraffe. 

hreffer,  st.  m.,  breast,  bosom  ■  nom. 
sg.  hreSer  inne  wedll  (//  surg-d  ir, 


GLOSSARY. 


255 


his  breast),  21 14;  hre^er  gei^me 
we611,  2594  ;  dat.  sg.  in  hreeire, 
1 152;  of  hreSre,  2820.  —  Breast 
as  the  seat  of  feeling,  heart :  dat. 
sg.  ^at  was  .  .  .  hreSre  hygem^Se, 
that  was  depressing  to  the  heart  (of 
the  slayer,  HaeScyn),  2443  ;  on 
hreiSre,  1879,  2329;  gen.  pi.  Jjurh 
hrcSra  gehygd,  2046.  —  Breast  as 
seat  of  life :  instr.  sg.  hreSre, 
parallel  with  aldre,  1447. 

breffer-bealo,  st.  n.,  evil  that  takes 
hold  on  the  heart,  evil  severely  felt  : 
ace.  sg.,  1344. 

hrefn.     See  hrafn. 

hreij,  St.  f.,  glory;  in  composition, 
g&5-hr§5  ;  renown,  assurance  of 
victory,  in  sige-hrS'5. 

hreffe,  adj.,  renowned  in  battle  : 
num.  sg.  hreS  (on  account  uf  the 
following  at,  linal  e  is  elided,  as 
wenicforw^ne  ic,442;  frofor 
and  fultum  for  fro f re  and 
fultum,  699;  firen  ondrysne 
for  firene  ondr.,  1933),  2576. 

hreS'-sigor,  st.  m.,  glorious  victory  : 
dat.  sg.  hreS-sfgora,  2584. 

hreinig,  adj.,  boasting,  exulting: 
with  instr.  and  gen.  hdSe  hremig, 
124;  since  hrlmig,  1883;  fratwum 
hremig,  2055  ;  nom.  pi.  nealles 
netware  hrSmge  l?orfton  (sc.  we- 
san)  feSe-wiges,  2365. 

on-hreran,  w.  v.,  to  excite,  to  stir 
up :    pret.   part,   on-hrered,    549, 

2555- 
hrea-'wac,  st.  n.,  place  of  corpses  : 

ace.  sg.  Geata  leode  hreS-wic  heol- 

don,  held  the  place  of  corpses,  1 2 1 5 . 

hre^d,  st.  f.,  ornamental),  in  comp. 
earm-hread.     See  hreoiSan. 

hredm,  st.  m.,  noise,  alarm  :  nom. 

sg-,  1303- 
hreoiSa,  w.  m.,  cover,  in  the  com- 
pound bord-hre65a. 


hreoSfan,   g  e  -  tredUan,   st.  v.,  t* 

cover,  to  clothe ;  only  in  the  pret. 
part,  hroden,  gehroden,  drtssed, 
adorned:  hroden,  495,  1023;  J4 
was  heal  hroden  fe6nda  feorum, 
then  was  the  hall  cot>ered  with  the 
corpses  of  the  enemy,  1 152;  ge- 
hroden golde,  adorned  with  gold, 
304. — Comp. :  beag-,  gold-hroden. 

hreoh,  hreow,  hreo,  adj.,  excited, 
stormy,  wild,  angry,  raging;  sad, 
troubled:  nom.  sg.  (Beowulf) 
hreoh  and  heoro-grim,  1565;  }'al 
Jiam  godan  was  hreow  on  hreiSre, 
{that  came  with  violence  upon  him, 
pained  his  heart),  2329 ;  hreo 
wreron  ySa,  the  waves  were  angry, 
the  sea  stormy,  548 ;  nas  him  hreoh 
sefa,  his  mind  was  not  cruel, 
2181;  dat.  sg.  on  hreon  mode,  oj 
sad  heart,  130S;  on  hreoum  mode, 
angry  at  heart,  2582. 

hreoh-mod,  adj.,  of  sad  hear  1,212,2,' 
angry  at  heart,  2297. 

hreosan,  st.  v.,  to  fall,  to  sink,  to 
rush :  pret.  hreas,  2489,  2832 ; 
pret.  pi.  hruron,  1075;  hie  on  weg 
hruron,  they  rushed  away,  1431; 
hruron  him  tearas,  tears  burst  from 
him,  1873. 

he-hreosan,  to  fall  from,  to  be  di- 
vested of :  pret.  part.  ace.  pi.  fyrn- 
manna  fatu  . .  .  hyrstum  behrorene, 
divested  of  ornaments  (from  which 
the  ornaments  had  fallen  away), 
2760. 

hreow,  st.  f.,  distress,  sorrow  :  gen. 
pi.  J>at  was  HroSgare  hreowa  tor- 
nost,  that  zvas  to  Hrb^gdr  the  bit- 
terest of  his  sorrows,  2130. 

bring,  st.  m. :  i)  ring :  ace.  sg.  |>one 
hring,  1203;  hringgyldenne,  2S10; 
ace.  pi.  hringas,  1 196,  1971,  3035; 
gen.  pi.  I'.riiiga,  1 508,  ■I2ifb.—  2)shirt 
o/wd?7  (of  interlaced  rings)  :  nom 


256 


GLOSSARY. 


sg.  bring,  1 504;  byrnan  bring, 
2261.  —  Comp.  bSn-hring. 

hringan,  w.  v.,  to  give  forth  a  sound, 
to  ring,  to  ratlle  :  pret.  pi.  byrnan 
hringdon,  327. 

hrliig-boga,  w.  m.,  one  who  bettds 
himself  into  a  ring:  gen.sg.  hring- 
l)ogan  (of  the  drake,  bending  him- 
self into  a  circle),  2562. 

hringed,  pret.  part.,  made  of  rings  : 
nom.  sg.  hringed  byrne,  1246;  ace. 
sg.  bringde  byrnan,  2616. 

hriiiged-stefna,  w.  m.,  skip  whose 
stem  is  provided  with  iron  rings 
(cramp-irons),  especially  of  sea- 
going ships  (cf.  FriS-J'iofs  saga,  i  : 
Jwrsteinn  atti  skip  l>at  er  Ellidi  het, 
. . .  bor'Sit  war  spengt  iarni) :  nom. 
sg.,  32,  1898  ;  ace.  sg.  bringed- 
stefnan,  11 32. 

hring  ireii,  st.  n.,  ring-iron,  ring- 
in  a  il :  nom.  sg.,  322. 

hring-niael,  adj.,  marked -with  rings, 
i.e.  ornamented  with  rings,  or 
marked  with  characters  of  ring- 
form  :  nom.  ace.  sg.,  of  the  sword, 
1522,  I562(?);  nom.  pi.  heard 
and  hring-ma'I  Ileaiiobeaidna  ge- 
stre6n  (rich  armor'),  2038. 

hring-iiaca,  w.  m.,  ship  with  iron 
rittgs,  sea-going  ship :  nom.  sg., 
1863. 

hring-uet,  st.  n.,  ring-net,  i.e.  a  shirt 
of  interlaced  rings:  ace.  sg.,  2755; 
ace.  pi.  hring-net,  1890. 

hring-sele,  st.  m.,  ring-hall,  i.e.  ball 
in  which  are  rings,  or  in  which 
rings  are  bestowed :  aec.  sg.,  2S41 ; 
dat.  sg.,  201 1,  3054. 

h^iug-^veo^i5'u^g,  st.  f.,  ring-or- 
nament: ace.  sg.  -weor"5unge, 
3018. 

hrinan,  st.  v.  w.  dat.:  i)  to  touch, 
lay  hold  of:  inf.  hat  him  heardra 
a&n  brinan  wolde  iren  iergSd  {_that 


no  good  sword  of  valiant  men 
would  make  an  impression  on 
him),<)Z() ;  bim  for hrof-sele  brinan 
ne  mehte  frergripe  flodes  {the  sud- 
den grip  of  the  flood  might  not 
touch  him  owing  to  the  hall-roof), 
1 5 16;  j'St  J>am  hring-sele  brinan 
ne  moste  gumena  a;nig  {so  that 
none  might  touch  the  ringed-hall), 
3054;  pret.  sg.  siSiSan  he  hire  fol- 
mum  [brjdn  {ai,  soon  as  he  touched 
it  with  his  hands),  723  ;  65  \>%.\. 
deaSes  wylm  hrSn  at  beortan 
{seized  his  heart),  2271.  Pret. 
subj.  beah  |>e  him  wund  brine  (a/- 
though  he  was  wounded),  2977. — 
2)  (O.N.  brlna,  sonare,  clatnare), 
to  resound,  rustle :  pres.  part.  nom. 
pi.  hrinde  bearvvas  (for  hiinende) 
1364;    but  see  Note. 

hrodeii.     See  hre6i3'an. 

hron-fix.     See  hran-fix. 

hrOffor,  St.  m.,jo}',  beneficium  :  dat 
sg.  hrefne  to  hr6?!re,  2449;  gen 
pi.  hroNra,  2172. 

hrof,  St.  m.,  roof,  ceiling  of  a  house . 
nom.  sg.,  1000 ;  ace.  sg.  undei 
Heorotes  hrof,  403 ;  under  geapne 
hrof,  S^S,;  geseah  sleapne  brol 
(here  inner  roof,  ceiling),  927; 
so,  ofer  heahne  hrof,  984  ;  ymb 
J>as  belmes  hrof,  1031  ;  under 
beorges  hrof,  2756.  —  Comp.  inwit- 
brof. 

hrof-sele,  st.m.,  covered  hall:  dat. 
sg.  hrof-sele,  1516. 

hrOr,  adj.,  stirring,  wide-awake, 
valorous :  dat.  sg.  of  ham  br8ran, 
1630.  —  Comp.  fela-hror. 

hruron.     See  hreosan. 

hriise,  w.  f.,  earth,  soil :  nom.  sg., 
2248,  2559;  aec.  sg.  on  hrusan, 
773,  2832 ;  dat.  sg.  under  hrusan, 
2412. 

hrycg,  St.  m.,   back :   ace.  sg.  ofei 


GLOSSARY. 


257 


wlteres   hrycg    {over   the  water^s 
back,  surface),  471. 

hryre,  sX.xa.,faU,  destruction,  ruin  : 
acc.sg.,  3181 ;  dat.  sg.,  1681,  3006. 
—  Comp. :  le6d-,  wlg-hryre. 

hrysian,  w.  v.,  to  shake,  be  shaken, 
clatter:  pret.  pi.  syrcan  hrysedon 
{corselets  rattled,  of  men  in  mo- 
tion), 226. 

blind,  St.  m.,dog:  instr.  pi.  hundum, 
1369. 

bund,  num.,  hundred :  hreo  hund, 
2279;  w.  gen.  pi.  hund  missera, 
1499 ;  hund  hftsenda  landes  and 
locenra  beaga,  2995. 

hu,  adv.,  how,  quontodo,  3,  116,  279, 
738,  845,  2319,  2520,  2719,  etc. 

hfiij,  St.  f.,  booty,  plunder:  dat. 
(instr.)  sg.  hHiV,  124. 

Iiui-u,  adv.,  above  all,  certaittly,  369; 
indeed,  truly,  182,  670,  IO72,  I466, 
1945,  2837;  yet,  nevertheless,  Zby, 
no'cv,  31 21. 

bus,  St.  n.,  house :  gen.  sg.  hflses, 
116;  gen.  pi.  hClsa  selest  (Heorot), 
146,  285,  659,  936. 

hwan,  adv.,  whither :  to  hwan 
sy'S'San  wear'S  hondrses  halcSa 
{what  issue  the  hand-to-hand  Jight 
of  the  heroes  had),  2072. 

bwauan,  h\vanon,  adv.,  ichence : 
hwanan,  257,  2404;    hvvanon,  2,j2,- 

h^vA,interrog.  and  indef.  ^yron .,'iaho  : 
nom.  sg.  m.  hwa,  52,  2253,  3127; 
neut.  hwat,  1 73 ;  anes  hwat  {a  part 
only),  301 1;  hwat  \A  men  wseron 
{tvhothe  men  were),  233,  etc. ;  hwat 
syndon  ge  searo-habbendra  {what 
armed  men  are  ye?),  237;  acc.sg. 
m. wiiS  manna  hwone  {froin{l)  any 
man),  155 ;  neut.  Jiurh  hwat,  3069; 
hwat  wit  geo  sprnscon,  1477;  hwat 
.  .  .  h^n'So  (gen.),  faer-niSa  {what 
shame  and  sudden  woes),  474 ;  so, 
hwat  l^u  worn  fela  {how  very  vtttch 


thou),  530;  swylces  hwat,  881 ; 
hwat . . .  &rna,  1 187;  dat.  m.  hwSm^ 
1697.  —  Comp.  rcg-hwS. 

hwat,  interj.,  7^//ifl/.'  lo  !  indeea  !  i, 
943.  2249. 

ge-hwS,  w.  part,  gen.,  each,  each 
one :  ace.  sg.  m.  wiS  feonda  ge- 
hwone,  294;  ni5'a  gehwane,  2398; 
meca  gehwane,  2686;  gum-cynnes 
gehwone,  2766;  fem.  on  healfa 
gehwone,  801 ;  dat.  sg.  m.  dogora 
gehvvam,  88;  at  niSa  gehwam, 
883;  I'Cgna  gehwam,  2034;  eorla 
gehwcem,  1421 ;  fem.  m  meegSa  ge- 
hwffire,  25;  nihta  gehwam,  1366; 
gen.  sing.  m.  manna  gehwas,  2528; 
fem.  dxda  gehwas,  2839. 

hA^'ar.    See  h^vser. 

hwiider.     See  hwider. 

hwiiSer,  pron.,  which  of  ttvo  :  nom. 
sg.  hwaSer  .  .  .  uncer  twega,  2531 ; 
swa  hvvaSer,  utercunque  :  ace.  sg. 
on  swa  hwaSere  hond  svvd  him 
gemet  Hnce,  687.  —  Comp.  reg- 
hwaSer. 

g  e  -  h  w  a  S  e  r ,  each  of  two,  either - 
other  :  nom.  sg.  m.  was  gehwa'Ser 
oSrum  lifigende  ISS,  815;  was  .  .  . 
gehwaSer  oSrum  hro'Sra  gemyn- 
dig,  2172;  ne  gehwa'Ser  incer  {nor 
either  of  you  two),  584;  nom.  sg. 
neut.  gehwaSer  j^ira  {either  of 
them,  i.e.  ready  for  war  or  peace), 
1249;  dat.  sg.  hiora  gehwa'Srum, 
2995;  gen.  sg.  bega  gehwa'Sres, 
1044. 

h^^^aSer,  bwiiiSere,  h-walffre,  i) 
adv.,  yet,  nevertheless :  hwaiSre, 
555'  ^91.  1271,  2099,  2299,2378, 
etc. ;  hwa'Sre  swS.  J>eah,  however, 
not-withstanding,  2443 ;  hwa'Sere, 
574.  578,  971.  1719-  — 2)  conj., 
=  utrum,  whether  :  hwa'Sre,  1 31 5; 
hwaSer,  1357,  2786. 

h'wat,   adj.,    sharp,   bold,   valiant 


258 


GLOSSARY. 


noni.  sg.  se  secg  hwata,  3029;  rial, 
sg.  hwatum,  2162;  nom.  pi.  hwate, 
1602,  2053;  ace.  pi.  hwate,  2643, 
3006.  —  Comp. :   fyid-,  gold-hwat. 

hwiit.     See  hwa. 

hwaer,  adv.,  where :  elles  hwier, 
elsewhere,  138;  hwser,  somewhere, 
2030.  In  elliptical  question  :  wun- 
diir  hwar  l^onne  . .  .,  is  it  a  wonder 
when  . .  .?  3063.  —  Comp.  o-hwjer. 

ge-hwa'r,  everywhere :  |ieah  hu 
heaSo-rsesa  gehwaer  dohte  {^every- 
where good  in  battle),  526. 

hwelc.     See  hwjMc. 

hwcrgen,  adv.,  anywhere:  elles 
hwergen,  elseiohere,  2591. 

hwettau,  w.  v.,  to  encourage,  urge : 
pres.  subj.  sua  ))tn  sefa  hwette  {as 
thy  viind  urges,  as  thou  likesi), 
490;  pret.  pi.  hwetton  higerofne 
{tliey  whetted  the  brave  one),  204. 

h\vene,  adv.,<7  little, paidtdiim,  2700. 

hwealf,  St.  f.,  vault:  ace.  sg.  under 
heofones  hwealf,  576,  20 1 6. 

liAveorfan,  st.  v.,  to  stride  deliber- 
ately, turn,  depart,  move,  die : 
pies.  pi.  lara  he  cwice  hwyrfa^, 
98;  inf.  hwilum  he  on  lufan  las- 
te"5  hvvorfan  monnes  mod-ge^onc 
{sometimes  on  love  (?)  posses- 
sions (?)  permits  the  thoughts  of 
man  to  turn),  1729;  londrihtes 
mot  .  .  .  monna  aeghwylc  idel 
hweorfan  {of  rights  of  land  each 
one  of  men  must  be  deprived), 
2889;  pret.  sg.  fader  ellor  hwearf 
...  of  earde  {died),  55;  hwearf 
hS  hradltce  Jjser  HroSgir  sat,  356; 
hwearf  )'S  bl  bence  {turned thett  to 
the  bench),  1 189;  so,  hwearf  )'a  be 
wealle,  1574;  hwearf  geond  bat 
reeed,  1982;  hloew  oft  ymbe  hwearf 
{went  oft  round  the  cave),  2297; 
nalles  after  lyfte  IScende  Kwearf 
(not  at  all  thrcugh  the  air  did  he 


go  springing),  2833;  suLj.  pret.  sg, 
XX  he  on  weg  hwurfe  ...  of  gear- 
dum  {died),  264. 

and-hweorfan,  to  move  against : 
pret.  sg.  oi^  I'jit  .  .  .  norlSan  wind 
hea"5o-grim  and-hwearf  {till  the 
fierce  north  wind  blew  in  our 
faces),  548. 

at-hweorfan,  to  go  to:  pret.  sg. 
hwilum  he  on  beorh  at-hwearf  {at 
times  retur7ted  to  the  mountain), 
2300. 

ge-hweorfan,  to  go,  come:  pret. 
sg.  gehwearf  )'S  in  Francna  fa'Sm 
feorh  cyninges,  1211;  hit  on  seht 
gehweaif .  .  .  Denigea  frean,  1680; 
so,  1685,  2209. 

geond -hweorfan,  to  go  through 
from  end  to  end:  pres.  sg.  flet 
eall  geond-hwearf,  2018. 

h%vider,  adv.,  whither  :  hwyder,  1 63 ; 
hwader  (hwaSer,  MS.),  1332. 

h\^•il,  St.  f.,  time,  space  of  time  :  nom. 
sg.  was  seo  hwil  mieel  (//  was  a 
longtime),  146;  I'd  was  hwil  dages 
{the  space  of  a  day),  1496;  ace.  sg. 
hwile,  for  a  time,  2138;  a  while, 
105,  152;  lange  (longe)  hwile,  a 
long  while,  16,  2781;  Sne  hwile, 
a  ivhile,  1763;  lytle  hwile,  brie/ 
space,  2031,  209S;  L^:nige  hwile, 
any  while,  2549;  lassan  hwile,  a 
lesser  while,  2572;  dat.  sg.  asr  da- 
ges hwile,  before  daybreak,  2321; 
dat.  pi.  nihtes  hwilum,  sometimes 
at  night,  3045.  Adv.,  sometimes, 
often  :  hwtlum,  175,496,  917, 1729, 
1829,  2017,  21 12,  etc.;  hwilum  . .  . 
hwilum, 210S-9-10. — Comp.:  dag-, 
gescap-,  orleg-,  sige-hwil. 

hwit,  adj.,  brilliant,  flashing :  nom. 
sg.  se  hwita  helm,  1449. 

hworfan.     See  hweorfan. 

hwOpan,  st.  v.,  to  cry,  cry  out 
mourn :  pret.  sg.  hwedp,  2269. 


GLOSSARY. 


25^ 


hTvyder.     See  hT«1der. 

hwylc,  pron.,  which,  what,  any  .■  i) 
adj. :  nom.  sg.  m.  scea^'a  ic  nit 
hwylc,  274;  fern.  h\\7lc  orleghwtl, 
2003;  nom.  pi.  hwylce  Sregeata 
siiNas  vvaeron,  1987. —  2)  subst.,  w. 
gen.  pi.  nom.  m. :  Frisna  hwylc, 
1 105 ;  fern,  efne  swS  hwylc  magSa 
sua  t'one  magan  cende  {jiokatever 
womati  brought  forth  this  son),  944 ; 
neut.  J>onne  his  bearna  hwylc 
{than  any  one  of  his  sons),  2434; 
dat.  sg.  efne  swS  hwylcum  manna 
swa  him  geniet  hfihte,  305S.  — 
Comp. :  asg-,  nat-,  wel-hwylc. 

g  e  -  h  w  y  1  c ,  g  e  -  h  w  i  1  c ,  g  e  -  h  w  e  1  c , 
w.  gen.  pi.,  each  :  nom.  sg.  m.  ge- 
hwylc,  9S6,  1 167,  1674;  ace.  sg.  m. 
gehwylcne,  937,  2251,  2517;  ge- 
hwelcne,  148;  fem.  gehwylce, 
1706;  neut.  gehwylc,  2609;  instr. 
sg.  dogra  gehwylce,  1091 ;  so,  2058, 
2451 ;  dat.  sg.  m.  gehwylcum,  412, 
769,  785,  etc.;  fem.  ecga  gehwyl- 
cre,  806;  neut.  cynna  gehwylcum, 
98;  gen.  sg.  m.  and  neut.  gehwyl- 
ces,  733,  1397,  2095. 

Iiwyrft,  St.  m.,  circling  movement, 
turn:  dat. pi. adv.  hwyrftum  scruNa  5 
{wander  to  and  fro),  163. —  Comp. 
ed-hwyrft. 

hycgan,  w.  v.,  to  think,  resolve  upon  : 
pret.  sg.  ic  I'at  hogodr.  l>at  .  .  .  {my 
intention  7vas  that  .  .  .),  633. — 
Comp.  w.pres. part. :  bealo-,  heard-, 
swtS-,  Jjanc-,  wis-hycgend. 

f  o r  -  h y  c  ga n ,  ^  despise,  scorn,  reject 
with  contempt :  pres.  sg.  I.  ic  \>dX 
l^onne  for-hicge  hat . .  .,  reject  with 
scorn  the  proposition  that .  .  .,435. 

ge-hycgan,  to  think,  determine 
upon  :  pret.  sg.  \A  \>\\ .  .  .  feorr  ge- 
hogodest  sacce  secean,  1989. 

ofer-hycgan,  to  scortt :  pret.  sg. 
ofer-hogode  hS  hringa  fengel  hat  he 


hone  widfiogan  weorode  gesfihte 
{scorned  to  seek  the  wide-Jiier  with 
a  host),  2346. 

hydig  (for  hygdig),  adj.,  thinking, 
of  a  certain  mind :  comp.  3n-, 
bealo-,  grom-,  ni5-,  hrist-hydig. 

ge-hygd,  st.  n.,  thought,  sentiment : 
ace.  sg.  hurh  hretSra  gehygd,  2046. 

—  Comp. :  breost-,  mod-gehygd, 
won-hyd. 

hyge,  hige,  st.  m.,  mind,  Iwart, 
thought:  nom.  sg.  hyge,  756;  hige, 
594;  ace.  sg.  huih  holdne  hige, 
267;  gen.  sg.  higes,  2046;  dat.pl. 
higum,  3149. 

hyge-bend,  st.  m.  f.,  mind-fetter, 
heart-band :  instr.  pi.  hyge-bendum 
fast,  fast  in  his  mind''s  fetters, 
secretly,  1879. 

hyge-geOnior,  adj.,  sad  in  mind : 
nom.  sg.  hyge-giomor,  2409. 

hyge-meffo,  adj.:  i)  sorrowful, 
soul-crushing:  nom.  sg.,  2443.  — 
2)  life-zveary,  dead  :  dat.  pi.  hyge- 
mefium  (-niK'cium,  MS.),  2910. 

hyge-rof,  adj.,  brave,  valiant,  vig 
orous-minded  :  nom.  sg.  [hygerof], 
403;    ace.  sg.  hige-rofne,  204. 

liygP-sorh,  St.  f.,  heart-sorrow :  gen. 
pi.  -sorga,  2329. 

hyge-Jjyht ig,  adj.,  doughty, courage- 
ous :  ace.  sg.  hige-J'ihtigne  (of 
Beowulf),  747.     See  J>yhtig. 

hyge-Jjryin,  st.  m.,  animi  majestas, 
high-mindedness  :  dat.  pi.  for  hig?- 
kymmum,  339. 

hyht,  St.  m.,  thought,  pleasant  thought, 
hope  (Dietrich)  :  nom.  sg.,  179. 

ge-liyld  (see  healdan),  st.  n.,  jm/- 
port,  protection  :    nom.  sg.,  3057 

—  Leo. 

liyldan,  w.  v.,  to  incline  one\  selj^ 
lie  down  to  sleep  :  pret.  sg.  hylde 
hine,  inclined  himself,  lay  down, 
689.       - 


260 


GLOSSARY. 


hyldo,  St.  f.,  inclination,  friendli- 
ness, grace :  ace.  sg.  hyldo,  206S, 
2294;  gen.  sg.  hyldo,  671,  2999. 

3 - hyrdan,  w.  v.,  harden :  pret.  pait. 
S-hyrded,  1461. 

hyrde.     See  hirde. 

hyrst,  St.  f.,  accoutrements,  orua- 
luent,  armor  :  ace.  sg.  hyrste  (On- 
genheow's  eqznpments  and  arms^, 
29S9;  ace.  pi.  hyrsta,  3166;  instr. 
pi.  hyrstum,  2763. 

hyrstan,  w.  v.,  to  deck,  adorn  :  pret. 
part,  hyrsted  sweord,  673;  helm 
[hyrjsted  golde,  2256. 

Iiyrtan,  w.  v.,  to  take  heart,  be  em- 
boldened:  pret.sg.  hyrte  hyne  hord- 
weard  {the  drake  took  heart ;  see 
2566,  2568,  2570),  2594. 

\\y?,^y^\..m.,  youth, young  man  :  nom. 
sg.  as  voc.,  1 21 8. 

hyt.     See  hit. 

hydan,  w.  v.,  to  hide,  conceal,  pro- 
tect, preserve:  pres.  subj.  h^de 
[hine,  himself  "\  se  be  vvylle,  2767; 
inf.  vv.  ace.  no  lu  minne  bearft  ha- 
falan  h^dan,  446;  rer  he  in  wille 
hafelan  [h^dan]  {ere  in  it  he  [the 
stag]  will  hide  his  head'),  1373. 

ge- hydan,  w.  ace,  to  conceal,  pre- 
serve :  pret.  sg.  geh^dde,  2236, 
3060. 

h5"3',  St.  f.,  haven  :  dat.  sg.  at  h^i'Se, 

32. 
hjff-weard,  st.  m.,  haven-warden  : 

nom.  sg.,  1915. 
hS'nan  (see  he^n),  w.  v.  \v.  ace,  to 

crush,    afflict,    injure :   pret.    sg. 

h5*nde,  2320. 
h^'ntTa,  st.  f.,  oppression,  affliction, 

injury :  ace.  sg.  hJ>nSii,  277;  gen. 

sg.  huat  .  .  .  hJ'nSo,  475 ;    fela  .  .  . 

h^n^o,  594;   gen.  pi.  heardra  hyn- 

<5a,  166. 
h^^ran,  w.  v.:   l)  to  hear,  perceive, 

learn  :  aj  w.  inf.  or  ace.  with  inf. : 


I.  pret.  sg.  h^Tde  ic,  38,  582,  1347, 
1843,  2024;  III.  sg.  bat  he  fram 
Sigemunde  secgan  h^rde,  876;  I. 
pi.  swS  we  soSlice  secgan  harden, 
273.  b)  w.  ace:  naenigne  ic  .  .  . 
selran  h^rde  hordmSSSum  {/heard 
of  no  better  hoard-jeivel),  1 198. 
c)  w.  dependent  clause:  I.sg. pret. 
h^rde  ic  bat  .  .  .,  62,  2164,  2173. — 
2)  vv.  dat.  of  person,  to  obey  :  inf. 
6i^  I  at  himreghwilc  bara  ymbsitten- 
dra  h^ran  scolde,  lO;  h^ran  heaSo- 
siocum,  2755;  pret.  pi.  bat  him 
winemSgas  georne  h^rdon,  66. 
ge-h^ran,  to  hear,  learn:  a)  w. 
acc. :  II.  pers.  sg.  pres.  mtnne  ge- 
h^ralS  Snfealdne  geboht,  255;  III. 
sg.  pret.  gehy^rde  on  Beowulfe  fast- 
rcedne  geboht,  610.  b)  w.  acc.  and 
inf. :  III.  pi.  pret.  geh^rdon,  7S6. 
c)  vv.  depend,  clause :  I.  pres.  sg. 
ic  bat  geh^re  bat  .  .  .,  290. 


Ic,  pers.  pron.  /.•  acc.  mec,  dat.  me, 
gen.min;  dual  nom.vvit,  ace.uncit, 
unc,  dat.  unc,  gen.  uncer;  pi.  nom. 
we,  acc.  fisic,  fis,  dat.  fls,  gen.  flser. 
ic  omitted  before  the  verl),  470. 

icge,  gold  (perhaps  related  to  Sans- 
krit i?,  =  dominaie,  imperare, 
0.1 1. G.  eht,  wealth,  opes),  treas- 
ure}, s-u<ord  {edge.)  ?,  1 108. — K(5r- 
NER. 

ides,  St.  f.,  woman,  lady,  queen : 
nom.  sg.,  621,  1076,  iu8,  1169; 
dat.  sg.  idese,  1650,  1942.  Also 
of  Giendel's  mother  :  ncm.  sg., 
1260;   gen.  sg.  idese,  1352. 

in.     See  inn. 

in:  I.  prep.  vv.  dat.  and  acc. :  i)  w. 
dat.  (local,  indicating  rest),  in  :  in 
geardum,  13,  2460;  in  bam  g(l"5- 
sele,  443;  in  beorsele,  2636;  so, 
89,  482,  589,  696,  729,  2140,  2233, 


GLOSSARY. 


261 


etc.;  in  ma.'gtSa  gehwaere,  25  ;  in 
b^strum,  87;  in  Caines  cynne,  107; 
in  hyra  gryregeatvvum  {in  their  ac- 
coutrements of  terror,  war-ioeeds), 
324;  so,  395;  m  C2im^e  {in  battle) , 
2506  ;  hiora  in  anum  {in  one  of 
them),  2600.  Prep,  postpositive: 
Scedelandum  in,  19.  Also,  on, 
upon,  like  on  :  in  ealo-bence, 
1030;  in  gumstole,  1953;  in  l^am 
wongstede  {on  the  grassy  plain, 
the  battle-field),  2-j^-];  in  ba^lstede, 
3098.  Temporal :  in  gear-dagum, 
I.  —  2)  w,  ace.  (local,  indicating 
motion), ?'«,  into:  in  woruld,  60 ;  in 
fyres  fa  5m,  185;  so,  1211;  in 
Ilrefnesholt,  2936.  Temporal,  in, 
at,  about,  tozvard :  in  J4  tide  (in 
watide,  MS.),  2228. 

II.  adv.,  in  (here  or  there),  386, 
1038,  1372,  1503,  1645,  2153,  2191, 
2228;    inn,  3091. 

Incge,  adj.  (perhaps  related  to  icge), 
instr.  sg.  incge  ISfe  {zvith  the  costly 
sword'i  or  'with  mighty  swordl), 
2578. —  \_Edge  :  incge  life,  edge 
of  the  sword.  —  K.  Korner?] 

in-frod,  adj.,  7'ery  aged :  nom.  sg., 
2450;   dat.  sg.  in-frodum,  1875. 

in-gaug,  St.  m.,  entrance,  access  to  : 
ace.  Sg.,  1550. 

In-genga,  %v.  m.,  in-goer,  visitor: 
nom.  sg.,  of  Grendel,  1777. 

In-gesteald,  st.  m.,  house-property, 
possessions  in  the  house  :  ace.  sg., 
1 1 56. 

Inn,  St.  n.,  apartment,  house  :  nom. 
sg.  in,  1 301. 

innan,  adv.,  within,  inside,  775, 
ioi8,  2413,  2720;  on  innan  {tji 
the  interior),  within,  1 741,  2716; 
beer  on  innan  {in  there),  71;  bur- 
gmn  on  innan  {zvithin  his  city), 
1969.  Also,  therein :  \>xt  on  in- 
nan, 2090,  2215,  2245. 


innan-weard,  adv.,  inwaids,  in- 
side, within,  992,  1977  ;  inne- 
weard,  999. 

inue,  adv.:  i)  inside,  within,  b^'^, 
1282,1571,2114,3060;  wordinne 
ahead  {called,  sent  word,  in,  i.e. 
standing  in  the  hall  door),  390; 
in  it  (i.e.  the  battle),  1142;  baer 
inne  {therein),  1 18,  1618,  21 16, 
2227,  3088.  —  2)  =  insuper,  still 
further,  besides, ■1^6']. 

in^vit,  st.  n.,  evil,  mischief,  spite, 
cunning  hostility,  as  in 

iiiw'it-feng,  st.  m.,  malicious  grasp, 
grasp  of  a  cunning  foe  :  nom.  sg., 
1448. 

inwit-giist,  st.  m.,  evil  guest,  hostile 
stranger  :  nom.  sg.,  2671. 

inAvit-hrOf,  st.  m.,  hostile  roof,  hid- 
ing-place of  a  cunning  foe  I  ace.  sg. 
under  inwit-hrof,  3124. 

inAvit-net,  st.  n.,  mischief-net,  cun- 
ning snare  :  ace.  sg.,  2168. 

inwit-niU,  st.  n.,  cunning  hostility, 
hostile  contest:  nom.  pi.  inwit- 
ni"5as  {hostility  through  secret  at- 
tack), 1859;  gen.  pi.  inwit-nitia, 
1948. 

inwnt-scear,  st.  m.,  massacre  through 
cunning,  murderous  attack  :  ace. 
sg.  eatolne  invvit-scear,  2479. 

inwit-searo,  st.  n.,  cunning,  artful 
intrigue  :  ace.  sg.  ^urh  inwit-searo, 
1102.     See  searo. 

inwit-sorh,  st.  f.,  grief,  remorse, 
mourning  springing  froin  hostile 
cunning:  nom.  sg.,  1737;  ace.  sg. 
inwid-sorge,  832. 

inwit-Jjanc,  adj.,  ill-disposed,  mali- 
cious :  dat.  sg.  he  onfeng  hra^e 
inwit-bancum  {he  quickly  grasped 
the  cunning-in-mind  [Grendel]), 

749- 
irnan(for  rinnan),  st.  v.,  to  run  ;  so 

be-irnan,  /o  ♦'»/'•  »t>  '0,  occur :  pret 


262 


GLOSSARY. 


sg  him  on  mod  he-am  {came  into 

his  mind),  67. 
on-irnan,  to  open:  pret.  sg.  duru 

sSna  onarn,  722. 
Irre-niOd,  adj.     See  yrre-mOcl. 


idcl,  adj.,  empty,  bare  ;  deprived  of  : 

nom.  sg.,  145,413;   w.  gen.  lond- 

rihtes    boere   maegburge   Idel    {de- 

privedofhis  land-possessions  among 

the  people  [of  the  Geatas]),  2SS9. 
!(lel-hende,     adj.,     empty  -  handed, 

2082. 
iren,  st.  n.,  iron,  rword :  nom.  sg. 

drihtlic  iren  {the  doughty,   lordly 

siuord),  893;    iren   ajr-gud,  990; 

ace.  sg.  leoflic  iren,  1810;  gen.  pi. 

Irena  cyst  {choicest  of  swords'),  674; 

trenna    cyst,    803;     irenna    ecge 

{edges  of  swords),  2684. 
iren,   adj.,   of  iron :   nom.  sg.  ecg 

was  iren,  1460. 
fren-bend,  st.  f.,  iron  band,  bond, 

rivet :  instr.  pi.  iren-bendum  fast 

(bold),  775,  999. 
freii-byrne,  w.  f.,  iron  corselet :  ace. 

sg.  lien-byrnan,  2987.    See  Isern- 

byrne. 
fren-heard,    adj.,    hard  as   iron  : 

num.  sg.,  1 1 13. 
ircniie,  adj.,  of  iron  :  in  comp.  eall- 

irenne. 
!ren-J>rc^t,  st.  m.,  iron  troop,  ar- 
mored band  :  nom.  sg.,  330. 
Ss,  St.  n.,  ice :  dat.  sg.  ise,  1609. 
isern-byrne,    w.    f.,   iron  corselet  : 

ace.   sg.    isern-byrnan,    672.     See 

ireii-byrne. 
Isern-sciir,  st.  f.,  iron  shower, shower 

of  arrows  :   gen.  sg.  I'one  he  oft 

gebad  isern-scflre,  31 17. 
Is-gebind,  st.  n.,  fetters  of  ice :  instr. 

sg.  is-gebinde,  1134. 


isig,  adj.,  shining,  brilliant  (like 
brass)  :  nom.  sg.  isig  (said  of  a 
vessel  covered  with  plates(?)  of 
metal),  ^^.  —  Leo. 

10    lU 

ifi.     See  geo. 

i<i-nian.     See  geo-man. 

io-iiieowle.    See  ge6-ine6wle. 


laffu,  St.  f.,  invitation.  —  Comp. : 
freond-,  neod-laSu. 

ge-lafian,  w.  v.  w.  ace.  pers.  and 
instr.  of  the  thing,  to  refrrsh,  lave  : 
pret.  sg.  wine-dryhten  his  watere 
gelafede,  2723. 

\i\^^\\, •A.m. Jake, sea :  nom.sg.,  1631. 

lagu-oriiftig,  adj.,  acquainted  with 
the  sea  :  nom.  sg.  lagu-craftig  inon 
{pilot),  209. 

lagii-strset,  st.  f.,  path  over  the  sea  : 
ace.  sg.  ofer  lagu-stnete,  239. 

lagu-streAiu,  st.  m.,  sea-current, 
flood :  ace.  pi.  ofer  lagu-streamas, 
297. 

land,  St.  n.,  land:  nom.  sg.  lond, 
2198;  ace.  sg.  land,  221,  2063; 
lond,  2472,  2493;  land  Dena,  242, 
253;  lond  Brondinga,  521 ;  Finna 
land,  5S0;  dat.  sg.  on  lande  {in 
the  latid),  231 1,  2837;  at,  near, 
land,  shore,  1914;  to  lande  {to  the 
land,ashore),  1624;  gen.sg.landes, 
2996 ;  gen.  pi.  ofer  landa  fela 
{over  much  country,  space;  afar), 
311.  —  Comp. :  el-,  ea-land. 

land-bfiend,  part,  pres.,  terricola, 
inhabitant  of  the  land :  nom.  pi. 
lond-bflend,  1346;  dat.  pi.  land- 
bfiendum,  95. 

land-f  ruinii,  w.  m.,  ruler,  prince  o/ 
t/te  country  :  nom.  sg.,  31. 


GLOSSARY. 


263 


land-gemyrcu,  st.  n.  pi.,  frontier, 
laud-mark  :  ace.  pi.,  209. 

land-geweorc,  st.  n.,  land-work, 
fortified  place  :  ace.  sg.  leoda  land- 
geweorc,  939.  See  weorc,  ge- 
weorc. 

land-riht,  st.  n.,  prerogatives  based 
upon  land-possessions,  right  to  pos- 
sess land,  hence  real  estate  itself: 
gen.  sg.  lond-rihtes  idel,  2887. 

land-warn,  st.  f.,  inhabitants,  pop u- 
lation  :  ace.  pi.  land-wara,  2322. 

land-weard,  st.  m.,  guard,  guar- 
dian of  the  frontier  :  nom.  sg., 
1891. 

lang,  long,  adj.,  long :  i )  temporal : 
nom.  sg.  to  lang,  2094 ;  nas  l^a 
long  (lang)  to  I'on  {not  long  after), 
2592,  2846 ;  ace.  sg.  lange  hwile 
{for  a  long  time),  16,  2160,  2781 ; 
longe  (lange)  }nage,  54,  1 14, 1258; 
lange  tid,  19 16.  Compar.  nom. 
sg.  lengra  fyrst,  134. — 2)  local, 
nom.  sg.  se  was  fiftiges  fotge- 
mearces  lang,  3044. — Comp. :  and-, 
morgen-,  niht-,  up-lang. 

lange,  longe,  adv.,  long:  lange, 
31,  1995,  2131,  2345,  2424;  longe, 
1062,  2752,  3109  ;  to  lange  {too 
long,  excessively  long),  906,  1337, 
1749.  Compar.^  leng,  451,  1855, 
2802,  3065  ;  no  ^y  leng  {none 
the  longer),  975.  Superl.  lengest 
{longest),  2009,  2239. 

ge-lang,  adj.,  extending,  reaching 
to  something  or  somebody,  hence 
ready,  prepared :  nii  is  raed  gelang 
eft  at  t^e  Snum  {noi)  is  help  \coun- 
sel^  at  hand  in  thee  alone),  1377; 
gen  is  call  at  J>e  lissa  gelong  {all 
of  favor  is  still  on  thee  dependent, 
is  thine),  215 1.     See  ge-lenge. 

lang-ge-streon,  st.  n.,  long-lasting 
treasure  :  gen.  pi.  long-gestreona, 
2241. —  Leo. 


langian,  w.  v.,  reflex,  w.  dat.,  to  long, 
yearn  :  pres.  sg.  III.  him  .  .  .  afler 
deorum  men  dyrne  langaS  beorn 
{the  hero  longeth  secretly  after  the 
dear  man),  1880. 

lang-sum,  adj.,  lotig-lasting,  con- 
tinuing: nom.  sg.  longsum,  134, 
192,   1723  ;    ace.  sg.   long-sumne, 

1537- 

lang-twidig,  adj.,  long-granted, 
assured :  nom.  sg.,  1709. 

lata,  w.  m.,  a  lazy,  cowardly  one  ; 
in  comp.  hild-lata. 

la,  interj.,  jj/f^.'  indeed!  1701,2865.   , 

lac,  St.  n. :  l)  vieasured  movement, 
play  :  in  comp.  beadu-,  hea^'o-lSc. 
—  2)  gift,  offering:  ace.  pi.  lac, 
1864  ;  la^ilicll  lac  {loathly  offer- 
ing, prey),  1585;  dat.  pi.  lacum, 
43,  1869.  —  Comp.  sae-lSc. 

ge-lac,  St.  n.,  sport,  play  :  ace.  pi. 
sweorda  gelac  {battle),  1041 ;  dat. 
pi.  at  ecga  gelScum,  11 69. 

lacan,  st.  v.,  to  move  in  measured 
time,  dancing,  playing,  fighting, 
flying,  etc.:  inf.  dareSum  lacan 
{fight),  2849;  part.  pres.  after  lyfte 
lacende  {flying  through  the  air), 
2833. 

f  o  r  - 1  a  c  a  n ,  /o  deceive,  betray  :  part, 
pret.  he  wearS  on  feonda  geweald 
forts  forlScen  {deceitfully  betrayed 
into  the  enemy'' s  hands),  904. 

lad,  St.  f.,  street,  -way,  journey  :  dat. 
sg.  on  lade,  1988;  gen.  sg.  lade, 
569.  —  Comp. :  brim-,  sae-lad. 

g e  - 1  a  d ,  St.  n.,  way,  path,  road :  ace. 
Sg.  unc(i^  gelad,  141 1. 

laU,  adj.,  loathly,  evil,  hateful,  hos- 
tile :  nom.  sg.  laS,  816;  1^3  lyft- 
floga,  2316;  laS  (fw^wr),  440;  ne 
leof  ne  laS,  511;  neut.  laS,  134, 
192;  in  weak  form,  se  laSa  (of  the 
dragon),  2306 ;  ace.  sg.  laSne 
(wyrm);   3041  ;     dat.   sg.    mSum, 


264 


GLOSSARY. 


440,  1258;  gen.  sg.  l&'Ses  (of  the 
enemy),  842  ;  fela  ISSes  {tm<ch 
evil)f  930;  so,  1062;  ISSan  liges, 
83  ;  laSan  cynnes,  2009,  2355  ; 
bas  Id^an  (of  the  enemy),  132  ; 
ace.  pi.  neut.  ISS  gewi'Sru  {liatefid 
storms),  1376;  dat.  instr.  pi.  wiS 
ISSum,  550  ;  laSum  scuccum  and 
scynnum,939;  laSumdcedum  {with 
evil  deeds),  2468;  ISSan  lingruni, 
1506;  gen.  pi.  ISi'ra  manna,  spella, 
2673,  3030  ;  laSra  {the  enemy), 
242.  Compar.  nom.  sg.  ISSra  .  .  . 
beorn,  2433. 

laij-bite,  st.  m.,  hostile  bite:  dat.  sg. 
Ia5-bite  lices  {^the  body's  hostile 
bite  =  the  wound),  1 123. 

iaSj-jjfeteona,  w.  m.,  evil-doer,  in- 
jurer :  nom.  sg.,  975;  nom.  pi. 
la'S-geleonan,  559. 

laff-lic,  adj.,  loathly,  hostile  :  ace.  pi. 
la-S-licu,  15S5. 

liif,  St.  f. :  i)  what  is  left,  relic ;  in- 
heritance, heritage,  legacy:  nom. 
sg.  HreSlan  laf  (Beowulf's  corse- 
let), 454;  nom.  pi.  fela  lafe  {the 
Icavifjgs  of  files  =  swords,  Grain), 
IC33;  so,  homera  Idfe,  2830 ;  on 
him  gladia'5  gomelra  lafe,  heard 
and  hringmael  HeaSobeardna  ge- 
streon  {on  him  gleatns  the  fore- 
father's bequest,  hard  and  riiig- 
decked,  the  Ilea^obeardas'  treasure, 
i.e.  the  equipments  taken  from  the 
slain  king  of  the  HeaSobeardas), 
2037;  ace.  sg.  sweorda  lafe  {leav- 
ings of  the  sword,  i.e.  those  spared 
by  the  sword),  2937. —  2)  the  sword 
as  a  specially  precious  heir-loom  : 
nom.  sg.,  2629;  ace.  sg.  lafe,  796, 
1489,  1689,  2192,  2564;  instr.  sg. 
incge  lafe,  2578.  —  Comp. :  ende-, 
eormen-,  wea-,  yrfe-,  ^S-laf. 

lAr,  St.  f.,  lore,  instruction,  prescrip- 
tion :  dat.  Sg.  be  fader  ISre,  1951; 


gen.  pl.  ISra,  1 221 ;  Idrena,  269.  — 

Comp.  freond-lar. 

last,  St.  m.,  footstep,  track  :  ace.  sg. 
last,  132,  972,  2165;  on  last  {on 
the  traces  of,  behind),  2946;  nom. 
pl.  lastas,  1403;  aec.  pl.  listas, 
842.  —  Comp. :  f5c?e-,  feorh-,  fot-, 
vvrac-last. 

liiger.     See  leger. 

liiger-bed,  st.  n.,  bed  to  lie  on  :  instr, 
sg.  leger-bedde,  1008. 

las,  adj.,  less,  1947;  \>^  las  {the 
less),  487;  conjunct,  that  not,  lest, 
1919. 

lassa,  adj.,  less,  fewer :  nom.  sg. 
lassa,  1283;  ace.  sg.  m.  lassan,  43; 
fern.  lassan  hvvile,  2572;  dat.  sg. 
for  lassan  {for  less,  smaller),  952. 
Superl.  nom.  sg.  no  )'at  lasest  was 
hond-gemot[a],  2355. 

IJit,  adj.,  negligent,  neglectful;  w. 
gen.:  nom.  sg.  elnes  lat,  1530. 

Isedau,  w.  v.  w.  ace. :  to  lead,  guide, 
bring:  inf.  Icedan,  239;  pret.  pl. 
Ixddon,  1 1 60. 

f  o  r  - 1  aid  a  n ,  ^  mislead:  pret.  pl.  for- 
la-ddan,  2440(7). 

ge-l£edan,/'c7 lead,  bring:  part.  pret. 
ge-iaaded,  37. 

laefan,  w.  v. :  \),to  bequeathe,  leave  : 
ill  I  per.  sg.  bin  urn  magum  la;f  folc 
and  rice,  11 79;  pret.  sg.  eaferum 
liL'fde  . . .  lond  and  leodbyrig,  2471. 
—  2)  spare,  leave  behind :  Sht 
cwices  Isefan  {to  spare  aught  liv- 
ing), 2316. 

laen-dagas,  st.  m.  pl.,  loan-days, 
transitory  days  (of  earthly  exist- 
ence as  contrasted  with  the  heav- 
enly, unending)  :  ace.  pl.  ken- 
dagas,  2592;  gen.  pl.  lan-daga, 
2342. 

liene,  adj.,  inconstant,  perishable, 
evanescent,  given  over  to  death  ot 
destruction  :  nom.  sg.,  1755,  3179; 


GLOSSARY. 


265 


ace.  sg.  of  rust-eaten  treasures, 
3130;  las  Ijenan  gesceaft  (^this 
feeling  life),  1623;  gen.  sg.  Ice- 
nan  lifes,  2846. 

lasran,  w.  v.,  to  teach,  instruct:  imper. 
sg.  jm  ^e  ker  be  I'on  {learn  this, 
take  this  to  heart),  1723. 

ge-lceran,  to  teach,  instruct,  give 
instruction  :  inf.  ic  l^as  Hro^gar 
mag  .  .  .  reed  gelceran  (/  can  give 
//.  good  adznce  about  this),  278; 
so,  3080;  pret.  pi.  l)a  me  |)at  ge- 
Icerdon  leode  mine  {gave  me  the 
achnce),  415. 

l3estan,w.v. :  i)  tofollo7o,to  sustain, 
serve:  inf.  bat  him  se  lic-huma 
Ixstan  nolde  {that  his  body  luould 
not  sustain  him),  Si 3. —  2)  per- 
form :  imper.  laesl  call  tela  {do  all 
well),  2664. 

ge-lasstan  :  i)  to  follow,  serve  :  pret. 
sg.  (sweord)  bat  mec  aer  and  uft 
gela;ste,  250 1 .  —  2)  to  fulfil,  grant: 
subj.  pres.  pi.  I'at  .  .  .  wilgesii^'as, 
bonne  wig  cume,  leode  gelaestan 
{render  war  ser^nce),  24;  inf.  ic 
be  sceal  mine  gelsstan  freode 
{shall  grant  thee  my  friendship, 
be  grateful),  1707;  pret.  sg.  beot 
.  .  .  geloeste  {fulfilled  his  boast), 
524;  gelzeste  svva  {kept  his  -uord), 
2991;  pres.  part,  hafde  East-De- 
num  .  .  .  gilp  getested  {had  ful- 
filled for  the  East  Danes  his  boast), 
830. 

laetan,  st.  v.,  to  let,  allow,  w.  ace. 
and  inf. :  pres.  sg.  III.  lajteS, 
1729;  imper.  pi.  II.  IxtaS,  397; 
sg.  II.  Iset,  1489;  pret.  sg.  let,  2390, 
2551,2978,3151  (?);  pret.pl. lelun, 
48,  865,  3133;  subj.  pret.  sg.  II. 
I8te,  1997;   sg.  III.  lete,  3083. 

i-Iaetan:  \)  to  let,allozu :  subj.  pres. 
sg.  II.  bat  bu  ne  ibete  .  .  .  dom  ge- 
dre6san,  2666.  —  2)  to  leave,  lay 


aside :  inf.  Slaetan  lasn-dagas  {die), 
2592;  so,  alsetan  lif  and  leodscipe, 
2751. 

for-lsetan  :  l)  to  let,  permit,  w.  ace. 
and  inf. :  pret.  sg.  for-let,  971 ;  pret. 
pi.  for-leton,  3168.  Also  with  inf. 
omitted :  inf.  nolde  eorla  hleo  .  ,  . 
bone  cwealmcuman  cwicne  (i.e. 
wesan)  forketan  {would  not  let 
the  murderous  spirit  go  alive), 
793. — 2)  to  leave  behitid,  leave: 
pret.  sg.  in  bam  wong-stede  .  .  . 
b£er  he  hiiie  ier  forlet  {where  he 
had  previously  left  him),  2788. 

of-laetan,  to  leave,  lay  aside :  pres. 
sg.  II.  gyf  bu  aer  bonne  he  worold 
ofketest  {leavest  the  world,  diest), 
11S4;  so  pret.  sg.  oflet  lif-dagas 
and  b^s  Icenan  gesceaft,  1623. 

on-ltEtan,  to  release,  liberate  :  pres. 
sg.  III.  bonne  forstes  bend  fader 
on-la;te(S  {as  soon  as  the  Father 
looseth  the  frost' s  fetters) ,  1 610. 

S-lecgan,  w.  v.:  1)  to  lay,  lay  do'uti  : 
pret.  sg.  sySSan  hilde-deor  bond 
S-legde  .  .  .  under  geapne  hrof, 
835;  bat  he  on  Beowulfes  bearm 
a-legde  {this  [the  sword]  he  laid 
in  B.^s  bosom,  presented  to  him), 
2195;  pret.  pi.  S-ledon  ba  leofne 
beoden  ...  on  bearm  scipes,  34; 
a-legdon  b^  to  middes  mcerne  beo- 
den {laid  the  mighty  prince  in  the 
midst  [of  the  pyre]),  3142. —  2)  to 
lay  aside,  give  up  :  si  5  5an  ...  in 
fen-freooo  feorh  S-legde  {laid 
down  his  life,  died),  852;  nu  se 
here-wisa  hleahtor  a-legde,  gamen 
andgleo-dream  {tiow  the  war-chief 
has  left  laughter,  etc.),  3021. 

leger,  st.  n.,  couch,  bed,  lair  :  dat. 
sg.  on  legere,  3044. 

lemian,  w.  v.,  to  lame,  hinder,  op>- 
press:  pret.  sg.  (for  pi.)  hine  sorh- 
wylmas  lemede  to  lange,  906.    MS. 


266 


GLOSSARY. 


leiig.     See  lang. 

lenge,  adj.,  extending  along  or  to, 
near  {pi  time)  :  nom.  sg.  neut.  ne 
was  hit  lenge  \>%  gen  {nor  was  it 
yet  long),  83. 

ge- lenge,  adj.,  extending,  reaching 
to,  belonging  :  nom.  sg.  yrfe-weard 
.  .  .  lice  gelenge  {an  heir  belong- 
ing to  one's  body),  2733. 

let,  St.  m.,  place  of  rest,  sojourn}  in 
cump.  co-let  {voyage}). 

lettiiii,  vv.  v.,  to  hinder :  pret.  pi. 
(ace.  pers.  and  gen.  thing),  J^at 
sySSan  ni  .  .  .  brim-li^ende  lide 
ne  letton  {might  no  longer  hinder 
seafarers  from  journeying),  569. 

S-ledon.     See  a-leegan. 

leg,  St.  m.,  flame,  fire:  nom.  sg. 
wonna  leg  {the  lurid  flame),  31 16; 
swogende  leg,  3146;  dat.  sg.  for 
dracan  lege,  2550.     See  lig. 

leg-draca,  w.  m.,  fire-drake,  flam- 
ing dragon  :  nom.  sg.,  3041. 

*leahan,  lean,  st.  v.  w.  ace.  to  scold, 
blame:  pres.  sg.  III.  lyhS,  1049; 
pret.  sg.  lug,  1812;  pret.  pi.  logon, 
203,  863. 

be-lean,  to  dissuade,  prevent :  inf. 
ne  inc  aenig  mon  .  .  .  beleSn  mihte 
sorhfullne  si5  {no  one  might  dis- 
suade you  twain  from  your  diffi- 
cult journey),  511. 

leahtre.     See  or-leahtre. 

Ie4f,  St.  n.,  leaf,  foliage :  instr.  pi. 
leafuni,  97. 

le4fnes-\vord,  st.  n.,  permission, 
leave :  ace.  pi.,  245. 

ledn.     See  leahan. 

le^n,  St.  n.,  re-ward,  compensation  : 
ace.  Sg.,  114,  952,  1221,  1585, 
2392;  dat.  Sg.  leane,  1022.  Often 
in  the  pi.:  ace.  hS  lean,  2996; 
dat.  b&m  leanum,  2146;  gen.  lea- 
na,  2991. — Comp. :  and-,  ende- 
lean. 


lean  (for  Ian,  O.H.G.  IShan),  st.  n., 
loan,  1810. 

lednian,  vv.  v.,  to  reward,  compen- 
sate :  pres.  sg.  I.  ic  t>e  14  faeh'Se 
feo  leanige  {repay  thee  for  the  con- 
test with  old-time  treasures),  1381 ; 
pret.  sg.  me  J^one  wal-rses  wine 
Scyldinga  fiittan  golde  fela  leanode 
{the  friend  of  the  Scyldings  re- 
warded me  richly  for  the  combat 
with  plated  gold),  2103. 

leds,  z.i!].,  false  :  nom.  pi.  lease,  253. 

leds,  adj.,  deprived  of,  free  from,  w. 
gen.:  nom.  sg.  dreama  leas,  851; 
dat.  sg.  winigea  leasum,  1665. — 
Comp. :  dom-,  dream-,  ealdor-, 
feoh-,  feormend-,  hlaford-,  sSwol-, 
sige-,  sorh-,  tir-,  J>e6den-,  wine-, 
wyn-leas. 

ledsig,  adj.,  concealing  one's  self; 
in  comp.  sin-leasig(?). 

leoUo-craft,  st.  m.,  the  art  of  weav- 
ing or  working  in  meshes,  wire, 
etc. :  instr.  pi.  segn  eall-gylden  . .  . 
gelocen  leoISo-craftum  {a  banner 
all  hand-'vrought  of  interlaced 
gold),  2770. 

leoijo-syrce,  w.  f.,  shirt  of  mail 
{limb-sark)  :  ace.  sg.  locene  leofio- 
syrcan  {locked  linked  sark),  1506; 
ace,  pi.  locene  leoSo-syrcan,  1891. 

leomum.     See  lim. 

leornian,  w.  v.,  to  learn,  devise, 
plan :  pret.  him  \>2&  gfliS-cyning 
. .  .  wrace  leornode  {the  war-king 
planned  vengeance  therefor),  2337. 

leod,  St.  m.,  prince :  nom.  sg.,  341, 
348,  670,  830,  1433,  1493.  161 3, 
1654,  etc.;   ace.  leod,  626. 

leod,  St.  f.,  people :  gen.  sg.  leode, 
597,  600,  697.  In  pi.  indicates  in- 
dividuals, people,  kinsmen :  nom. 
pi.  leode,  362,415, 1214,  2126,  etc.; 
gum-cynnes  Geata  leode  {people 
I      of  the   race  of  the   Gedtas),   260; 


GLOSSARY. 


267 


ace.  pi.  leode,  192,  443,  1337, 
1346,  etc.;  dat.  pi.  leodum,  389, 
521,  619,  698,  906,  1 160,  etc.; 
gen.  pi.  leoda,  205,  635,  794,  1674, 
2034,  etc. 
le6d-bealo,  st.  n.,  {mischief,  misfor- 
tune affecting  an  entire  people), 
great,  unheard-of  calamity  :  acc. 
sg.,   1723;    gen.  pi.  leod-bealewa, 

1947- 

Ie6d-burh,  st.  f.,  princely  castle, 
stronghold  of  a  ruler,  chief  city  : 
acc.  pi.  -byrig,  2472. 

leod-cyuiug,  st.  m,,  king  of  the  peo- 
ple :■  nom.  sg.,  54. 

leod-fruma,  vv.  m.,  prince  of  the 
people,  ruler :  acc.  sg.  leod-fru- 
man,  2131. 

leod-gebyrgea,  w.  ni.,  protector  of 
the  people, prince  :  acc.  sg.  -gebyr- 
gean,  269. 

ieod-hryre,  st.  m.,  fall,  overthrow, 
of  the  prince,  ruler  :  dat.  sg.  after 
Ieod-hryre  {after  the  fall  of  the 
king  of  the  Hea^obeardas,  Froda, 
cf.  2051),  2031 ;  gen.  sg.  I'iis  leod- 
hryres  (of  the  fall  of  Heardred, 
cf.  2389),  2392. 

leod-scealffa,  w.  m.,  injurer  of  the 
people :  dat.  sg.  ham  Ie6d-scea5an, 
2094. 

leod-scipe,  st.  m.,  the  zvhole  nation, 
people  :  acc.  sg.,  2752;  dat.  sg.  on 
I'am  leod-scipe,  2198. 

leoij,  St.  n.,  song,  lay:  nom.  sg., 
1 160.  —  Comp. :  fyrd-,  gryre-,  gfiS-, 
sorh-le6S. 

leof,  adj.,  lief,  dear :  nom.  sg.,  31, 
54,  203,  511,  521,  1877,  2468; 
weak  form  m.,  Ie6fa,  121 7,  1484, 
1855,  2664;  acc.  sg.  m.  leofne,  34, 
297,  619,  1944,  2128,  3109,  3143; 
gen.  sg.  leofes  (m.),  1995,  2081, 
2898;  (neut.),  1062,  291 1 ;  dat. 
pi.  leofum,  1074;  gen.  pi.  leofra. 


1916.     Compar.  nom.  sg.  neut.  Ie6- 

fre,    2652.     Superl.    nom.   sg.    m. 

leofost,  1297;   acc.  sg.  t^one  leofe- 

Stan,  2824. 
leoflic,  dear,  precious,  valued:  nom. 

sg.  m.  leoflic  lind-wiga,  2604;   acc. 

sg.  neut.  leoflic  iren,  1810. 
leogan,  st.  v.,  to  lie,  belie,  deceive . 

subj.  pres.  nafne  him  his  vvlite  ledge 

{unless  his  looks  belie  him),  25O; 

pret.  sg.  he  ne  leag  fela  wyrda  ne 

worda,  3030. 
S-leogan,  to  deceive,  leave    unful- 
filled: pret.  sg.  he  beot  ne  S-leh 

{he   left   not  his   promise   unful- 
filled), 80. 
ge-leogan,^  deceive,  betray :  pret . 

sg.  him  seo  wen  geleah  {hope  de- 
ceived him),  2324. 
leoht,  St.  n.,  light,  brilliance  :  nom. 

sg-,  569,  728,  17-51  (?);  acc.  Sg. 
sunnan  leoht,  649 ;  godes  leoht  ge- 
ceas  {chose  God's  light,  died),  z^-jO; 
dat.  sg.  to  ledhte,  95.  —  Comp. : 
sefen-,  fyr-,  morgen-leoht. 

leoht,  adj.,  lun^nous,  bright :  instr. 
sg.  leohtan  sweorde,  2493. 

leoina,  w.  m. :  i)  light,  splendor: 
nom.  sg.,  311,  2770;  acc.  sg.  leo- 
man,  1518;  sunnan  and  monan  leo- 
inan  {light  of  sun  and  moon),  95. 
— -2)  (as  beadu- and  hilde-leoma), 
the  glittering  sword :  nom.  sg.  li.\te 
se  leoma  {the  blade-gleam  flashed), 

157'- 
leosan,  st.  v.,  =  amitti,  in 

be-leosan,  to  deprive,  be  deprived 
of:  pres.  part,  (heo)  wear'5  be- 
loren  leofum  bearnum  and  bro'S- 
rum  {was  deprived  of  her  dear 
children  and  brethren),  1074. 

for-le6san,  with  dat.  instr.,  to  lose 
something :  pret.  sg.  J>3er  he  dome 
for-leas,  ellen-mter'Sum  {there  lost 
he  the  glory,  the  repute,  of  his  heroii 


268 


GLOSSARY. 


deeds'),  1471;  pret.  sg.  for  pi.  J)Sm 
be  ter  his  elne  for-leas  {tokim  who, 
before,  had  lost  his  valor),  2862; 
pari.  pret.  nealles  ic  b^m  leanum 
foi-lorcn  hafde  {not  at  all  hod  I 
lost  the  reiuards),  21 46. 

libbaii,  vv.  v.,  to  live,  be,  exist:  pres. 
sing.  III.  lifaS,  3169;  lyfaS,  945; 
leofaS,  975, 1367,  2009;  subj.  pres. 
sg.  II.  lifige,  1225;  pres.  part.  lifi- 
gende,  816,  1954,  1974,  2063;  dat. 
sg.  be  )'e  liligendum  {in  thy  life- 
time), 2666;  pret.  sg.  lifde,  57, 
1258;  lyfde,  2145;  pret.pl.  lifdon, 
99.     See  uulifigcnde. 

licgan,  St.  v.:  i)  to  lie,  lie  down  or 
low:  pres.  sg.  nu  seo  hand  lige"5 
{n07v  the  hand  lies  loiu),  1344;  nu 
se  wyrm  iigeS,  2746,  so  2904;  inf. 
licgan,  3130;  licgean,  967,  3083; 
pret.  sg.  lag,  40,  552,  2078;  sySSan 
Ileardred  lag  {after  Ileardred 
had  fallen),  2389;  pret.  pi.  ISgon, 
3049;  lasgon,  566.  —  2)  to  lie  pros- 
trate, rest,  fail:  pret.  sg.  noefre  on 
ore  lag  wid-cfl  (Sesi^uig  ( //('z/fry^j/A'f/ 
the  far-famed  one's  ''nlor  at  the 
front),  1042 ;  sycSfian  witier-gyld 
lag  {after  vengeance  failed,  or, 
when  Withergyld  lay  dead,  '\{  W. 
is  a  proper  name),  2052. 

S - 1  i  c  g  a  n ,  to  s incuinb,  fail,  yield  : 
inf.  2S87  ;  pret.  sg.  bat  his  doni 
S-lag  {that   its  porver  failed  it), 

1529- 
ge-licgan,/6i  rest,  lie  still :  pret.  sg. 

wind-blond  gelag,  3147. 
lida,  w.  m.,  boat,  ship  (as  in  motion)  ; 

in  coiiip. :  sund-,  ^iS-lida. 
Ii(I-inun,  St.  m.,   seafarer,  sailor  : 

gen.  pi.  lid-manna,  1624. 
lim,  St.  n.,  limb,  branch  :  instr.  pi. 

leomuni,  97. 
linipan,  st.  v.,  to  happen,  befall  (well 

or  ill) ;  inipers.  w.  dat.  pret.  sg.  liQ 


lomp  eow  on  ISde  {how  went  it 
with  you  on  the  journey  ?),  1988. 
a- lim  pan,  to  come  about,  offer  it- 
self: pret.  sg.  65  bat  sail  S-lamp 
(////  the  opportunity  presented 
itself),  623  ;  pret.  part.  |  d  him 
S-lumpen  was  wistfylie  wen  {sinre 
a  hope  of  a  full  meal  had  befallen 

'ii>"),  734- 

b  e  - 1  i  m  p  a  n ,  to  happen  to,  befall : 
pret.  sg.  him  sio  sar  belamp,  2469. 

g  e  - 1  i  m  p  a  n  ,  to  happen,  uccur,  turn 
out :  pres.  sg.  III.  hit  eft  gelimpeS 
I  at .  .  .,  1754;  subj.  pres.  bisse  an- 
s^ne.Thvealdan  I  anclungregclimpe 
{/hunks  to  the  Almighty  forthwith 
for  this  sight .'),  930 ;  pret.  sg.  him 
on  fyr>te  gelamp  bat  .  .  .,  76;  swa 
him  ful-oft  gelamp  {as  often  hap- 
pened to  them),  1253;  bas  be  hire 
se  « ilia  gelamp  |  at  .  .  .  {because 
her  wish  had  been  fulfilled),  627; 
frufor  eft  gelamp  sarig-modum, 
2942;  subj.  pret.  gif  him  byslicu 
bearf  gelumpe,  2638  ;    pret.  pan. 

Denuia  eallum  wear'5 willa  ge- 

lumpen,  825. 

liiul,  St.  f.  (properly  linden;  here,  a 
a  wooden  shield  covered  with  lin- 
den-bark or  pith)  :  nom.  sg.,  2342  ; 
ace.  sg.  geolwe  linde,  261 1 ;  ace.  pi. 
linde,  2366. 

liiid-gcstealla,  w.  m.,  shield-com- 
rade,   war-comrade  :     nom.    sg., 

'974- 
liiid-habbend,  pres.  Y>^vt., provided 

with  a  shield,  i.e.  warrior :  nom.  pi. 

-hiibhende,  245;   gen.  pi.  habben- 

dra,  1403. 
lind-plcga,  w.  m.,  shield-play,   i.e. 

b.iitle:  dat.  sg.  lind-plegan,  1074, 

2040. 
lin«l-\vig}i,  w.  m.,  shield-fighter,  war- 
rior :  nom.  sg.,  2604. 
linnau,  st.  v.,  to  depart,  be  Ueprivca 


GLOSSARY. 


269 


of:  inf.  aldre  linnan  (^depart from 
life),  1479;  ealdres  linnan,  2444. 
lis,  St.  f.,  favor,  affection  :  gen.  pi. 

call  .  .  .  lissa,  2151. 
list,  St.  m.,  art,  skill,  cleverness,  cun- 
ning :    dat.    pi.   adverbial,  listum 
{cunningly'),  782. 
lixan,  w.  v.,  to  shine,  flash :  pret. 

sg.lixte,  311,485,  1571. 
lie,  St.  n. :  I )  body,  corpse  :  nom.  sg., 
967  ;    ace.  sg.  lie,  2081  ;    hat  lie 
{the  body,  corpse),  2128;   dat.  sg. 
lice,  734,  1504,  2424,  2572,  2733, 
2744;   gen.  sg.  lices,  451,  1123.— 
2)  form,  figure  :  in  eonip.  eofor-, 
swin-lie. 
ge  •  li c ,  adj.,  Ithf,  similar :  nom.  pi. 
m.  ge-Uce,  2165.    Superl.ge-lieost, 
218,  728,  9S6,  1609. 
lic-haina,-honia,  w.  m.  {body-home, 
garment),  body  :  nom.  sg.  lic-homa, 
813, 1008, 1755;  aec.  sg.  ITe-haman, 
2652;   dat.  sg.  ITc-hanian,  3179. 
lician,  w.  v.,  to  please,  like  (^^impers.)  : 
pres.  sg.  III.  me  |>in  mod-sefa  Il- 
ea's leng  svva  wel,  1855;  pret.  pi. 
)>am   wife   \>2.   word    wel    ITeodon, 
640. 
licnes.    See  on-licnes. 
Iic-Siir,  st.n.,  bodily  pain  :  aee.  sg. 

lle-sar,  816. 
lic-syrce,  w.  f.,  body-sark,  shirt  of 
mail  covering  the  body  :  nom.  sg., 
550. 
ItiS'an,  St.  v.,  to  move,  go  :  pres.  part, 
nom.  pi.  bd  liSende  {jtavtgantts, 
sailors),  221 ;    \>^  was  sund  liden 
{the  water  was  then  traversed), 
223. — Comp. :  hea'Su-,  mere-,  waeg- 
irSend. 
UaCe  (O.H.G.  lindi),adj.,^,?«//^  mild, 
friendly:  nom.  sg.  w.  instr.  gen. 
Idra  lT5e,  1221.     Superl.  num.  sg. 
ll^ost,  3184. 
liS'-'Wc'ege,  st.  n.,  can  in  which  li^ 


(a    wine-like,   foaming   drink)    IJ 

contained :  aec.  sg.,  1983. 
lif,  St.  n.,    life :  ace.  sg.  lif,  97,  734, 
1537,  2424,  2744,  2752;  dat.  sg. 
life,  2572;   to  life   {in  one's  life, 
ever),   2433  ;    gen.  sg.   lifes,  197, 
791,  807,  2824,  2846;  worolde  lifes 
{of  the  earthly  life),  1388,  2344. — 
Comp.  edwit-lif. 
lif-bysig,  adj.  {striving  for  life  or 
death),  weary  of  life,  in  torment 
of  death  :  nom.  sg.,  967. 
lif-dagas,  st.  m.  pi.,  lifetime :  aec 

-dagas,  794,  1623. 
Iif-fre4,   w.  m.,  lord  of  life,   God : 

nom.  sg.,  16. 
lif-gedal,   st.  n.,   separation  from 

life:  nom.  sg.,  842. 
lif-gesceaft,    st.    f.,  fate,    destiny . 

gen.  pi.  -gesceafta,  1954,  3065. 
lif-'wraiTu,  st.  f.,  protection  for  one'i 
life,    safety  :  '  aec.    sg.     lif-wraSe, 
2S78;    dat.  sg.  to  lif-wraSe,  972. 
lif-wyn,  St.  f.,  pleasure,  enjoyment, 
joy  (of  life)  :  gen.  pi.   lif-wynna. 
2098. 
lig,  St.  m.  n.,  flame,  fire :  nom.  sg., 
1 123  ;  dat.  instr.  sg.  lige,  728,  2306, 
2322,  2342;  gen.  sg.  iiges,  83,  782. 
See  leg. 
lig-draea,  w.  m., fire-drake,  flaming 
dragon  :  nom.  pi.,  2334.    See  leg- 
draca. 
lig-egesa,    w.    m.,    horror   arising 
through  fire,  flaming  terror  :  aec. 
sg.,  2781. 
lige-torn,  st.  ra.,  false,  pretended  in- 
sult  or   injury,  fierce  anger  {  ?)  : 
dat.  sg.  after  lige-torne  {on  account 
of  a  pretended  insult  ?   or  fierce 
anger  ?     cf.    Bugge    in    Zacher's 
Zeits.  4,  208),  1944. 
Iig-y3'>  St.  m.,  wave  of  fire :  instr. 

pi.  lig-^5um,  2673. 
Icon,   St.  v.,  to  lend :    pret.   sg.   hat 


270 


GLOSSARY. 


him  on  hearfe  ISh  hyle  HroSgaies 

(which  I/.' s  spokesman  lent  him  in 

need),  1457. 
on-leoon,  to  lend,  grant  as  a  loan, 

with  gen.  of  thing  and  dat.  pers. : 

pret.  sg.  I'S  he  I'iis  waepnes  on-lah 

sSlran  sweord-frecan,  1468. 
loca,   w.  m.,    liolt,    lock :    in  comp. 

bSn-,  burh-loca. 
locen.     See lucan. 
lend,  long.     See  land,  lang. 
lot",  St.  m.  n.,  praise,  repute:  ace.  sg. 

lof,  1537. 
lof-da^d,  St.  {.,  deed  of  praise  :  instr. 

pi.  lt)f-doedum,  24. 
lof-georn,    adj.,    eager  for  praise, 

ambitious :    superl.    nom.   sg.  lof- 

geornost,  3184. 
loga,  w.  m.,  liar ;  in  comp.  treow- 

loga. 
losian,  w.  v.,  to  escape,  flee :   pres. 

sg.  III.    losaS,    1393,  2063;   pret. 

sg.  he  on  weg  losade  {fled  away'), 

2097. 
locian,  w.  v.,  to  see,  look  at:  pres. 

sg.  II.  sas-lSc  .  .  .  l^e  ^u  her  to  lo- 

cast   {booty   of  the   sea    that   thou 

lookeston),  1655. 
ge-lOme,    adv.,    ofteti,  frequently, 

559- 

lufe,  w.  f.,  love:  in  comp.  heah-, 
mod-,  wif-lufe. 

lufa  (cf.  and-leofa,  big-ieofa,  nour- 
ishment), vv.  m.,  food,  subsistence  ; 
property,  real  estate :  ace.  sg.  on 
lufan  {on  possessions),  1729. — 
Comp.  eard-lufa. 

lufen,  St.  f.  (cf.  lufa),  subsistence, 
food ;  real  estate,  {enjoyi/tentl)  : 
nom.  sg.  lufen  (parallel  with  eSel- 
w)'n),  2887. 

liif-tficen,  St.  n.,  love-token :  ace. 
pi.  luf-ticen,  1864. 

luflan,  vv.  v.,  to  love,  serve  affection- 
ately :  pret.  sg.  III.  lufode  \>i.  Ie6de 


{was  on  affectionate  terms  with  (hi 

people),  1983. 

lungre,  adv.:  i)  hastily,  quickly, 
forthwith,  930,  1 63 1,  23 1 1,  2744. 
—  2)  quite,  very,  fully :  fe6wet 
mearas  lungre  gelTce  {four  horses 
quite  alike),  2165. 

lust,  St.  m.,  pleasure,  joy  :  dat.  pi. 
adv.  lustum  {joyfully),  1654;  so, 
on  lust,  619,  cf.  600. 

lucan,  St.  v.,  to  twist,  wind,  lock,  in- 
teriveave  :  pret.  part.  ace.  sg.  and 
pi.  locene  leotio-syrcan  {shirt  of 
mail  ivrought  of  meshes  or  rings 
interlocked),  1 506,  1 89 1;  gen.pl. 
locenra  beaga  {rings  wrought  of 
gold  wire),  2996. 

be-lftcan:  l)  to  shut,  close  in  or 
around :  pret.  sg.  winter  ^5e  be- 
leac  is-gebinde  {winter  locked  the 
waves  with  icy  bond),  1 1 33. — 
2)  to  shut  in,  off,  preserve,  protect : 
pret.  sg.  I.  hig  wTge  beleac  mane- 
gum  mreg'Sn  {T  shut  thevi  in,  pro- 
tected them,  from  war  arising  from 
many  a  tribe),  1 77 1.  Cf.  me  wige 
belflc  urriiNum  feoiulum  {protect 
me  against  mine  enemies),  Ps.  34, 3. 

ge-lQcan,  to  unite,  link  together, 
make  :  pret.  part,  gelocen,  2770. 

on-lflcan,  to  unlock,  open  :  pret.sg. 
word  -  hold  on  -  leac  {opened  the 
word-hoard,    treasure   of  speech), 

^259. 
t  o  - 1 0  c  a  n ,  (/()  twist,  wrench,  in  two), 

to  destroy  :  inf.,  782. 
lyft,  St.  f.  (ni.  n.?),  air  :  nom.  sg., 

1376;   dat.  sg.   after   lyfte  {along, 

through,  the  air),  2833. 
lyf t-floga,  w.    m.,   air-flier :  nom. 

sg.  (of  the  dragon),  2316. 
Ij'ft-goswciit'ed,  pret.  part.,  urged, 

hastened  on,  by  the  wind,  19 14. 
Ij-ft-wj'n,    St.    f.,   enjoyment  of  thi 

air  :  ace.  sg.  lyft-wrynne,  3044. 


GLOSSARY. 


271 


lyhiy.     See  leahan. 

lystan,  w.  v.,  to  lust  after,  long  for  : 
pret.  sg.  Geat  ungemetes  wel  .  .  . 
restan  lyste  {the  Gedt  [Beowulf] 
longed  sorely  to  rest),  1794. 

lyt,  adj .  neut.  (=  parum),  little,  very 
little,  few :  lyt  eft  becwom  .  .  . 
hames  niosan  {feiu  escaped  home- 
ward), 2366;  lyt  fenig  {none  at 
all),2,'iZ'^;  usually  with  gen. :  win- 
era  lyt,  1928;  lyt  .  .  .  heafod-maga, 
2151;  wergendra  to  lyt  {too  few 
defenders'),  2883;  lyt  swTgode 
niwra  spella  {he  kept  to  himself 
little,  none  at  all,  of  the  ne7u  tid- 
ings), 2898 ;  dat.  sg.  lyt  manna 
{too  few  of  men),  2837. 

lytel,  adj.,  small,  little .  nom.  sg. 
neut.  to  lytel,  1749;  ace.  sg.  f.  lytle 
hwile  {a  little  while),  2031,  209S; 
lif-wraSe  lytle  {little  protectioji  for 
his  life),  2S78. — Comp.  un-lytel. 

Iyt-h^v6Il,  adv.,  little  =  not  at  all : 
lyt-hwon  logon,  204. 

lyfe, St. n., leave, permission, {life})  : 
instr.sg.  Hnel^fe  (life,  MS.), 2132. 
—  Leo.  Cf.  O.N.  leyfi,  n.,  leave, 
permission,  in  Mobius'  Glossary, 
p.  266. 

lyfan,  w.  v.,  (fundamental  meaning 
to  believe,  trust)  in 

9-l^fan,  to  alloiv,  grant,  entrust: 
pret.  sg.  naefre  ic  aenegum  men  oer 
alyfde  .  .  .  hry'S-arn  Dena  {never 
before  to  any  man  have  I entriisted 
the  palace  of  the  Danes),  656;  pret. 
part.  (J^S  me  was)  siS  .  .  .  Slyfed 
inn  under  eor'S-weall  {the  way  in 
under  the  ivall  of  earth  was  allowed 
me"^,  3090. 

g  e  -  lyfan,  w.  v.,  to  believe,  trust  : 
i)  w.  dat.:  inf.  J^ser  gelyfan  sceal 
dryhtnes  dome  se  J^e  hine  deaS 
nime'S  {whomever  death  carrieth 
away,  shall  believe  it  to  be  the  judg- 


ment of  God,  i.e.  in  the  contisi 
between  Beowulf  and  Grendel), 
440.  —  2)  w.  ace. :  pret.  sg.  geoce 
gelyfde  brego  Beorht-Dena  {be- 
lieved in,  expected,  help,  etc.),  609; 
)'at  heo  on  senigne  eorl  gelyfde 
fyrena  frofre  {that  she  at  last  should 
expect  from  any  earl  comfort,  help, 
out  of  these  troubles),  628;  se  he 
him  bealwa  to  bote  gelyfde  {7uho 
trusted  in  him  as  a  kelp  out  of 
evils),  910;  him  to  anwaldan  are 
gelyfde  {relied  for  himself  on  the 
help  of  God),  1273. 
a-lysan,  w.  v.,  to  loose,  liberate. 
pret.  part.  \>^  was  of  }>am  hroran 
helm  and  byrne  lungre  S-l^sed 
{helm  and  corselet  were  straight- 
way loosed  from  him),  1 63 1. 


M 


nia<5'elian,    w.  v.  (sermocinari),  to 

speak,  talk :  pret.  sg.  maSelode, 
286,  348,  360,  371,  405,  456,  499, 
etc.;   maSelade,  2426. 

maga,  w.  m.,  soil,  male  descendant, 
young  man  :  nom.  sg.  maga  1  lealf- 
denes  (IlroSgar),  189,  1475,2144; 
maga  Ecgjieowes  (Beowulf),  2583- 
maga  (Grendel),  979 ;  se  maga 
geonga  (W'iglaf),  2676;  Grendeles 
maga  {a  relative  of  Grendel),  2007  ■ 
ace.  sg.  I'one  magan,  944. 

magan,  v.  with  pret.-pres.  form,  to 
be  able  :  pres.  sg.  I.  III.  mag,  277, 
478,  931.  943.  J485.  1734, etc.;  li. 
meaht  {'"u,  2048;  subj.  pres.  mcege, 
2531,  2750;  >eah  ic  eal  maege 
{even  though  I  could),  b^i;  s«bj. 
pi.  we  maegen,  2655  ;  pret.  sg. 
meahte,  542,  755,  1 131,  1660,2465, 
etc.;  mihte,  T90,  207,462,  511,  571, 
657,1509,2092,2610;  mehte,  1083, 


272 


GLOSSARY. 


1497,  '5 '6, 1878;  pi.  ineahton,649, 
942,  1455,  191 2,  2374,  3080;  mih- 
ton,  308,  313,  2684,  3164;  subj. 
pret.  sg.  meahte,  243,  763,  2521; 
pres.  sg.  mag,  sometimes  =  licet, 
may,  can,  will  (fut.),  1366,  1701, 
1838,  2865. 

inago  (Goth,  magu-s),  st.  m.,  male, 
son  :  nom.  sg.  mago  Ecglafes  (Hun- 
fer'5),  1466 ;  mago  Healfdenes 
(Hro^gir),  1868,  2012. 

inago-dryht,  st.  f.,  troop  of  yoting 
men,  band  of  men  :  nom.  sg.  mago- 
(Iriht,  67. 

luago-rlnc,  st.  in.,  hero,  man.  (pre- 
eminently) :  gen.  pi.  mago-rinca, 
heap,  731. 

inagii-}>egn,  niago-J>egn,  st.  m., 
vassal,  war-thane  :  nom.  sg.  408, 
2758;  dat.  sg.  magu-Kgne,  2080; 
ace.  pi.  magu-l>egnas,  293;  dat.pl. 
mago-begnum,  1481;  gen.pl.  mago- 
begna  .  .  .  hone  selestan  {the  best 
of  vassals),  1406. 

man,  mon,  st.  m.:  i)  man,  human 
being:  nom.  sg.  man,  25,  503,  534, 
1049,  1354,  1399,  1535,  1877,  etc.; 
mon,  209,5 10, 1 561, 1646,2282,610.; 
ace.  sg.  w.  mannan,  297,  577,  1944, 
2128,  2775;  wid-cCiSne  man,  1490; 
dat.sg.  men,  656,  753, 1880;  menn, 
2190;  gen.  sg.  mannes,  Ii95(?), 
2081,  2534,  2542;  monnes,  1730; 
nom.  pi.  men,  50,  162,  233,  1635, 
3167;  ace.  pi.  men,  69,  337,  1583, 
1718;  dat.  pi.  mannuni,  3183;  gen. 
pi.  manna,  155,  201,  380,  702,  713, 
736,  etc.;  monna,  1414,  28S8. — 
■l\  indef.  pron.  =  one,  they,  people 
(Germ,  man)  :  man,  11 73,  11 76; 
mon,  2356,  3177.  —  Comp. :  fyrn-, 
gleo-,  gum-,  id-,  lid-,  sx-,  waepned- 
nian. 

mail.     See  monan. 

oian-cj'n,  st.  n.,  mankind :  dat.  sg. 


man-cynne,  no;  gen.  sg.  man 
cynnes,  164,  21 82;  mon-cynnes, 
196,  1956. 

inan-dr«'Am,  st.  m.,  human  joy, 
mutuii  7'oluptas:  ace.  sg.  man- 
dream,  1265;  dat.  pi.  mon-diea- 
muni,  I  716. 

iiian-dryhten,  st.  m.  {lord  of  men), 
ruler  of  the  people,  prince,  king  : 
nom.  sg.  man-dryhten,  1979,  2648; 
mon-drihten,  436  ;  mon-dryhten, 
2866;  ace.  sg.  mon-dryhten,  2605; 
dat.  sg.  man-drihtne,  1230;  man- 
dryhtne,  1250,  2282;  gen.  sg.  man- 
dryhtnes,     2850;     mon-dryhtnes, 

3150- 

ge-mang,  st.  m.,  troop,  company: 
dat.  sg.  on  gemonge  (/«  the  troop 
[of  the  fourteen  Geatas  that  re- 
turned from  the  sea]),  1644. 

iiiaiiiau,  \v.  v.,  to  warn,  admonish  : 
pres.sg.  III.  mana■^'s\^■a  and  mynd- 
gaS  . . .  sarum  wordum  {so  warn- 
eth  and  remindeth  he  with  bitter 
words),  2058. 

iiianig,  inonig,  adj.,  many,  many 
a,  much  :  \)  adjectively :  nom.  sg. 
rinc  manig,  399  ;  geung  nuinig 
{many  a  young  man),  855 ;  nionig 
snellic  sce-rinc,  690;  medu-l)enc 
monig,  777;  30839,909,919,  1511, 
2763,  3023,  etc.;  ace.  sg.  medo-ful 
manig,  1016  ;  dat.  sg.  m.  l>egne 
monegum,  1342,  1420;  dat.  sg.  f. 
manigre  mcegSe,  75;  ace.  pi.  man- 
ige  men,  337;  dat.  pi.  manegum 
mdJ^nium,  2104;  monegum  maeg- 
tJum,  5;  gen.  pi.  manigra  meda, 
1 1 79.  —  2)  substantively  :  nom.  sg. 
manig,  r86i;  monig,  858;  dat.  sg. 
manegum,  349,  1 888;  nom.'  pi. 
manige,  1024;  monige,  2983;  ace. 
pi.  monige,  1599;  gen.pl.  manigra, 
2092.  —  3)  with  depend,  gen.  pi.: 
dat.manegummaeg  1^3,1772;  mone- 


GLOSSARY. 


273 


gum  fira,  2002;  halcSa  monegum 
bol  1-Sgendra,  3112;  ace.  pi.  rinca 
manige,729;  (maSm)-3ehtamonige, 
1614. 

manig-oft,  adv.,  very  often,  fre- 
quently, 171  [if  manig  and  ^^Ix  are 
to  be  connected]. 

man-lice,  adv.,  man-like,  manly, 
1047. 

mau-J»waere,  adj.,  kind,  gentle  io- 
-vard  men,  philanthropic :  nom. 
sg.  superl.  mon-l'waerust,  3183. 

nia,  contracted  compar.,  more: 
with  partitive  gen.,  504,  736,  1056. 

inaO'um,  maSffuin,  st.  m.,  gift, 
jewel,  ibject  of  value:  ace.  sg. 
maSSum,  169,  1053,  2056,  3017; 
dat.  instr.  sg.  maSnie,  1529,  1903; 
nom.  pi.  ma'Smas,  1861  ;  ace.  pi. 
mSdmas,  385,  472,  1028,  1483, 
1757,  1 868,  etc.;  dat.  instr.  pi. 
mSSmum,  madmum,  1049,  1899, 
2104,2789;  gen.  pi.  maSma,  1785, 
2144,  2167,  etc.;  mSdma,  36,  41. 
—  Comp. :  dryht-,  gold-,  herd-, 
ofer-,  sine-,  vvundor-md^um. 

iiia3'in-8eht,  st.  f.,  treasure  in  jew- 
els, costly  objects  :  gen.  pi.  mS.t5m- 
aehta,  1614,  2834. 

maSffum-fat,  st.  n.,  treasure-casket 
ur  cup,  costly  vessel:  nom.  sg., 
2406. 

TuaUm-gestreon,  st.  n.,  precious 
jewel:  gen.  pi.  mS'Sm-gestreona, 
J  932. 

niaUuni-gifu,  st.  i.,gift  of  valuable 
objects,  largess  of  treasure  :  dat.  sg. 
after  ma'5tium-gife,  1302. 

u\k'SuTn-s\^\,s\..v..,  costly,  sun-shaped 
ornament,  valuable  decoration : 
gen.  pi.  ma'SSum-sigla,  2758. 

niaS'um-S'weord,  st.  n.,  costly  sword 
(inlaid  wdth  gold  and  jewels)  :  ace. 
sg.,  1024. 

niaSum-Tcela,  w.  m.,  wealth  of  jew- 


els, valuables  :  dat.  sg.  after-m&'S 

Sum-welan   {after  the  sight  of  the 

wealth  of  jewels),  2751. 
niagas.     See  maeg. 
mage,  w.  f.,  female  relative:  gen. 

sg.  Grendles  mdgan  {mother),  1392. 
man,  st.  n.,  crime,  misdeed:  instr. 

sg.  niSne,  no,  979;   adv.,  crimi 

nally,  1056. 
man-for-daedla,   w.  m.;   evil-doe?, 

criminal :  nom.  pi.  mSn-for-daed- 

lan,  563. 
man-scad'a,    vv.    m.,    mischievous, 

hurtful  foe,  hostis  n.fastus  :  nom. 

sg-  713.   738,   1340;  mSn-sceaSa, 

2515- 
mara  (comp.  of  micel),  q.^]., greater, 

stronger,  mightier:    nom.   sg.   m. 

mara,    1354,   2556;     neut.    mSre, 

1561  ;    ace.  sg.  m.  miran,  2017; 

mund-gripe    miran     {a    mightier 

hand-grip),   754 ;    with    following 

gen.  pi.  maran  .  .  .  eorla  {a  more 

powerful  earl),  247;    fern,  maran, 

533,   IOI2;    neut.  mare,  518;  with 

gen.  pi.  mor'5-beala  mare  {more, 

greater,  deeds  of  murder),    136; 

gen.  sg.  f.  mSran,  1824. 

msest  (superl.  of  micel,  xix^xZl), great- 
est, strongest:  nom.  sg.  neut.  (with 
partitive  gen.),  mrest,  78,  193;  fem. 
mcEst,  2329;  ace.  sg.  fem.  faeh^e 
masste,  459  ;  mseste  .  .  .  worolde 
Wynne  {the  highest  earthly  pleas- 
ure\  1080;  neut.  n.  (with  partitive 
gen.)  ma^st  nia^rSa,  2646;  hond- 
wundra  mrest,  2769;  basl-fyra  maest, 
3144;  instr.  sg.  m.  mseste  crafte, 
2182. 

macg.     bee  mecg. 

mags',  St.  f.,  wife,  maid,  woman : 
nom.  sg.,  3017;  gen.  pi.  mag"5a 
hose  {accompanied  by  her  maids 
of  honor) ,  925 ;    mag"5a,  944,  1 284. 

magen,    st.    n. :     l)    might,    bodily 


274 


GLOSSARY. 


ttrength,  heroic  power:  ace.  sg. 
magen,  518,  1707;  instr.  sg.  ma- 
gene,  780  (?),  2668;  gen.  sg.  ma- 
genes,  418,  1271,  1535,  I7i7,etc.; 
magnes,  671,1762;  magenes  Strang, 
strengest  {great  in  slrengi/i),  1845, 
196  ;  niagenes  rof  (id.),  20S5.  — 
2)  prime,  Jloiver  (of  a  nation), 
forces  available  in  war  ■  ace.  sg. 
swS  he  oft  (i.e.  etan)  dyde  magen 
Ilrei^manna  {Ine  best  of  tlte  IIre'&- 
»ien),  445  ;  gen.  sg.  \vi5  manna 
hwone  magenes  Deniga  {froiu{}) 
any  of  the  tiien  of  the  Danes) ^ 
155.  —  Comp.  ofer-magen. 

tK<igeu-agen<l,  pres.  part.,  having 
great  strength,  valiant:  gen.  pi. 
■dgendra,  28 58. 

magen-byrffcn,  si.  i.,huge  burthen : 
ace.  sg.  magen-byr'Senne,  3092 ; 
dat.  (instr.)  sg.,  1626. 

magMii -craft,  st.  m.,  great,  hero- 
like, strength  :  ace.  sg.,  380. 

magen-ellen,  st.  n.  (the  same),  ace. 
sg.,  660. 

magen-fultum,  st.  m.,  material 
aid :  gen.  pi.  nas  |>at  honne  mrctost 
magen-fultuma  {that  was  not  the 
least  of  strong  helps,  i.e.  the  sword 
Ilrunting),  1456. 

niagen-ries,  st.  m.,  mighty  attack, 
onslaught :  ace.  sg.,  1520. 

inagen-strengo,st.f.,;«az«j/r^«^//i, 
heroic  power  :  ace.  sg.,  2679. 

magen-wiidu,  st.  m.,  might-wood, 
i.e.  the  spear,  lance  :  ace.  sg.,  236. 

mast,  St.  m.,  mast :  nom.  sg.,  1899; 
dat.  sg.  be  maste  {beside  the  mast), 
36 ;   to  the  mast,  1 906. 

maetS'i:in.  See  niSffuin,  hyge- 
maeffuin. 

meeg,  st.  m.,  kinsman  by  blood :  nom. 
sg.  mKg,  408,  738,  759,  814,  915, 
'53'.  '945.  etc.;  {brother),  468, 
2605?   ace.  sg.  maeg  (son),  1340; 


{brother),  2440,  2485,  2983;   dat 
sg.  masge,  1979;  gen.  sg.  mreges, 
2629,  2676,  2699,  2880 ;   nom.  pi 
mSgas,  1016;  ace.}  1.  mSgas,  2816 
dat.  pi.  mSgum,  11 79,  2615,  3066 
{to brothers),  1 168;  iiiagimi,  2354 
gen.   pi.    miga,    247,    1080,    1854, 
2007,    2743.  —  Comp.:     faderen-, 
heafod-,  \\ine-ma?g. 

inaeg-biirh,  st.  f.,  borough  of  blood- 
kinsmen,  entire  population  united 
by  ties  of  blood ;  (in  wider  sense) 
race,  people,  nation  :  gen.  sg.  lond- 
rihtes  . . .  I'cere  maeg-burge  {of  land 
possessions  among  the  people,  i.e.  of 
the  Geatas),  2S88. 

maegij,  st.  f.,  race,  people:  ace.  sg. 
mxgSe,  1012;  dat.  sg.  maeg'iSe,  75; 
dat.  pi.  mcEg'Sum,  5 ;  gen.  pi.  maeg- 
•Sa,  25,  1772. 

nla^g-^vine,  st.  m.,  blood  kinsman, 
friend,  2480  (nom.  pi.). 

mcCl,  St.  n. :  1)  time,  point  of  time  : 
nom.  Sg.  316;  ha  was  sael  and  msl 
{there  zvas  [appropriate]  chance 
and  time),  1009;  ace.  sg.  mail, 
2634;  instr.  pi.  iT^rran  mielum,  90S, 
2238,  3036;  gen.  pi.  mcela,  1250; 
sa;la  and  maila,  1 61 2;  mxia  ge- 
hwylce  {each  lime,  without  inter- 
mission), 2058.  —  2)  sword,  weap- 
on :  nom.  sg.  broden  (brogden) 
mail  {the  drawn  sword),  1617, 1668 
(cf.  Grimm,  Andreas  and  Elene,  p. 
156). —  3)  mole,  spot,  mark. — 
Comp. :  gneg-,  bring-,  scea^en-, 
wunden-ma:l. 

niael-cearu,  st.  f.,  long-iontinued 
sorrow,  grief :  ace.  sg.  nui.'1-ceare, 
189. 

mael-gcsceaft,  st.f.,  fate,  appointed 
time  :  aec.  pi.  ic  on  earde  l)Sd  mael- 
gesccafta  {awaited  the  time  allotted 
for  me  by  fate),  2738. 

msenan,  w.  v.,  with  ace.  in  the  sense 


GLOSSARY. 


275 


of  (l)  to  remember,  mention,  pro- 
claim :  inf.  moenan,  1068 ;  pret. 
part,  haej  was  Beowulfes  mcurSo 
maened,  858.  —  2)  to  meiition  sor- 
rowfully, mourn  :  inf.  3173;  pret. 
sg.  giohSo  ma;nde  {mourned sor- 
rowfully), 2268 ;  pret.  pi.  m^ndon, 
1 150,  3150. 

ge-maenan  (see  man),  w.  v.  with 
ace,  to  injure  maliciously,  break: 
subj.  pret.  pi.  ge-mxnden,  1 102. 

ge-maene,  adj.,  common,  in  com- 
mon :  nom.  sg.  geimiene,  2474;  \>xx 
unc  hwile  was  hand  gemoene  (i.e. 
in  battle),  213S;  sceal  firum  l^at 
sweord  and  helm  bam  gema;ne 
(i.e.  wesan),  2661;  nom.  pi.  ge- 
mcene,  1S61 ;  dat.  pi.  hat  jam  fol- 
cum  sceal ...  sib  gemasnum  (at- 
traction for  gemasne,  i.e.  wesan), 
1858;  gen.  pi.  unc  sceal  (i.e.  we- 
san) fela  mai^ma  gemasnra  {ive 
two  shall  share  many  treasures  to- 
gether), 1785. 

maerffu,  st.  f . :  i)  glory,  a  hero's 
fame:  nom.  sg.  838 ;  ace.  sg.  masrSo, 
660,  688;  ace.  pi.  maerlSa,  2997; 
instr.  pi.  mxr'Sum  {gloriously), 
2515:  gen.  pi.  mxr«a,  504,  1 531. 
—  2)  deed  of  glory,  heroism : 
ace.  sg.  mneriio,  2135;  gen.  pi. 
maer'Sa,  408,  2646.  —  Comp.  ellen- 
mser^u. 

insere,  adj.,  memorable ;  celebrated, 
noble;  well  known,  notorious:  nom. 
sg.  m.msere,  103,  129,  1716,1762; 
se  maera,  763,  2012,  25SS;  also  as 
vocative  m.  se  mtera,  1475;  nom. 
fern. mseru,20i7;  mjBre,i953;  neut. 
maere,  2406;  ace.  sg.  m.  moerne,  36, 
201,  353.  '599,  2385,  2722,  2789, 
3099;  neut.  mare,  1024;  dat.  sg. 
maerum,  345,  1302,  1993,  2080, 
2573;  to  J>am  niaeran,  270;  gen.  sg. 
maeres,  798;  maeran,  1730;  nom.  pi. 


masre,  307 1;  superl.  maerost,  899. 
—  Comp. :  fore-,  hea"5o-maere. 

nia^st.     See  iiiara. 

maete,  adj.,  moderate,  small:  superl. 
nom.  sg.  niKtost,  1456. 

mecg,  niiicg,  '~,\..\x\..,son,yo%ith,  man . 
in  comp.  hilde-,  oret-mecg,  wrac- 
miicg. 

media.     See  on-medla. 

medii,  .-t.  m.,  mead  :  ace.  sg.  medu, 
2634;  dat.  sg.  to  medo,  605. 

medo-iirn,  st.  n.,  mead-hall :  ace.  sg. 
medo-arn  (Heorot),  69. 

medu-benc,  st.  f.,  mead-bench,  bench 
in  the  mead-hall :  nom.  sg.  medu- 
benc,  777  ;  dat.  sg.  medu-bence, 
1053  ;  medo-bence,  1068,  2186; 
meodu-bence,  1 903. 

medu-dredm,  st.  m.,  mead-joy,  joy- 
ous carousing  during  mead-drink- 
ing :  ace.  sg.  2017. 

medo-fiil,  st.  n.,  mead-ciip  :  acc.sg 
625,  1016. 

niedo-heal,  st.  f.,  mead-hall :  nom. 
sg.,    4S4;    dat.   sg.    meodu-healle, 

639- 

medu-scenc,  st.m.,  mead-can,  ves- 
sel :  instr.  pi.  meodu-scencum, 
1981. 

niedu-seld,  st.  n.,  mead-seat,  mead- 
house  :  ace.  sg.,  3066. 

medo-setl,  st.  n.,  mead-seat  upon 
which  one  sits  mead-drinking :  gen. 
pi.  meodo-setla,  5. 

medo-stig,  st.  f.,  mead-road,  roaa 
to  the  mead-hall :  ace.  sg.  medo- 
stig,  925. 

medo  -  Avang,  si.  m.,  mead-field 
(where  the  mead-hall  stood)  :  ace. 
pi.  medo-wongas,  1644. 

meffel,  st.  n.,  assembly,  council :  dat. 
sg.  on  meSle,  1877. 

meffel-stede,  st.  m.,  ''properly  place 
of  speech,  judgment-seat),  here 
meeting-place,  battle-field  (so,  also 


276 


GLOSSARY. 


425,  the  battle  is  conceived  under 
the  figure  of  a  parliament  or  con- 
vention) :  (lat.  sg.  on  j^am  meSel- 
stede,  1083. 

metTel-Avorrt,  st.  n. ,  words  called 
forth  at  a  discussion ;  address  : 
instr.  pi.  meSel-vvorduin,  236. 

ineldn,  \v.  m.,  finder,  in  for /iter,  be- 
trayer :  gen.  sg.  J'as  meldan,  2406. 

incltan,  st.  v.  intrans.,  to  consume 
by  fire,  melt  or  waste  away :  inf., 
3012;  pret.  sg.  mealt,  2327;  pi. 
multon,  1 1 21. 

g  e  -  m  e  1 1  a  n ,  the  same :  pret.  sg.  ge- 
mealt,  898,  1609,  1616;  negemealt 
him  se  mod-sefa  (Jus  courage  did 
not  desert  hint'),  2629. 

men.     See  man. 

inene,  st.  m.,  neck  ornament,  neck- 
lace, collar  :  ace.  sg.,  1200. 

iiiengan, w.  v.,  to  mingle,  unite,with, 
w.  ace.  of  thing:  inf.  se  |'e  mere- 
grundas  mengan  scolde,  1450. 

ge-mengan,/<?  mix  with,  commin- 
gle :  pret.  part.,  849,  1 594. 

ineni$>'ii,  st.  f.,  multitude,  many  : 
nom.  and  ace.  sg.  mai^'ma  menigco 
{multitude  of  treasures,  presents), 
2144;    so,  manigo,  41. 

niercels,  st.  m.,  mark,  aim  :  gen. 
sg.  mercelses,  2440. 

mere,  st.  m.,  sea,  ocean  :  nom.  sg. 
se  mere,  1363;  ace.  sg.  on  mere, 
1 131,  1604;  on  nicera  mere,  846; 
dat.  sg.  fram  mere,  856. 

mere-fle6r,st.  n.,  sea-beast:  ace.  sg., 

558. 
mcre-fara,  w.  m.,   seafarer:   gen. 

sg.  mere-faran,  502. 
mere-fix,  st.  m.,  sea-fish  :  gen.  pi. 

mere-fixa  {the  whale,  cf.  540),  549. 
mere-griind, St.  m., sea-bottom:  ace. 

sg.,  2101;   ace.  pi.  mere-grundas, 

1450. 
mere-hragl,    st     n. ,    sea-garment. 


i.e.,    sail :    gen.    pi.    mere-h;Sgls 

sum,  1906. 
niere-liijend,  prcs.  part.,  moving  on 

the  sea,  sailor :  nom.  pi.  mere-li- 

■J^ende,  255. 
iiiere-strfet,  st.  f.,   sea-street,   way 

o-'cr  the  sea  :  acc.  pi.  mere-stKEta 

5'4- 

mere-strengo,  st.  f.,  sea-po-wer, 
strength  in  the  sea  :  acc.  sg.,  533. 

mere-'wif,  st.  n.,  sea-woman,  mer- 
woman :  acc.  sg.  (of  Grendel's 
mother),  1520. 

mergen.     See  inorgen. 

met,  St.  n.,  thought,  intention  (cf. 
metian  -  meditari)  :  acc.  pi.  onsael 
meoto,  4S9  (meaning  doubtful; 
see  Bugge,  Journal  8,  292;  Die- 
trich, Ilaupt's  Zeits.  1 1, 41 1 ;  Kor- 
ner,  Eng.  Stud.  2,  251). 

g  e  -  met,  st.  n.,  a«  apportioned  share  ; 
might,  power,  ability  :  nom.  sg.  nis 
I'at  .  .  .  gemet  mannes  nefne  min 
Snes  {nobody,  myself  excepted,  can 
do  that),  2534;  ace.  sg.  ofer  mIn 
gemet  {beyond  my  power),  2880; 
dat.  sg.  mid  gemete,  780. 

ge-met,  adj.,  well-measured,  meet, 
good:  nom.  sg.  svvi  him  gemet 
binee  (I'dhte),  {as  seemed  meet  to 
him),  688,  3058.  See  un-gemete, 
adv. 

metan,  st.  v.,  to  measure,  pass  over 
or  along:  pret.  pi.  fealwe  straete 
mearum  maston  {measured  the  yel- 
lo'v  road  with  their  horses),  918  ; 
so,  514,  1634. 

g  e  -  m  e  t  a  n ,  the  same :  pret.  sg. 
m6du-stTg  gemzX{measured,walked 
over,  the  road  to  the  mead-hall), 

925- 
metod,  St.   m.   (the  measuring,  ar- 
ranging) Creator,  God :  nom.  sg., 
no,   707,  968,  1058,  2528;    seii 
metod,  980;  sd'Smetod,  1612;  acc. 


GLOSSARY. 


277 


sg.  inetod,  l8o;  dat.  sg.  metode, 
169,  1779;  gen.  sg.  metodes,  671. 
—  Comp.  eald-metod. 

metod-sceaft,  st.  f. :  i )  the  Creator'' s 
determination,  divine  purpose, 
fate  :  acc.sg.  -sceaft,  1078. —  2)  the 
Creator''!  glory :  ace.  sg.  metod- 
sceaft  seon  (i.e.  die),  1181;  dat. 
sg.  I A  metod-sceafte,  2816. 

mece,  st.  Ta.,szuord :  nom.  sg.,  1939; 
ace.  sg.  mece,  2048;  bradne  mece, 
2979;  gen.  sg.  meces,  1766,  1813, 
2615,  2940;  dat.  pi.  instr.  mScum, 
565 ;  gen.  pi.  meca,  26S6. — Comp. : 
beado-,  haft-,  hilde-m8ce. 

med,  St.  f.,  meed,  rezuard :  ace.  sg. 
mede,  2135;  dat.  sg.  mede,  2147; 
gen.  pi.  mSda,  11 79. 

ge-inede,  st.  n.,  approval,  permis- 
sion (Grein) :  ace.  pi.  ge-m^du, 
247. 

meije,  adj.,  tired,  exhausted,  de- 
jected: in  comp.  hyge-,  soe-me5e. 

nietan,  w.  v.,  to  meet,  find,  fall  in 
■with:  with  ace,  pret.  pi.  sySSan 
Aescheres . . .  hafelan  metton,  1422 ; 
subj.  pret.  sg.  l>at  he  ne  mette  .  .  . 
on  elran  man  mundgripe  maran 
{^that  he  never  met,  in  any  other 
man,  with  a  mightier  hand-grip^ , 

752- 

ge-m6tan,  with  ace.,  the  same: 
pret.  sg.  gemette,  758,  2786;  pi. 
nas  \>%  long  to  \>ox\,  )>at  1^^  aglaecean 
hy  eft  gemStton  (it  was  not  long 
after  that  the  warriors  again  met 
each  other'),  2593. 

ge -meting,  st.  f.,  meeting,  hostile 
coming  together  :  nom.  sg.,  2002. 

meagol,  adj.,  mighty,  immense ;  for- 
mal, solemn :  instr.  pi.  meaglum 
wordum,  1981. 

mearc,  si.  i.,  frontier,  limit,  end: 
dat.  sg.  t8  mearce  {the  etid  of  life), 
2385.  —  Comp.  Weder-meare,  29S. 


g  e  -  m  e  a  r  c,  St.  n.,  measure,  distance . 
comp.  fot-,  unl-ge-mearc. 

mearcian,  w.  v.,  to  mark,  stain : 
pres.  ind.  sg.  mearca'S  morhopu 
{zvill  stain,  mark,  the  moor  with 
the  blood  of  the  corpse),  450. 

ge-mearcian,  the  same:  pret. 
part.  (Cain)  morSie  gemearcod 
{murder-marked  [ci.  I  Book  Mos. 
IV.  15]),  1265;  swS  was  on  ]>xm 
scennum  .  .  .  gemearcod  .  . .  hwam 
l^at  sweord  geworht  wsere  {en- 
graved for  whom  the  sword  had 
been  wrought),  1 696. 

niearc-stapa,  w.  m.,  inarch-strider, 
frontier-haunter  (applied  to  Gren- 
del   and    his    mother)  :   nom.    sg., 
103;   ace.  pi.  mearc-stapan,  1349. 

inearh,  st.  m.,  horse,  steed :  nom.  pi. 
mearas,  2164 ;  aee.  pi.  mearas,  866, 
1036;  dat.  pi.  inst.  mearum,  856, 
918;  mearum  and  mdSmum,  1049, 
1899;  gen.  pi.  meara  and  maSma, 
2167. 

mearn.     See  inurnan. 

meodn.     See  medu. 

ineoto.     See  met. 

meotud.     See  mtitod. 

meowle,  w.  f.,  maiden  :  comp.  geo- 
meowle. 

micel,  adj.,  great,  huge,  long  (of 
time)  :  nom.  sg.  m.,  129,  502;  fem., 
67,  146,170;  neut.,  772;  acc.sg 
m.  micelne,  3099;  fem.  micle, 
1779,  3092;  neut.  micel,  270,  11 68. 
The  comp.  mare  must  be  supplied 
before  I'one  in :  medo-arn  micel 
.  .  .  (mSre)  j'one  yldo  beam  sefre 
ge-frunon,  69;  instr.  sg.  ge-trume 
micle,  923 ;  miele  {by  much,  much)  ; 
micle  leofre  {far  dearer),  2652; 
efne  swS  micle  (lassa),  {{^less']  even 
by  so  much),  1284;  oftor  micle 
{much  oftener),  1580;  dat.  sg. 
weaii  form  miclan,  2850 ;   gen.  sjf 


278 


GLOSSARY. 


miclan,  979.  The  gen.  sg.  micles 
is  an  adv.  =  much,  very  :  micles 
wyr'Sne  gedon  {e/eem  worthy  of 
much,  i.e.  honor  very  highly) ,  21 86 ; 
to  fela  micles  (^far  too  much,  many'), 
695;  ace.  pi.  micle,  1349.  Coinpar., 
see  inara. 
mid,  1.  prep.  \v.  dat.,  instr.,  and  ace., 
signifying  preeminently  tinion, 
community,  with,  hence:  i)  w. 
dat. :  a)  with,  in  company,  com- 
munity, with:  mid  Finne,  11 29; 
mid  Ilroi^gare,  1593;  mid  scip- 
herge,  243;  mid  gesiSum  {with 
his  comrades),  1314;  so,  1318, 
1964,  2950,  etc.;  mid  his  freo- 
drihtne,  2628;  mid  )>sem  IScum 
{'with  the  gifts),  1869;  so,  27S9, 
1 25 ;  mid  h;i;le  {tvith  good  luck  !), 
1218;  mid  \yx\t  for  {sped  off  amid 
fire),  2309.  The  prep,  postponed  : 
him  mid  (with  him,  in  his  compa- 
;y),  41 ;  with  him,  1626;  ne  was 
him  Fitela  mid  {rvas  nofivithhim), 
890.  b)  with,  among :  mid  Gea- 
tum  {among  the  Gedtas),  195, 
2193,2624;  midScyldingum,  274; 
mid  Eotenum,  903;  mid  ylduui 
(eldum),  77,  2612;  mid  \im\{with, 
amottg,  one  another),  2949.  In 
temporal  sense :  mid  a;r-dage  {at 
dawn),  126.  —  2)  with,  with  the 
help  of,  through,  w.  dat. :  mid 
Sr-stafum  {through  his  grace),  317; 
so,  2379;  mid  gx^Y>^{with  the  fist), 
438;  so,  1462,2721;  midhishete- 
honcum  {through  his  hatred),  j^jc^ ; 
mid  sweorde,  574;  so,  1660,  2877  ; 
mid  gemete  {through,  by,  his 
power),  "j^;  so,  I220,  2536,  2918; 
mid  gode  {7i>ith  benefits),  11 85; 
mid  hearme  ( r.»zV/<  harm,  insult), 
1S93;  mid  l>a"re  sorge  {'with 
{^through}']  this  sorrow),  2469; 
mid  rihte  {by  rights).  Toy}.     With 


instr. :  mid  \>^  wife  {through  [;««>'• 
riage  with'\  the  woman),  2029. — 
3)  w.  ace,  with,  in  community, 
company,  with  :  mid  his  eorla  ge- 
driht,  357;  so,  634,  663,  1673; 
mid  hine,  8S0;  mid  minne  gold 
gyfan,  2653. 

II.  adv.,  mid,  thereamong,  in 
the  company,  1643;  at  the  same 
time,  likewise,  1 650. 

iniddan-geard,  st.  m., globe,  earth: 
ace.  sg.,  75,  1772;  dat.  sg.  on  mid- 
dan-gearde,2997;  gen.sg.middan- 
geardes,  504,  752. 

inidde,  w.  f.,  middle  =  mcdius  :  dat. 
sg.  on  middan  {through  the  middle, 
in  two),  2706;  gen.  sg.  (adv.)  to- 
niiddes  {in  the  midst),  3142. 

middcl-niht,  st.  f.,  midnight :  dat. 
pi.  middel-nihtum,  2783,  2834. 

iniht,  St.  f.,  might,  power,  authority  : 
acc.sg.  l>urh  drihtnes  miht  {through 
the  /.ord^s  help,  power),  941 ;  instr. 
pi.  selfes  niihtum,  701. 

inihtig,  adj.:  i)  physically  strong, 
po'werful :  ace.  sg.  mihtig  mere- 
deor,  558;  mere-wif  mihtig,  1520. 
—  2)  possessing  authority,  mighty : 
nom.  sg.  mihtig  god,  702,  1717, 
1726;  dat.  sg.  mihtigan  drihtne, 
1399. — Comp. :   al-,  fore-mihtig. 

inilde,  adj.,  kind,  gracious,  gener- 
ous :  nom.  sg.  modes  milde  {kind- 
hearted),  1 230;  instr.  pi.  mildum 
word\ym.{graciously),  1 1 73.  Superl. 
nom.  sg.  worold-cyning  mannum 
inildust  {a  king  most  liberal  to 
men),  3183. 

milts,  St.  f.,  kindness,  benevolence : 
nom.  sg.,  2922. 

inissan,  w.  v.  with  gen.,  to  miss, 
err  in :  pret.  sg.  miste  mercelses 
{missed  the  mark),  2440. 

missere,  st.  n.,  space  of  a  semester, 
half  a  year :  gen.  pi.  hund  missera 


GLOSSARY. 


279 


ijifty  winters),  2'JZif,  2210;  gen- 
erally, a  long  period  of  time,  season, 
1499,  1770;  fela  missera,  153,2621. 

mist-hliS't  st.  n.,  misty  cliff,  cloud- 
capped  slope :  dat.  pi.  under  mist- 
hleo^um,  711. 

mistig,  adj.,  misty  :  ace.  pi.  mistige 
moras,  162. 

mil-gemearc,  st.  n.,  measure  by 
miles :    gen.    sg.    mil-gemearces, 

1363- 

min:  i)  poss.  pron.,  my,  mine,  255, 
345,  etc. ;  HygelSc  min  {my  lord, 
ox  king,  //.),  2435.-2)  gen.  sg. 
of  pers.  pron.  ic,  oftne,  2085, 2534, 
etc. 

inolde,  w.  f.,  dust ;  earth,  field :  in 
comp.  gras-molde. 

mon.     See  man. 

g  e  -  mong.     See  g  e  -  mang. 

niorij-bealu,  st.  n.,  murder,  deadly 
hale  or  deed  of  murder :  gen.  pi. 
morS-beala,  136. 

moi'Sfor,  St.  n.,  deed  of  violence,  mur- 
der :  dat.  instr.  sg.  mor^re,  893, 
1265,2783;  gen. sg.mor'Sres, 2056; 
mor'Sres  scyldig  (guilty  of  mur- 
der), 1684. 

niorUorhcd,  st.  n.,  ded  of  death, 
murder-bed :  ace.  sg.  was  l^am 
yldestan  .  .  .  raorSor-bed  stred  (a 
bed  of  death  was  spread  for  the 
eldest,  i.e.  through  murder  his  death- 
bed was  prepared),  2437. 

inorUor-bealu,  st.  n.,  death-bale, 
destruction  by  murder :  ace.  sg. 
mor'Sor-bealo,  1080,  2743. 

morSor-hete,  st.  m.,  murderous 
hate :  gen.  sg.  I'as  morSor-hetes, 
1 106. 

morgen,  morn,  mergen,  st.  m., 
morning,  forenoon  ;  also  morroza  : 
nom.  sg.  morgen,  1785,  2125; 
{morrow),  2104;  ace.  sg.  on  mor- 
gen   {in  the  morinng),  838;    cIt. 


Sg.  on  morgne,  2485 ;  on  mergenne, 
565,  2940;  gen.  pi.  morna  ge- 
hwylce  {every  morning),  2451. 

morgen-ceald,  adj.,  momitig-cold, 
dawn-cold :  nom.  sg.  gar  morgen- 
ceald  {spear  chilled  by  the  early 
air  of  morn),  3023. 

morgen-lang,  adj.,  lasting  through 
the  morning:  ace.  sg.  morgen- 
longne  dag  {the  whole  forenoon), 
2895. 

morgen-le6ht,st.n.,  wt>/-«t«^-/«"f/iA 
nom.  sg.,  605,  918. 

morgen-sweg,  st.  m.,  morning-cry, 
cry  at  >norn  :  nom.  sg.,  129. 

morgen-tid,  st.  f.,  morning-tide  : 
ace.  sg.  on  morgen -tide,  484, 
8i8(?). 

morn.    See  morgen. 

mod,  St.  n. :  i)  heart,  soul,  spirit, 
mood,  mind,  manner  of  thinking  : 
nom.  sg.,  50,  731;  wafre  mod  {the 
flickering  spirit,  the  fading  breath) , 
I151;  ace.  sg.  on  mod  {into  his 
mind),  67;  dat.  instr.  sg.  mode 
ge(>ungen  {of  mature,  lofty  spirit), 
625;  on  mode  {in  heart,  mind), 
754,  1845,2282,2528;  on  hreoum 
mode  {fierce  of  spirit),  2582;  gen. 
sg.  modes,  171,  811,  1707;  modes 
bliSe  {gracious  -  minded,  kindly 
disposed),  436;  so,  modes  milde, 
1230;  modes  seoce  {depressed  in 
mind),  1604.  —  2)  boldness,  cour- 
age :  nom.  and  ace.  sg.,  1058, 1 168. 
3)  passion,  fierceness :  nom.  sg., 
549.  —  Comp.  form  adj. :  galg-, 
geomor-,  glad-,  gfl*5-,  hreoh-,  irre-, 
sarig-,  sti'5-,  swiS-,  werig-mod. 

mud-cearn,  st.  f.,  grief  of  heart . 
ace.  sg.  mod-ceare,  1993,  3150. 

mod-gehygd,  st.  f.,  thought  of  the 
heart;  mind:  instr.  pi.  mod-ge- 
hygdum,  233 

mod-ge-Jjano,  st.  n  ,  mood-thottght 


280 


GLOSSARY. 


meiUtation  :  ace.  sg.  mSd-ge-|>onc, 

1730- 
mOd-giOinor,  ac\].,_^rieved  at  heart, 

liejected :  nom.  sg.,  2895. 

inOdig,  adj.,  courageous  :  nom.  sg., 
605,  1644,  1813,  2758;  he  l)as 
(^am,  MS.)  mudig  was  {had  the 
courage  for  ii),  1509;  se  modega, 
814 ;  dat.  sg.  mid  bam  m6digan, 
3012;  gen.  sg.  niodges,  502;  mo- 
diges,  2699 ;  Geata  leod  geoine 
trflwode  modgan  niagnes  {trusted 
firmly  in  his  hold  strength'),  671; 
nom.  pi.  niodge,  856 ;  niodige, 
1877;  gen.  pi.  modigra,  312,  1889. 
—  Conip.  fela-niodig. 

iiiGdig-lic,  adj.,  of  bold  appearance  : 
compar.  ace.  pi.  niodiglieran,  337. 

inOd-lufe,  w.  f.,  heart's  affection, 
love :  gen.  sg.  |4nre  mod-lufan, 
1824. 

inod-sefa,  w.  m.,  thought  of  the 
heart;  brave,  bold  temper  ;  cour- 
age :  nom.  sg.,  349,  1854,  2629; 
ace.  sg.  mod-sefan,  2013;  ,dat.  sg. 
mod-sefan,  180. 

indd-}>racu,  st.  f.,  boldness,  courage, 
strength  of  mind :  dat.  sg.  for  his 
mod-brace,  385. 

inddor,  f.,  mother :  nom.  sg.,  1259, 
1277,  1283,  1684,  2119;  ace.  sg. 
modor,  1539,  2140,  2933. 

mOna,  w.  m.,  moon  ■  gen.  sg.  m8- 
nan,  94. 

mOr,  St.  m.,  moor,  morass,  swamp  : 
ace.  sg.  ofer  myrean  mor,  1406; 
dat.  sg.  of  more,  711;  ace.  pi. 
moras,  103,  162,  1349. 

mOr-hop,  st.  n.,  place  of  refuge  in 
the  moor,  hiding  -  place  in  the 
s'iianip  :  ace.  pi.  mor-hopu,  450. 

ge-inot,  St.  n.,  meeting:  in  comp. 
hand-,  torn-ge-niot. 

niotan,  pret.-pres.  v.:  i)  power  or 
permi'isiun    to   have  something,  A 


be  permitted ;  may,  can  :  pres.  sg 
1.,  111.  mot,   186,    442,    604;     II. 
most,  1672;   pi.  mSton,  347,  365, 
395 ;   pres.  subj.  ie  mote,  431 ;   III. 
se  t'e  mote,  1388;   pret  sg.  mSste, 
168,   707,   736,  895,    m88,    1999. 
2242,  2505,  etc.;  pi.  moston,  1629, 
1876,  2039,  2125,  2248;  pres.  subj. 
sg.  II.  hat  bu  hine  selfne  gesedn 
moste    {mightest    see),   962. —  2) 
shall,  tmist,  be  obliged :   pres.   sg. 
mot,  28S7;  pret.  sg.  moste,   1940; 
hffir  he  b^   fyrste    forman   dogore 
wealdan  moste,  swa  him  Wyrd  ne 
gescraf,  hreS  at  hilde  {if  he  must 
for  the  first  time  that  day  be  victo- 
rious, as  Fate  had  denied  him  vic- 
tory, ef.  2681,  2683  seqq.),  2575. 
ge-munan,    pret.-pres.  v.,  to  have 
in  mitid,  be  mindful ;  remember, 
think  of,  w.  ace. :    pres.  sg.    hine 
gearwe   geman    witena  wel-hvvyle 
{each  of  the  /mowing  ones  still  re- 
members him  -well),  265;   ic  be  bas 
lean  geman  (/  shall  not  forget  thy 
reward  for  this),  1 221  ;  ic  bat  call 
gemon     (/    remember    all    that), 
2428;  so,  1702,  2043;  gif  he  bat 
call    gemon    hwiit  .  .  .   {if  he    is 
mindful  of  all  that  which  .  .  .), 
1 1S6;    ic  bat  mx\  gemon  hwser  .  . . 
(/  remenber  the  time  when  .  .  .), 
2634;   pret.  sg.  w.  gemunde  .  .  . 
a:fen-spr3ece  {recalled  his  evening 
speech),  T^()\  50,871,   1130,   1260, 
1271,  1291,2115,2432,2607,2679; 
se  Vis,  leod-hryres  lean  ge-munde 
{-was  mindful  of  rc^vard  for  the 
fall   of  the    ruler),  2392;    bat  he 
Eotena  bearn  inne  gemunde  {that 
he  in  this  should  remember,  take 
vengeance   on,  the  children  of  the 
Eotens),  1142;    so,  bond  gemunde 
fa'hSo  genoge  {his  hand  remem- 
bered strife  enough),  2490;    ne  ge- 


GLOSSARY. 


281 


munde  mago  Ecglafes  h§t  .  .  .  {re- 
membered not  that  which  .  .  .), 
1466;  pret.  pi.  helle  gemundon 
in  mod-sefan  {their  thoughts  [as 
heathens]  fixed  themselves  on,  re- 
membered, hell),  179. 

on-munan,  w.  ace.  pers.  and  gen. 
of  thing,  to  admonish,  exhort  : 
piet.  sg.  onmunde  {isic  masrSa  {ex- 
horted Its  to  deeds  of  glory),  2641. 

niund,  St.  f.,  hand :  instr.  pi.  mun- 
dum,  mid  mundum,  236,  514,  1462, 
3023,  3092. 

n\\xiv^-'hov?k,,\\'  .\ti., protector  ,gtiardi- 
au, preserver  :  nom.  sg.,  1481,  2780. 

munfl-gripe,  st.  in.,  hand-grip, 
seizure  :  ace.  sg.  mund-gripe,  754; 
dat.  sg.  mund-gripe,  380,  1535; 
after  mund-gripe  {after  having 
seized  the  criminal),  1939. 

rnurnan,  st.  v.,  to  shrink  from,  be 
afraid  of,  avoid:  pret.  sg.  no 
mearn  fore  faeh<'^eandfyrene,  136; 
so,  1538;  nalles  for  ealdre  mearn 
{was  not  apprehensive  for  hi<;  life) , 
1443.  —  2)  to  mourn,  grieve  :  pres. 
part,  him  was  .  .  .  murnende  mod, 
50;  pres.subj.,  bonne  lie  fela  murne 
{than  that  he  should  mo ur 71  much), 
1386. 

be-murnan,  be-meornan,  with 
ace,  to  mourn  over :  pret.  be- 
mearn,  908,  1 078. 

murn-lice.     See  un-murn-lice. 

iiiuij-bana,  w.  m.,  mouth-destroyer  : 
dat.  sg.  to  mii^-bonan  (of  Grendel 
because  he  bit  his  victim  to  death), 
2080. 

mud'a,  w.  m.,  mouth,  entrance  :  ace. 
sg.  recedes  mil'San  {mouth  of  the 
house,  door),  725. 

ge-  niynd,  st.  f.,  memory,  memorial, 
remembrance :  dat.  pi.  to  gemyn- 
dum,  2805,  3017.  See  weorff- 
mynd. 


myndgian,  w.  v.,  to  call  to  mind, 
remember :  pres.  sg.  myndga'5, 
2058;  pres.  part.  w.  gen.  gif  ^onne 
Fresna  hwylc  .  .  .  |'as  moriSor- 
hetes  myndgiend  waere  {were  to 
call  to  mind  the  bloody  feud  ) ,  1 1 06. 

ge -myndgian,  w.  v.  w.  ace,  to  re- 
member :  biS  gemyndgad  .  .  .  ea- 
foran  ellor-siS  {is  reminded  of  hii 
soil's  decease),  2451. 

ge-myndig,  adj.,  ?nindful;  nom. 
sg.  w.  gen.,  614,  869,  1174,  1531, 
2083,  etc. 

myne,  st.  m. :  i)  mind,  wish  :  nom. 
sg.,  2573.  —  2)  love{?)  :  ne  his 
myne  wisse  {whose  [God's]  love 
he  knew  not),  169. 

ge-mynian,  w.  v.  w.  ace,  to  be 
mindful  of:  imper.  sg.  gemyne 
moerSo !  660. 

myntan,  w.  v.,  to  intend,  think  of, 
resolve  :  pret.  sg.  mynte  .  .  .  man- 
na cynnes  sumne  besyrvvan(wfa«/ 
to  entrap  all{?)  [see  sum],  so»ie 
one  of{l),  the  Jiien),  713;  mynte 
\>2X  he  gedaelde  .  .  .  {thought  to 
sever),  732;  mynte  se  mjera,  \>7zx 
he  meahte  swa,  widre  gewindan 
{intended  to  flee),  763. 

inyrce,  adj.,  murky,  dark  :  ace.  sg. 
ofer  myrcan  mor,  1406. 

myriy,  st.  i.,joy,  mirth  :  dat.  (instr.) 
sg.  m6des  myr^e,  811. 


N 


naca,  w.  m.,  vessel,  ship:   ace.  sg. 

nacan,  295 ;  gen.  sg.  nacan,  214. 

—  Comp. :  hring-,  ^"S-naca. 
nacod,  adj.,  naked :  nom.  and  asc. 

sg.   swurd,   g(l"5-bill    naeod,    539, 

2586;   nacod  ni5-draca,  2274. 
nalas,  nales,  nallas.  See  nealles. 
nama,  w.  m.,  7iame  :  nom.  sg.  Bed- 


282 


GLOSSARY. 


wulf  is  min  nama,  343 ;  was  J>am 

hjift-mece   Ilruiiting  nama,   1458; 

ace.   sg.   scop    him   lleort   naman 

(^gave  it  the  name  Ilart),  78. 
iia  (from  ne-a),  strength,  negative, 

never,  not  all,  445,  567,  1537. 
nail,  from  ne-ah.     See  agan. 
nan  (from  ne-an),  indef.  pron.,  none, 

no :  with   gen.   pi.  g&S-billa    nan, 

804;   adjectively,  ntn  .  . .  iren  xx- 

god,  990. 
nat,  from  ne-wat :   /know  noi=  ne- 

scio.     See  ivitan. 
nat-h^vylc    (nescio    quis,    ne-wat- 

hwylc,  kno-iu  Jiot  who,  which,  etc.), 

indef.  pron.,    atiy,  a  certain  one, 

some  or  other  .•  1)  w.  partitive  gen. : 

nom.  sg.  gamena  nat-hwylc,  2234; 

gen.sg.  nat-hwylces  (j'ara  banena), 

2054;   niSa  nSt-hvvylces(?),  2216; 

nSt-hwylces  haleSa  bearna,  2225. 

—  2)  adjectively :   dat.  sg.  in  niiV 

sele  nSt-hwylcum,  1514. 
niibben,    from     ne-habljen    (suhj. 

prcs.).     See  habban. 
niifne.     See  nefne. 
iiiigel,  St.  m.,  nail :  gen.  pi.  nagla 

(of  the  fmger-nails),  986. 
naglcd,    part.,    nailed},    nail-likel, 

bucldedl :     ace.    sg.    neut.    nagled 

(MS.  gled)  sine,  2024. 
nas,    St.   m.,   naze,   rock  projecting 

into  the  sea,  cliff,  promontory  :  ace. 

sg.  nas,  1440,  1601,  2899;    dat.  sg. 

nasse,  2244,  2418;  ace.  pi.  windige 

nassas,  1412;   gen.  pi.  nassa,  1361. 
nas,  from  ne-wiis  (ivas   not).     See 

^vesan. 
nas,  neg.  adv.,  not,  not  at  all,  562, 

2263. 
iias-]ili(r,    St.  n.,  declivity,  slope  0/ a 

promontory  that  sinks  doiunward 

to  the  sea  :  dat.  pi.  on  nas-hleo^um, 

1428. 
naefre,  adv.,   never,  247,  583,  592, 


656,  719,  1042,  1049,  etc.;  also 
strengthened  liy  ne :  nrefre  ne, 
1461. 

ge-nfPgan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.  pers.  and 
gen.  of  thing,  to  attack,  press: 
prct.  pi.  niJSa  genaegdan  nefan 
Ilererices  (?'«  combats  pressed  hard 
upon  II.^s  nephew),  2207;  pret. 
part,  wear 5 . .  .ni'Sa  genrcged,  1440. 

nfenig  (from  ne-ienig),  pron.,  not 
any,  none,  no:  i)  substantively  w. 
gen.  pi.:  nom.  sg.,  157,  242,  692; 
dat.  sg.  nsenegum,  599;  gen.  pi. 
ncenigra,  950.  —  2)  adjectively : 
nom.  sg.  o'l^er  nacnig,  860;  nnenig 
water,  1515;  na'nig.  .  .  deor,  1934; 
ace.  sg.  naenigne  .  .  .  horS-ma"5um, 
1199. 

na;ro,  fr(^m  ne-woere  {were  not,  would 
not  be).     See  wesan. 

ne,  simple  neg.,  not,  38,  50,  80,  St,, 
109,  etc.;  before  imper.  ne  sorga  ! 
13S5;  ne  gym!  1 76 1,  etc.  Doubled 
=  certainly  not,  not  even  that :  ne 
ge  .  .  .  gearwe  ne  wisson  {ye  cer- 
tainly have  not  known,  etc.),  245; 
so,  863;  ne  ic  .  .  .  wihte  ne  vvSne 
{nor  do  I  at  all  in  the  least  expect), 
2923;  so,  182.  Strengthened  by 
other  neg. :  noSer  . . .  ne,  2125;  swd 
he  ne  mihte  no  .  .  .  {so  that  he  ab- 
solutely could  not),  1509. 

ne  .  .  .  ne,  not .  .  .  and  not,  nor; 
neither  .  .  .  nor,  154-157,  51 1, 
1083-1085,  etc.  Another  neg.may 
supply  the  place  of  the  first  ne : 
so,  no  .  .  .  ne,  575-577,  1026-1028, 
I393-I395.etc.;  naefre  ...  ne,  583- 
584;  nalles  .  .  .  ne,  301 6-301 7. 
The  neg.  may  be  omitted  the  first 
time  :  xr  ne  siS'San  {neither  before 
nor  after,  before  nor  since),  719; 
sftS  ne  norS  {south  nor  nortJi), 
859;  adl  ne  yldo  {neither  illness 
nor   old  age),   1737;    wordum  ne 


GLOSSARY. 


283 


worcum  {neither  by  word  nor 
deed^,  iioi;  vviston  and  ne  wen- 
don  {knezv  not  and  -weened  710 1), 
1605. 
nefa,  \v.  m.,  7iephew,  grandson  : 
nom.  sg.  nefa  (grandson),  1204; 
50,1963;  {nepheio),  21'ji;  ace.  sg. 
nefan  {nephew),  2207;  dat.  sg. 
nefan  {iiephe-a'),  SS2. 
nefne,  niifne,  nemne  (orig.  from 
ne-gif-ne):  i)  subj. :  a)  with  de- 
pend, clause  =  unless  :  nefne  him 
witig  god  wyrd  forstode  {if  fate, 
the  wise  God,  had  not  prevented 
kifn),  1057;  nefne  god  sylfa  .  .  . 
sealde  {unless  God  himself  etc.), 
3055;  nafne  him  his  wlite  leoge 
(MS.  nsefre)  {unless  his  face  belie 
him),  250;  nafne  he  was  mara 
{except  that  he  zaas  huger),  1354; 
nemne  him  hea'So-byrne  helpe  ge- 
fremede,  1553;  so,  2655. —b)  w. 
follow,  substantive  =  except,  save, 
only :  nefne  sin-frea  {except  the 
hitsl'and),  1935;  ic  lyt  hafo  hea- 
fod-maga  nefne  Hygelac  J^ec  {have 
no  near  kin  but  thee),  2152;  nis 
>at  eower  (gen.  pi.)  si5  .  .  .  nefne 
min  anes,  2534.  —  2)  Prep,  with 
dat.,  except :  nemne  feaum  anum, 
1082. 
g  e  -  nehost.  See  g  e  -  neahhe. 
nelle,    from   ne-wille  (/  will  not). 

See  ^\-illaii. 
nemnan,  w.  v.  w.  ace. :  x)  to  name, 
call :  pres.  pi.  hone  yldestan  oret- 
mecgas  Beowulf  nemna'5  {the  war- 
riors call  the  most  distinguished 
one  Bedwzilf),  364;  so  inf.  nem- 
nan, 2024;  pret.  pi.  nemdon,  1355. 
—  2)  to  address,  as  in 
be-nemnan,  to  pronounce  solemn- 
ly, put  under  a  spell :  pret.  sg.  Fin 
Hengeste  .  .  .  aSum  be-nemde  j^at 
(asserted,  promised  under  oath  that 


.  .  .),  1098;  pret.  pi.  swS  hit  o^' 
domes  dag  diope  benemdon  J>e6d- 
nas  mcere  {put  under  a  curse), 
3070. 
nemne.  See  nefne. 
nerian,  ge-nerian,  w.  v.,  to  save, 
rescue,  liberate:  pres.  sg.  Wyrd 
oft  nere'5  unfsegne  eorl,  573;  pret. 
part,  hafde  .  .  .  sele  IlroSgares  ge- 
nered  wiS  ni'Se  {saved  from  hos- 
tility), 828. 
g  e  -  nesan,  st.  v. :  i )  intrans.,  to  re- 
main over,  be  preserved :  pret.  sg. 
hrof  ana  genas  ealles  ansund  {the 
roof  alone  was  quite  sound),  1000. 
—  2)  w.  ace,  to  endure  successfully, 
survive,  escape  from  :  pret.  sg.  se 
)'a  sacce  ge-nas,  1978;  fela  ic  .  .  . 
guiS-rresa  ge-nas,  2427;  pret.  part, 
swa  he  niiSa  gehwane  genesen  haf- 
de, 2398. 
net,  St.  n.,  net :  in    comp.   breost-, 

here-,  bring-,  inwit-,  searo-net. 
nedla,  w.  m.,  dire  necessity,  distress  : 

in  comp.  J^rea-nedla. 
ned'an  (G.  nan^jan),  w.  v.,  to  ven- 
ture, undertake  boldly  :  pres.  part, 
nearo  neSende  {encountering per- 
il), 235 1;  pret.  pi.  J'ser  git  ...  on 
deop  water  aldrum  neiSdon  {n'here 
ye  two  risked  your  lives  in  the  deep 
water),  510;  so,  538. 
g  e  -  n  e  S  a  n ,  the  same  :  inf.  ne  dorste 
under  ySa  gewin  aldre  ge-ne'5an, 
1470.  With  depend,  clause  :  na;- 
nig  J^iit  dorste  geneSan  J^at  {none 
durst  undertake  to  .  .  .),  1934; 
pret.  sg.  he  under  harne  stSn  ana 
gene^Sde  frecne  dajde  {he  risked 
alone  the  bold  deed,  venturing  under 
the  grey  rock),  889;  (ic)  wige 
under  watere  weorc  geneSde  ear- 
fo'S-lice  (/  ^oith  difficulty  stood  the 
work  under  the  'water  in  battle,  i.e. 
could    hardly    win    the    victory), 


284 


GLOSSAliY. 


1657;  ic  gene'Sde  fela  gftSa  {ven- 
tured on,  risked,  many  contests), 
2512;  pies.  pi.  (of  majesty)  we 
.  .  .  frOcne  genC'JSdon  eafoS  uncfi- 
'Ses  (we  have  boldly  risked,  dared, 
the  monster's  power'),  961. 

iieh.     See  ne^h. 

g  e  -  neahhe,  adv.,  enough,  sufficient- 
ly, 784,  3153;  superl.  genehost 
bragd  eorl  Beowulfes  ealdc  lafe 
(many  an  earl  of  B.'s),  795. 

nealles  (from  ne-ealles),  adv.,  oin- 
nino  non,  not  at  all,  by  no  means  : 
nealles,  2146,  2168,  2180,  2223, 
2597,  etc.;  nallas,  1720,  1750; 
nalles,  338,  1019,  1077,  1443,  2504, 
etc.;  nalas,  43,  1494,  1530,  1538; 
nales,  18 12. 

nearo,  st.  n.,  strait,  danger,  distress  : 
ace.  sg.  nearo,  2351,  2595. 

nearo,  adj.,  narroio :  ace.  pi.  f. 
nearwe,  1410. 

near  we,  adv.,  narrowly,  977. 

nearo-criift,  St.  m.,  art  of  rendering 
difficult  of  access!,  inaccessibility 
(see  2214  seqq.)  :  instr.  pi.  nearo- 
criiftum,  2244. 

iiearo-fah,  m.,  foe  that  causes  dis- 
tress, war-foe :  gen.  sg.  nearo- 
fSges,  2318. 

nearo-Jjoarf,  st.  f.,  dire  need,  dis- 
tress:  ace.  sg.  nearo-hearfe,  422. 

ge-near\vian,  w.  v.,  to  drive  into 
a  corner,  press  upon  :  pret.  part, 
genearwod,  1439. 

nedh,  neh:  i)  adj.,  7iear,  nigh  : 
nom.  sg.  neah,  1744,  2729.  In 
superl.  also  =  /«.?/.•  instr.  sg.  nj'h- 
stan  siSe  (for  the  last  time'),  1204; 
niehstan  si'Se,  2512. 

2)  adv.,  near  :  feor  aiid  (o'5'5e) 
neah,  1222,  2871;  3)  prep,  ste- 
grunde  neah,  564;  so,  1925,  2243; 
holm-wylme  neh,  2412.  Compar. 
near,  746. 


nedn,  adv.,  near  by,  (from)  dost 
at  hand,  52S;  (neon,  MS.),  3105; 
feorran  and  nean,  840;  nean  and 
feorran,  1175,  2318. 

ge-ncdt,  St.  m.,  comrade,  companion. 
in  comp.  beod-,  heor'5-geneat. 

nioffor.     See  iiiaTer. 

neo-\vol,  adj.,  s/eep,  precipitous. 
ace.  pi.  neowlc,  1412. 

neod,  St.  f.,  polite  intercourse  rcgu^ 
latcd  by  etiquettel,  hall-joy"!  :  ace. 
sg.  niode,  21 17;  inst.  (=  joy), 
2216. 

neod-laffu,  st.  f.,  polite  invitation  ; 
7uish  :  dat.  sg.  after  neod-laSu  {ac- 
cording to  his  wishes),  1 32 1. 

ncosan,  ne6sian,  w.  v.  w.  gen.,  to 
seek  out,  look  for  ;  to  attack  :  inf. 
neosan,  125,  1787,  1792,  1807, 
2075;  nidsan,  2389,  2672;  neo- 
sian,  115,  1 126;  niosian,  3046; 
pret.  sg.  niosade,  2487. 

neotan,  st.  v.,  to  take,  accept,  w. 
gen.;  to  use,  enjoy:  imper.  sg. 
neot,  1218. 

l)e- neotan,  w.  dat.,  to  rob,  deprive 
of:  inf.  hine  aldre  be-neotan,  681 ; 
pret.  sg.  cyning  ealdre  bi-neat  {de- 
prived the  king  of  life),  2397. 

nicor,  st.  m.,  sea-horse,  walrjis,  sea- 
monster  (cf.  Bugge  in  Zaeher's 
Journal,  4,  197)  :  ace.  pi.  niceras, 
422,  575;  nicras,  1428;  gen.  pi. 
nicera,  846. 

nicor-hfis,  st.  n.,  house  or  den  of  sea- 
monsters:  gen.pl.  nicor-hClsa,  1412. 

niff,  St.  ni.,  man,  human  being:  gen. 
pi.  niSSa,  1006;  niSa?  (passage 
corrupt),  2216. 

niffer,  iiycTer,  neoUor,  adv.,  dozun, 
dowmvard :  ni'Ser,  1361;  nio'Sor, 
2700;  ny«er,  3045. 

niff-scle,  st.  m.,  hall,  room,  in  the 
deep  (Grein)  :  dat.  sg.  [in]  niiS- 
sele  n3t-hwylcum,  1514. 


GLOSSAEY. 


285 


nigen,    num.,    nine:    ace.    nigene, 

575- 
niht,  St.   f.    night:    nom.    sg.,    115, 

547,    650,    1321,    21 1 7;     ace.    sg. 

niht,  135,  737,  2939;    gystran  niht 

{y ester-flight'),   1 335;    dat.  sg.  on 

niht,  575,  684;  on  wanre  niht,  703; 

gen.  sg.  nihtes  hvvilum  {^sometimes 

at  night,  in  the  hours  of  the  night'), 

3045  ;  as  adv.  =  of  a  night,  by  night, 

G.  nachts,  422,  2274;    dages  and 

nihtes,  2270;   ace.  pi.  seofon  niht 

(se'nnight,    seven    days,    cf.    Tac. 

Germ.  11),  517;    dat.  pi.  sweartum 

nihtum,  167;  deorcum  nihtum,  275, 

221;   gen.  pi.  nihta,  545,   1360  - 

Comp. :  middel-,  sin-niht. 

niht-bealu,  st.  n.,  night-hale,  de- 
struction by  night :  gen.  pi.  niht- 
bealwa,  193. 

nlht-helm,  st.  m.,  veil  or  canopy  of 
night :  nom.  sg.,  1790. 

nilit-long,  adj.,  lasting  through  the 
night  :  ace.  sg.  m.  niht-longne  fwst 
{space  of  a  night),  52S. 

niht-weorc,  st.  n.,  night-work,  deed 
done  at  night:  instr.  sg.  niht- 
weorce,  828. 

niinau,  st.  v.  w.  ace. :  i)  to  take, 
hold,  seize,  undertake :  pret.  sg. 
nam  J^a  mid  handa  hige-l^ilitigne 
rinc,  747;  pret.  pi.  we  .  .  .  niode 
naman,  21 17. — 2)  to  take,  take 
azvay,  deprive  of:  pres.  sg.  se  \>e 
bine  dea'S  nime'S  (Jie  zohom  death 
carrieth  off),  441;  so,  447;  ny- 
me'S,  1847;  nyme'S  nyd-l)Sde,  599; 
subj.  pres.  gif  mec  hild  nime,  452, 
1482;  pret.  sg.  ind.  nam  on  Ongen- 
)>io  iren-byrnan,  2987;  ne  nom  he 
.  .  .  ma'Sm-sehta  mS.  {Jie  took  no 
more  of  the  rich  treasures),  161 3; 
pret.  part.  J?a  was  .  .  .  seo  cwen 
numen  {the  queen  carried  off), 
"54- 


be-niman,  to  deprive  of :  pret.  sg. 
61?  l>at  hine  yldo  benam  magenes 
wynnum  {till  age  bereft  hitii.  of  joy 
in  his  strength),  1887. 

for-niman,  to  carry  off :  pres.  sg. 
I'C  \>K  dea'S  for-nam  {whom  death 
rarrLd  off),  488;  so,  557,  696, 
1081,  1 124,  1206,  1437,  etc.  Also, 
dat.  for  ace. :  pret.  pi.  him  irenna 
ecge  fornamon,  2829. 

g e  -  n i m  a  n  :  \)  to  take,  seize:  pret.  sg. 
(hine)  be  healse  ge-nam  {clasped 
him  around  the  neck,  embraced 
him),  1873.  —  2)  to  take,  take 
azoay  :  pret.  on  reste  genam  j'ritig 
hegna,  122;  heo  under  heolfre  ge- 
nam cfi'Se  folme,  1303;  segn  eac 
genom,  2'j'j'];  J'S  mec  sinca  bal- 
dor  ...  at  minum  fiider  genam 
{took  me  at  my  father''s  hands, 
adopted  me),  2430;  pret.  part,  ge- 
numen,  3167. 

ge  -nip,  St.  n.,  darkness,  mist,  cloud : 
ace.  pi.  under  nassa  genipu,  1361; 
ofer  floda  genipu,  2809. 

nis,  from  ne-is  {is  not)  :  see  wesan. 

ni'we,  niotve,  adj.,  new,  novel ;  un- 
heard-of: nom.  sg.  sweg  up  a-stag 
niwe  geneahhe  {a  monstrous  hub- 
bub arose),  7S4;  beorh  .  .  .  niwe 
{a  newly-raised{  ?)  grave-motmd) , 
2244;  ace.  sg.  niwe  sibbe  {the  new 
kinship),  950;  instr.  sg.  niwan 
stefne  (properly,  nova  voce;  here 
=  de  novo,  iterum,  agaitt),  2595; 
niowan  stefne  {again),  1790;  gen. 
pi.  niwra  spella  {nezu tidings) ,  2899. 

ge-niwian,  w.  v.,  to  reneiv :  pret 
part,  ge-niwod,  1304,  1323;  geni- 
wad,  2288. 

iiiw^-tyrwed,  pret.  part.,  newly- 
tarred :  ace.  sg.  niw  -  tyrwedne 
(-tyrwydne,  MS.)  nacan,  295. 

ni3',  St.  m.,  properly  only  zeal,  en- 
deavor ;  then  hostile  endeavor,  hos' 


286 


GLOSSARY. 


tility,  battle,  war  :  nom.  sg.,  2318; 
ace.  sg.  niS,  184,  276;  Wedera 
ni'S  {enttiily  against  the  IF.,  the 
sorrows  of  the  IVeders^,  423;  dat. 
sg.  wiiS  (at)  nivNe,  828,  2586;  instr. 
ni'Se,  2681;  gen.  pi.  ni'Sa,  883, 
2351,  2398,  ete.;  also  instr.  =  Aj', 
in,  battle,  846,  1440,  1963,  21 71, 
2207.  —  Comp. :  bealo-,  ixx-,  here-, 
hete-,  inwit-,  searo-,  wal-nrS. 

niff-draca,  \v.  m.,  battle-dragon : 
nom.  sg.,  2274. 

iiiff-gtist,  St.  m.,  hostile  alien,  fell 
demon  :  ace.  sg.  Jjone  ni^-gast  {the 
dragon),  2700. 

iiiff-ge'vveorc,  st.  n.,  work  of  enmity, 
deed  of  evil :  gen.  pi.  -gevveorca, 
684. 

niff-grim,  adj.,  furious  in  battle, 
savage  :  nom.  sg.,  193. 

niff -heard,  adj.,  valiant  iji  war  : 
nom.  sg.,  2418. 

niff-hydig,  adj.,  eager  for  battle, 
valorous:  nom.  pi.  ni'S-hydige 
men,  3167. 

ge-nilflfla,  \v.  m.,  foe,  persecutor, 
waylayer  :  in  coriip.  ferh'S-,  feorh- 
geniSla. 

luij-^vundor,  st.  n.,  hostile  wonder, 
strange  marvel  of  evil  :  ace.  sg., 
1366. 

iiipan,  St.  v.,  to  veil,  cover  over,  ob- 
scure ;  pres.  part,  nipende  niht, 
547.  650. 

uoldc,  from  ne-wolde  {would  not) ; 
see  ■w'illan. 

norff,  adv.,  northward,  859. 

iiortTan,  z.t\\.,from  the  north,  547. 

nose,  ^^■.  f.,  projection,  cliff,  cape  : 
dat.  sg.  of  hliJSes  nosan,  1893;  at 
brinies  nosan,  2804. 

nO  (strengthened  neg.),  not,  not  at 
all,  by  no  means,  136,  244,  587, 
755'  842,969,  1736,  etc.;  strength- 
ened   by   following    ne,    459(?), 


1509;  no  ...  no  {neither  . . .  nor'), 
541-543;  so,  no  .  .  .  ne,  168.  See 
ne. 

noSor  (from  nd-h\va'5er),  neg.,  and 
7iot,  nor,  2125. 

g  e  -  nuh,  adj .,  sufficient,  enough  :  ace. 
sg.  fseh'So  genoge,  2490;  ace.  pi. 
genoge  .  .  .  beagas,  3105. 

nOn,  st.  f.,  [Eng.  noon^,  ninth  hour 
of  the  day,  three  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon of  our  reckoning  (the  day 
was  reckoned  from  six  o'clock  in 
the  morning;  cf.  Bouterwek  Serea- 
dunga,  24  2 :  we  hataS  renne  dag 
fram  sunnan  upgange  oIS  iiefen)  : 
nom.  sg.  non,  1601. 

nu,  adv.:   l)  now,  at  present,  251, 

254,  375'  395»  424,  426,  489.  etc. : 
nu  gyt  {up  to  no'w,  hitherto),  957; 
nu  gen  {no7c' still,  yet),  2860;  {no'tu 
yet,  still),  3169.  —  2)  cox\'].,  since, 
itiasmuch  as  :  im  )>u  lungre  geong 
.  .  .  nu  se  wyrm  ligeS  {go  now 
quickly,  since  the  dragon  lieth 
dead),  2'ji^6;  50,2248;  ^at  Jm  me 
ne  forwyrne  .  .  .  nu  ic  J>us  feorran 
com  {that  do  not  thou  refuse  me, 
since  T  am  come  so  far),  430;  so, 
1476;  nu  ic  on  mS'Sma  hord  mine 
bebohte  frode  feorh-lege,  fremmatS 
ge  nu  {as  I  now  .  .  .,  so  do  ye), 
2S00;   so,  3021. 

nymije,  conj.  w.  subj.,  zy"  w(?/,  unless, 
7S2;  nynVi?e  nice  god  scylde  {if 
God  had  not  shielded  me),  1659. 

n5%  St.  f.,  duty,  service,  office,  em- 
ployment:  ace.  sg.  hegn  nytte  be- 
heold  {did  his  duty),  494;  so, 
3 1 1 9.  —  Comp. :  sund-,  sundor-ny t. 

nyt,  adj.,  useful :  ace.  pi.  m.  nytte, 
795;   comp.  un-nyt. 

ge-nyttian,  w.  v.,  to  make  icse  of 
enjoy :  pret.  part,  hafde  eorS- 
scrafaende  ge-nyttod  {had  enjoyed, 
made  use  of),  3047. 


GLOSSAEY. 


287 


nyd,  St.  f.,  force,  necessity,  need, 
pain  :  ace.  sg.  jjurh  dea^es  nyd, 
2455;  instr.  sg.  nyde,  1006.  In 
comp.  (like  nyd-maga,  consangui- 
neus,  in  .^thelred's  Laws,  VI.  12, 
Schmid,  p.  228;  ned-maga,  in 
Cnut's  Laws,  I.  7,  ibid.,  p.  258) ; 
also,  tie  of  Hood. —  Comp.  Jirea-nyd. 

ge  -nydan,  w.  v. :  i)  to  force,  com- 
pel:  pret.  part.  niSe  ge-nyded 
(^forced  by  hostile  pozver'),  2681. — 
2)  to  force  upon:  pret.  part.  ace.  sg.  f. 
nyde  genydde  .  .  .  gearwe  stowe 
(fhe  incT'itahle  place  prepared  for 
each,  i.e.  the  bed  of  death),  1006. 

nyd-bad,  st.  f.,  forced  pledge,  pledge 
demanded  by  force  :  ace.  pi.  nyd- 
bade,  599. 

nyd-gestealla,  w.  m.,  comrade  in 
7ieed  or  united  by  ties  of  blood  : 
nom.  pi.  nyd-gesteallan,  883. 

nj'd-gripe,  st.  m.,  compelling  grip  : 
dat.  sg.  in  nyd-gripe  (mid-gripe, 
MS.),  977- 

nyd-wracu,  st.  f.,  distressful  perse- 
ctition,  great  distress :    nom.   sg., 

193- 
nyhst.   'See  nedh. 


O 


offUe,  conj. :  i)  or;  otherivise,  283, 
437.  636,  638,  694,  1492,  1765,  etc. 
—  2)  and{'>),  till{?),  650,  2476, 
3007. 

of,  prep.  w.  dat.,  from,  off  from  : 
l)  from  some  point  of  view :  ge- 
seah  of  wealle  {from  the  zcall), 
229;  so,  786;  of  hefene  scine'5 
{shineth  from  heavett),  1572;  of 
hli'Ses  nosan  gastas  grette  (from 
the  cliffs  projection'),  1893;  of 
ham  le6ma  stod  (from  which  light 
streamed^,  2'j'jo;   {^jer  was  md'Sma 


fela   of   feorwegum  .  .  .  gelaeded 
(from  distant  lands),  37;   JjS  com 
of   more   (from   the   moor),    711, 
922.  —  2)    forth   from,    out   of  : 
hwearf  of  earde  (wandered  from 
his  home,  died),  56;   so,  265,  855, 
2472 ;  }>a  ic  of  searwum  com  (when 
I  had  escaped  from  the  persecutions 
of  the  foe),  419;   J^S  him  Hro'Sgar 
gewat  ...  fit  of  healle  (out  of  the 
hall),  66^;   50,2558,2516;    1139, 
2084,2744;  wudu-rec  S-stahsweart 
of   (ofer)    swio'Sole   (black    ivood- 
reek   ascended  from    the   smokins 
fire),  3145;   (icge   gold)    a-hafen 
of  horde  (lifted  from  the  hoard), 
1 109;   let  J^a  of  breostum  .  .  .  word 
dt  faran  (from  his  breast),  2551; 
dyde  .  .  .  helm  of  hafelan  (dofful 
his  helmet),  673;   so,   11 30;    seal- 
don    win  of  wunder-fatum   (pre- 
sentedzuinefrom  zvondrous  vessels) , 
1 1 63;     si'SSan   hyne   Hae'Scyn   of 
horn-bogan  .  .  .  flane   geswencte 
(zvith    an   arroza    shot  from    the 
horned  bow),  2438;  so,  1434.  Prep, 
postponed :    \>^   he   him   of  dyde 
isern-byrnan  (doffed  his  iron  corse- 
let), 672. 
ofer,  prep.  w.  dat.  and  ace,  over, 
above:  i)  w.  dat.,  over  (rest,  lo- 
cality) :    Wiglaf   site«    ofer   Bio- 
wulfe,  2908;   ofer  aSelinge,  1245; 
ofer  eor'San,  24S,  803,  2CX38;   ofer 
wer-J^edde  (over  the  earth,  among 
mankind), ()OQ;  ofer  y'Sum,  1908; 
ofer  hron-rade  (over  the  sea),  10 ; 
so,  304,  1287,  1290,  etc.;  ofer  ealo- 
waege   (over    the   beer-cup,  dritik- 
ing),  481.  —  2)  w.  ace.  of  motion  : 
a)  oz'cr  (local)  :  ofer^'Se  (over  the 
zvaves),  46,  1910;   ofer  swan-rade 
(over  the  szvan-road,  the  sea),  200; 
ofer  waegholm,  217;    ofergeofenes 
be-gang,  362;    so,  239,  240,  297, 


288 


GLOSSARY. 


393,  464,  471,  etc.;  ofer  bolcan 
(o7irr  the  gang-May^,  23 1;  ofer 
landa  fela  (^over  many  lands),  31 1 ; 
so,  1405,  1406;  ofer  heahne  hrof 
{along  upon  {under})  the  high 
*'oof),  984;  ofer  eorinen-grund 
{over  the  whole  earth),  860;  ofer 
ealle  {over  all,  on  all  sides),  2900, 
650;  50,1718;  — 606,900,1706; 
ofer  borda  gebrac  {over,  above,  the 
crashing  of  shields),  2260;  ofer 
bord-(scild)  weall,  2981,  31 19. 
Temporal :  ofer  I'd  niht  {through 
the  night,  by  night),  737.  b)  \v. 
verbs  of  saying,  sjieaking,  about, 
of,  concerning :  lie  ofer  benne 
sprac,  2725.  c)  beyond,  over  :  ofer 
min  ge-met  {beyond  my  power), 
2880;  —  hence,  against,  contrary 
to :  he  ofer  willan  giong  {7uent 
against  his  will),  2410;  oferealde 
riht  {against  the  ancient  laws,  i.e. 
the  ten  commandments),  2331; 
—  also,  without:  wig  ofer  wa^pen 
{war  sans,  dispensing  with,  xveap- 
ons),  686;  —  temporal  —  after  : 
ofer  eald-gewin  {after  long,  an- 
cient, suffering),  1782. 

ofer-hj'gd,  st.  n.,  arrogance,  pride, 
conceit :  gen.  pi.  ofer-hygda,  1741 ; 
ofer-hyda,  1761. 

ofer-maijum,  st.  m.,  very  rich  treas- 
ure :  dat.  pi.  ofer-mS'5mum,  2994. 

ofcr-miigeii,  st.  n.,  over-might,  su- 
perior numbers  :  dat.  sg.  mid  ofer- 
niagene,  2918. 

ofer-J>earf,  st.  f.,  dire  distress,  need: 
dat.  sg.  [for  ofer]  J'ea[rfe],  2227. 

oft,  adv.,  often,  4,  165,  444,  572,  858, 
908,  1066,  1239,  etc.;  oft  [no] 
seldan,  2030;  oft  nalles  sene,  3020; 
so,  1248,  1 888.  Compar.  of  tor, 
1580.     Superl.  oftost,  1664. 

om-,  OD-.     See  am-,  an-. 

ombilit.     See  amblht. 


oucer.     See  ancor. 
ond.     See  and. 
onsyn.     See  ans^n. 

on,  prep.  w.  dat.  and  ace,  signifying 
lirimarily  touching  on,  contact  with: 
I.  local,  w.  dat.:  a)  on,  upon,  in 
at  (of  exterior  surface)  :  on  lieah- 
stede  {in  the  high  place),  2S5;  on 
nun  re  e'Sel-tyrf  {in  my  native 
place),  410;  on  l>am  mcSel-stede, 
10S3;  so,  2004;  on  I'un  holm- 
clife,  1422;  so,  1428;  on  foldan 
{on  earth),  1197;  so,  1533,2997; 
on  |';vre  medu-bence  {on  the  mead- 
bench),  1053;  beornas  on  blancum 
{the  heroes  on  the  dapple-greys), 
857,  etc.;  on  raste  {in  bed),  1299; 
on  stapole  {at,  near,  the  pillar), 
927;  on  wealie,  892;  on  wage  ((?« 
the  wall),  1663;  on  J)am  wal- 
stenge  {on  the  battle-lance),  1639; 
on  eaxle  {on  his  shoulder),  817, 
1548;  on  bearme,  40;  on  breos- 
tum,  552;  on  hafelan,  1522;  on 
handa  {in  his  hand),  495,  540; 
so,  555,  766;  on  him  byrne  scan 
{on  him  shone  the  corselet),  ^oy, 
on  ore  {at  the  front),  1042;  on 
corSre  {at  the  head  of,  among,  his 
troop),  1154;  scip  on  ancre  {the 
ship  at  anchor),  303;  hat  he  on 
heaSe  ge-stod  {until  he  stood  in 
the  hall),  404;  on  fader  stale  (/// 
a  fither^s  place),  14S0;  on  ^Suin 
{on  the  waves,  in  the  water),  210, 
421,  534, 143S;  on  holme,  543;  on 
^g-streamum,  577;  on  segl-rSde, 
143S,  etc.;  on  flode,  1367.  The 
prep,  postponed :  Freslondum  on, 
2358.  —  b)  in,  f«j/(/<f  ^y  (of  inside 
surface) :  secg  on  searwum  {a 
champion  in  armor),  249:  so, 
963;  on  wig-geatwum,  368;  (re- 
ced)  on  jam  se  rlca  bM  {inwhich 
the   mighty  one   abode),   310;    on 


GLOSSARY. 


289 


Heorote  {in  Heorof),  475,  497, 
594, 1303  ;  on  beor-sele,  492,  1095 ; 
on  liealle,  615,  643;  50,639,  10 17, 
1026,  etc.;  on  burgum  {in  the 
cities,  boroughs),  53;  on  helle, 
10 1 ;  on  sefan  minum  {in  my 
mm./),  473;  on  mode,  754;  so, 
755.  ^49. 1343. 1 71 9.  etc.;  on  aldre 
{in  his  vitals),  1435;  o"  niiddan 
(.in  medio),  2706.  —  c)  among, 
amid:  on  searwum  {among  the 
arms),  1558;  ongemonge  {atnong 
the  troop),  1644;  on  ham  leod- 
scipe  {among  the  people),  2198; 
nymtSe  liges  fatSm  swulge  on  swa- 
iSule  {unless  the  embracing  Jlame 
should  swallow  it  in  smoke),  7S3; 
—  in,  with,  touched  by,  possessing 
something:  hd  was  on  salum  sinces 
brytta  {then  was  the  dispenser  of 
treasure  in  joy),  608;  so,  644, 
2015;  was  on  hreon  mode,  1308; 
on  sweofote  {in  sleep),  1582,  2296; 
heo  was  on  ofste  {she  luas  in  haste) , 
1293;  so,  1736,  1 870;  I'S  was  on 
blode  brim  weallende  {there  was 
the  flood  billowing  in,  with,  blood), 
848;  (he)  was  on  sunde  {was  a- 
swimming),  16 19;  was  to  fore- 
iiiihtig  feond  on  fe'Se  {too  powerful 
in  speed),  971;  bter  was  swigra 
secg  ...  on  gylpsprasce  {there  was 
the  champion  more  silent  in  his 
boasting  speech),  982;  —  in  ;  full 
of,  representing,  something :  on 
weres  wastmum  {in  man^s  form), 
1353. — d)  attaching  to,  hence  pro- 
ceeding from  ;  from  something  : 
ge-h^de  on  Beowulfe  fast-rwdne 
ge-l>oht  {heard  in,  from,  B.  the 
fixed  resolve),  610;  bat  he  ne  met- 
te  .  .  .  on  elran  men  mund-gripe 
m.'^ran,  753;  —  hence,  with  verbs 
of  taking :  on  raste  genam  {took 
from  his  bed ) ,  1 22 ;   so,  748,  2987  ; 


hit  Eer  on  be  gode  be-gcaton  {took 
it  before  from  thee),  2249. — e) 
~iVith :  swS  hit  lungre  wear's  on 
hyra  sinc-gifan  sare  ge-endod  {as 
it,  too,  soon  painfully  came  to  an 
end 'with  the  dispenser  of  treasure), 
2312.  —  f)  by:  mag  I'onne  on 
I'am  golde  ongitan  Geata  dryhten 
{the  lord  of  the  Gedtas  tnay  per- 
ceive by  the  gold),  1485.  — g)  to, 
after  weorSan :  hat  he  on  fylle 
wearS  {that  he  came  to  a  fall),  1 545. 
With  ace:  a)  w.  verbs  of  mov- 
ing, doing,  giving,  seeing,  etc.,  up 
to,  on,  upon,  in  :  S-ledon  hS  leofne 
heoden  ...  on  bearm  scipes,  35  ; 
on  stefn  (on  wang)  stigon,  212, 
225;  hS  him  mid  scoldon  on  flodes 
aeht  feor  ge-witan,  42;  se  he  witS 
Brecan  wunne  on  sidne  soe  {who 
strovestin  a  swimming-match  7vith 
B.  on  the  broad  sea),  507,  cf.  516; 
hat  ic  on  hohna  ge-hring  eorlscipe 
efnde  {that  I  should  venture  on 
the  sea  to  do  valiant  deeds),  2133; 
on  feonda  geweald  siNian,  809; 
hira  he  on  swylc  stara'S,  997;  so, 
1781;  on  lufan  Itete'S  hworfan 
{lets  him  turn  his  thoughts  to  lovel, 
to  possessions!),  1729;  him  on  mod 
becrn  {came  into  his  mind,  oc- 
curred to  him),  67;  rsesde  on  hone 
rofan  {rushed on  the  powerful one)^ 
269 1 ;  (cwom)  on  worSig  {came 
into  the  palace),  1973;  so,  27,  242, 
253.  512,  539,  580,  677,  726,  etc.; 
on  weg  {away^,  764,  845,  1383, 
1431,  2097.  —  b)  towards,  on:  gode 
gewyrcean  ...  on  fader  wine 
(pi.),  21.  —  c)  aim  or  object,  to, 
for  the  object,  for,  as,  in,  on  :  on 
I'earfe  {in  his  need,  in  his  strait), 
1457;  so,  on  hyra  man-dryhlnes 
miclan  J^earfe,  2850;  wrStSum  on 
andan  {as  a  terror  to  the  foe),  709; 


290 


GLOSSARY. 


Hro^'gSr  ma'Selode  him  on  and- 
sware  {said to  him  in  reply),  1 841; 
betst  beado-rinca  was  on  bael  gearu 
{on  the  pyre  ready),  I  no;  wig- 
heafolan  bar  frean  on  fultum  {for 
help),  2663;  wear 5  on  bid  wrecen 
{forced  to  wait)  ,2(^(^2,. —  d)  ground, 
reason,  according  to,  in  conformity 
with :  rodera  ruedend  hit  on  ryht 
gesced  {decided  it  in  accordance 
•with  right),  1556;  ne  me  swor  fela 
S5a  on  unriht  {swore  no  oaths  un- 
justly, falsely),  2740;  on  spSd(j/6//- 
fiilly),  874;  nallas  on  gylp  seleiN 
fatte  \ie&ga.?,{giveth  no  gold-7vrought 
rings  as  he  promised),  1750;  on 
sinne  selfes  dom  {boastingly,  at  his 
own  will),  2148;  him  eal  worold 
wende'5  on  willen  {according  to  his 
will),  1 740.  —  e)  w.  verbs  of  buy- 
ing, for,  in  exchange  for :  me  ic 
on  mS'Sma  hord  mine  be-bohte 
frode  feorh-lege  {for  the  hoard  of 
/e7vels),  2800.  —  f)  of,  as  to:  ic 
on  IligelSce  w&t,  Geata  dryhten 
(/  know  with  respect  to,  as  to,  of, 
//.),  1 831;  so,  2651;  bat  heo  on 
a?nigne  eorl  ge-lyfde  fyrena  frofre 
{that  she  should  rely  on  any  earl 
for  help  out  of  trouble),  628;  \A 
hie  ge-trflwedon  on  twS  healfa  {on 
t'Jth  sides,  mutually),  1096;  so, 
2064;  hat  \>w.  him  ondrredan  ne 
t>earft  .  .  .  on  )>a  healfe  {from,  on 
this  sid.'),  1676. — g)  after  super- 
latives or  virtual  superlatives  = 
among :  nas  .  .  .  sinc-mScS5um 
s^lra  (=  hat  wassinc-miiSmaselest) 
on  sweordes  hdd  {there  was  no  bet- 
ter jewel  in  sword^s  shape,  i.e. 
among  all  swords  there  was  none 
better),  2194;  se  was  ITroSgaie 
haleSa  ledfost  on  ge-siiNes  hSd 
{dearest  of  men  as,  in  the  charac- 
ter of,  follower,  etcl,  1298. 


II.  Of  time:  a)  w  dat,  in, 
inside  of,  during,  at:  on  fyrste 
{in  time,  within  the  time  appoint- 
ed), 76;  on  uhtan  {at  dawn), 
126;  on  mergenne  {at  morn,  on 
the  morrow),  565,  294O;  on  niht, 
575;  on  wanre  niht  703;  on  tyn 
dagum,  3161;  so,  197,  719,  791, 
1063,  etc.;  on  geogo'Se  {in youth), 
409,  466;  on  geogoS-feore,  537; 
so,  1844;  on  urlege  {in,  during, 
battle),  1327;  hfi  lomp  eow  on  ISde 
{on  the  %vay),  1988;  on  gange  {in 
going,  en  route),  1SS5;  on  sweo- 
fote  {in  sleep),  1582.  —  b)  w.  ace, 
towards,  about :  on  undern-msel 
{in  the  morning,  about  midday), 
1429;  on  morgen-tid,  484,  518; 
on  morgen,  838;  on  ende-staf 
{toward  the  end,  at  last),  1754; 
oftor  micle  honne  on  senne  SI'S 
{far  oftencr  than  once),  15S0. 

III.  Witli  particles  :  him  on  efn 
{beside,  alongside  of  him),  2904; 
on  innan  {inside,  within),  71, 1741, 
1969,  2453,  2716;  l^eer  on  innan 
(/«//;fri?),2090, 2215,  2245.  With 
the  relative  he  often  separated 
from  its  case :  he  ic  her  on  starie 
{that  I  here  look  on,  at),  2797; 
he  ge  l^r  on  standaS  {that  ye 
there  stand  in),  2S67. 

on-cS'S  (cf.  Dietrich  in  Ilaupt's 
Zeits.  XL,  412),  St.  f.,  pain,  suffer- 
ing:  nom.  sg.,  1421 ;  ace.  sg.  or 
pi.  on-c^SSe,  831. 

on-«irysii«»,  :i(X].,  frightful,  terrible: 
ace.  sg.  Ilreii  on-drysne,  1933. 

oncttan  (for  ancttan,  from  root 
an-,  Goth.  inf.  anan,  to  breathe, 
pant),  w.  v.,  to  hasten  :  pret.  pi. 
onetton,  306,  1S04. 

on-licnes,  st.  f.,  likeness,  form,  fig- 
ure :  nom.  sg.,  1352. 

on-media,  w.  m.,  pride,  arrogani.e : 


GLOSSARY. 


291 


dat.  sg.  for  on-mSdlan,  2927.     Cf. 
Bugge  in  Zacher's   Zeits.   4,    218 
seqq. 
on-saege,  adj.,  tending  to  fall,  fatal  : 
nom.  sg.  \'%  was  Hondscio  (dat.) 
hild    on-s3ege,    2077;    HaeScynne 
wearcS  .  .  .  gftS  on-saege,  2484. 
on-weald,  st.  m.,  power,  atithority  : 
ace.   sg.    (him)   bega   ge-hwa'Sres 
.  .  .  onweald    ge-teah   {gave  him 
power   over,  possession    of,    both), 
1044. 
open,    adj.,   open:    ace.    sg.    hord- 
\v}'nne  fond  .  .  .  opene    standan, 
2272. 
openian,  w.  v.,  to  open,  vv.  ace. :  inf. 

openian,  3057. 
ore  (O.S.  ore,  Goth,  adrkei-s),  st.  m., 
crock,  vessel,  can  :  nom.  pi.  oreas, 
3048;   ace.  pi.  orcas,  2761. 
orene,  st.  m.,  sea-monster :  nom.  pi. 

orcneas,  112. 
ord,  St.  n.  point :  nom.  sg.  o'S  hat 
wordes  ord  breost-hord  burh-brac 
{till  the  word-point  broke  through 
his  breast-hoard,  came  to  titter- 
ance^,  2792;  ace.  sg.  ord  {sword- 
point),  1550;  dat.  instr.  orde  (id.), 
556;  on  orde  {at  the  head  of,  in 
front  [of  a  troop]),  2499,  3126. 
ord-fruma,  w.  m.,  head  lord,  high 

prince:  nom.  sg.,  263. 
oret-mecg,  st.  m.,  champion,  'war- 
rior, military  retainer :  nom.  pi. 
oret-mecgas,    363,   481;     ace.   pi. 
oret-mecgas,  332. 
oretta,   w.   m.,   champion,  fighter. 

hero:  nom.  sg.,  1533,  2539. 
or-leg,  St.  n.,  war,  battle :  dat.  sg. 
on  orlege,  1327;  gen.  sg.  or-leges, 
2408. 
or-leg-hwil,  st.  f.,  time  of  bat'le, 
war-time:  nom.  sg.  [ or-leg] -hvvil, 
2003;  gen.  sg.  orleg-hvvile,  2912; 
gen.  pi  orleg-hwila,  2428. 


or-leahtre,  adj.,  blameless  :  nom.  sg 
1887. 

or-j7anc  (cf.  Gloss.  Aldhelm.  mid 
or-fiance  =  argumento  in  Haupt 
XI.,  436;  or^aneum  =  machina- 
mentis,  z7'?V/.  477;  or-banc-scipe  = 
mechanica,  479),  st.  m.,  mechani- 
cal art,  skill :  instr.  pi.  or-J'oneum, 
2088 ;  smi'Ses  or-)?ancum,  406. 

or-wena,  adj.  (weak  form),  hopeless, 
despairing,  \v.  gen. :  aldres  or- 
w^na  {hopeless  of  life),  1 003,  1566. 

or-wearde,  adj.,  unguarded,  with- 
out 7vatch  ox  guard:  adv.,  3128. 

oru3',  St.  n.,  breath,  snorting :  nom. 
sg.,  2558;   dat.  ore'Se,  2840. 


O 


oaf  (Goth,  mid,  O.H.G.  unt,  unz)  ; 
i)  prep.  vv.  ace.,  to,  till,  up  to,  only 
temporal :  65  I'one  anne  dag,  2400; 
65  domes  dag,  3070 ;  65  woruld- 
ende,  3084.  —  2)  65  j^at,  conj.  w. 
depend,  indicative  clause,  till,  un- 
til, 9,  56,  66,  100,  145,  219,  296, 
307,  etc. 

OiSer  (Goth.  an]5ar),num.  :  i)  otie  or 
other  oftxvo,  a  second,  =  alter :  nom. 
Sg.  subs. :  se6'5er,  2062;  65er  {one, 
i.e.  of  my  blood-relations,  Hae'Scyn 
and  Hygelac),  2482;  65er  . .  .o'Ser 
{the  one  .  .  .  the  other),  1350-1352. 
Adj. :  6^er  .  .  .  mihtig  man-seea^a 
{the  second  mighty,  fell  foe,  refer- 
ring to  1350),  1339;  se  6'5er  .  .  . 
hale,  1 81 6;  fem.  niht  6"5er,  2n8; 
neut.  65er  gear  {the  next,  second, 
year),  1134;  ace.  sg.  m.  o'Serne, 
653,  1 86 1,  2441,  2485;  t>enden 
reafode  rinc  o'Serne  {ivhilst  one 
warrior  robbed  the  other,  i.e.  Eofor 
robbed  OngenJ^eow),  2986;  neut. 
o5?r  swylc  {another  suck,  an  equal 


202 


GLOSSARY. 


number),  1584;  instr.  sg.  oSre  sifie 
(^/or  the  second  lime,  again"),  2671, 
3102;  dat.  sg.  oSrum,  815,  1030, 
I166,  1229,  1472,  2i68,  2172,  etc.; 
gen.  sg.  m.  olSies  dogores,  219, 
606;  neut.oSres,  1875. — 2) another, 
a  different  one,  =  alius  :  nom.  sg., 
subs.  6Ser,  1756;  o'Ser  na;nig  {no 
ot/ie?-),  S60.  Adj.:  ajiiig  6^er  man, 
503.  534;  so,  1561;  oSer  in  (« 
different  house  or  room),  1301; 
ace.  sg.  0(5er  flet,  1087;  gen.  sg. 
o"5res . . .  yrfe-weardes,  2452;  ace. 
pi.  ealo  drincende  ot5er  s;x'clan  (^ale 
drinkers  said  other  things),  1946; 
ace.  pi.  neut.  word  o'Ser,  871. 
QicT,  s\..w\.,  shore :  dat.  sg.  on  ofre, 

'372- 

Ofost,  si.  f.,  haste  :  nom.  sg.  8fost 
is  shiest  to  gec^iSanne  {haste  is 
best  to  make  knoiun,  best  to  say  at 
ofice),  256;  so,  3008;  dat.  sg.  beo 
\>\i  on  ofeste  (ofoste)  {be  in  haste, 
hasten),  3S6,  2748;  on  ofste,  1293; 
on  ofoste,  2784,  3091. 

Ofost-lice,  adv.,  in  haste,  speedily, 

3131- 
6-h\vaer,  adv.,  anywhere,  1738, 2871. 
Oniig,  adj.,  rusty :  nom.  sg.,  2764; 

nom.  pi.  omige,  3050. 
6r,  St.  n.,  beginning,  origin  ;  front  : 

nom.   sg.,  1689;    ace.   sg.,   2408; 

dat.  sg.  on  ore,  1042. 
O-wiht,  a7iything,  aught :  instr.  sg. 

6-wihte  {in  any  way),  1823,2433. 


pS.d,    St.  f.,  dress;   in  comp.  here- 

pad. 
pud*,    St.    m.,  path,   road,  way;    in 

comp.  Sn-patS. 
plega,  w.  xa.fplay,  emulous  contest ; 

lind-plega,  1074. 


raUe,  adv.,  quickly,  immediately,  725. 

Cf.  hraare. 

rami,  rond,  ^t.  ni.,  shield :  ace.  sg. 
rand,  683;  rond,  657,  2567,  2610; 
dat.  ronde  (rond,  MS.),  2674; 
under rande, 1210;  bi ronde, 2539  ; 
ace.  pi.  randas,  231 ;  rondas,  326, 
2654.  —  Comp.:  bord-,  hilde-, sid- 
rand. 

rand-habbend,  pres.  part.,  shield' 
bearer,  i.e.  man  at  arms,  war- 
rior-: gen.pl.  rond-habbendra,862. 

raiid-wiga,  w.  m.,  shield-warrior, 
shield-bearing  warrior  :  nom.  sg., 
1299;   ace.  sg.  rand-wigan,  1794. 

rad,  St.  f.,  road,  street;  in  comp. 
hran-,  segl-,  swan-r.^d. 

ge-rad,  adj.,  clever,  skilful,  ready: 
ace.  pi.  neut.  ge-rSde,  874. 

rap,  St.  m.,  rope,  bond,  fetter :  in 
comp.  wal-rap. 

rasian,  w.  v.,  to  find,  discover  :  pret. 
part.  l>a  was  hord  rSsod,  2284. 

rast.    See  rest. 

raecan,  w.  v.,  to  reach,  reach  after  : 
pret.  sg.  rsehte  ongean  feond  mid 
folme  {reached  out  his  hand  toward 
the  foe),  748. 

ge-raecan,  /£>  atta in,  strike,  attack : 
pret.  sg.  hyne  .  .  .  wxpne  ge-nehte 
{struck  him  with  his  sword) ,  2966 ; 
.  so,  556. 

rsed,  St.  m. :  l)  advice,  counsel,  res- 
olution ;  good  counsel,  help  :  nom. 
sg.  nu  is  reed  gelong  eft  at  ^e  Snum 
{now  is  help  to  be  found  with  thee 
alone),  1377;  ace.  sg.  ned,  172, 
278,  3081. —  2)  advantage,  gain, 
use  :  ace.  sg.  hat  raedtalatS  {counts 
that  a  gain),  2028;  6cne  ned  {the 
eternalgain.  everlasting  life),  1 202 ; 
ace.  pi.  8ce  roedas,  1 761 .  —  Comp. : 
folc-raed,  and  adj.,  9n-,  faest-raed. 


GLOSSARY. 


293 


raed  m,  st.  v.,  to  rule ;  reign ;  to 
possess  :  pres.  part,  rodera  rsedend 
{the  ruler  of  the  heavens),  1556; 
inf.  l^one  \>e  \>\x  mid  rihte  rasdan 
sceoldest  {that  thou  shouldst  pos- 
sess by  rights),  2057;  wolde  dom 
godes  dasdum  rsedan  gumena  ge- 
hwylcum  {God's  doom  would  rule 
over,  dispose  of,  every  man  in 
deeds'),  2859.     See  sele-raedend. 

rsed-bora,  w.  m.  counsellor,  adviser  : 
nom.  sg.,  1326. 

raeden,  st.  f.,  order,  arrangement, 
law:  see  Note  on  II43;  comp. 
worold-rgeden(  ?) . 

a  -  rseran,  \v.  v. :  i )  /<?  raise,  lift  up  : 
pret.  pi.  I'i  waeron  monige  l^e  his 
mseg  .  .  .  ricone  a-roerdon  {there 
were  many  that  lifted  up  his  brother^ 
ijuickly),  2984.  —  2)  figuratively, 
to  spread,  disseminate  :  pret.  part, 
bloed  is  S-rcered  {thy  rejiown  is 
far-spread),  1 704. 

I'ses,  St.  m.,  on-rush,  attack,  storm  : 
ace.  Sg.  gfiSe  rses  {the  storm  of  bat- 
tle, attach),  2627;  instr.  pi.  gliSe 
r3esum,2357. — Comp. :  g(i5-,hand-, 
hea'So-,  magen-,  wal-rass. 

{ge-)rsesein,\v.y.,torttsh{upon):  pret. 
sg.  rsesde  on  bone  rofan,  2691,  2840. 

raesvra,  w.  m.,  prince,  ruler  :  dat. 
sg.  weoroda  raeswan,  60. 

rcccan,  w.  v.,  to  explicate,  recount, 
narrate :  inf.  frum-sceaft  fira  feor- 
ran  reccan  {recount  the  origin  of 
man  from  ancient  times),  91 ; 
gerund,  to  lang  is  to  reccenne,  hu 
ic  .  .  .  {too  long  to  tell  how  /...), 
2094;  pret.  sg.  syllic  spell  rehte 
(^told  a  wondrous  tale),  2III;  so 
mtrans.  feorran  rehte  {told  of  olden 
limes),  2107. 

reced,  st.  n.,  building,  house;  hall 
(complete  in  itself )  :  nom.  sg., 
412,   771,    1800;   ace.   sg.,    1238; 


dat.  sg.  recede,  721,  729,  1573; 
gen.  sg.  recedes,  326,  725,  3089; 
gen.  pi.  receda,  310.  —  Comp. : 
eorS-,  heal-,  horn-,  win-reced. 

regn-heard,  adj.,  immensely  strong, 
firm  :  ace.  pi.  rondas  regn-hearde, 
326. 

regnian,  renlan,  w.  v.,  to  prepare, 
brinz  on  or  about :  inf.  dea'S 
r§n[ian]  hond-gesteallan  (/r^/ar<f 
death  for  his  comrade),  2169. 

ge-regnian,  to  prepare,  deck  out, 
adorn  :  pret.  part,  medu-benc  mo- 
nig  .  .  .  golde  ge-regnad,  778. 

regn-,  ren-weard,  st.  m.,  mighty 
guardian  :  nom.  pi.  ren-weardas 
(of  Beowulf  and  Grendel  contend- 
ing for  the  possession  of  the  hall), 
771. 

rest,  rast,  st.  f. :  i)  bed,  resting- 
place:  ace.  sg.  raste,  139;  dat.  sg. 
onraste  (genam)  {from  his  resting- 
place),  1299,  1586;  to  raste  {to 
bed),  123S.  Comp.:  flet-rast,  sele- 
rest,  ^\'al-rest.  —  2)  repose,  rest ; 
in  comp.  asfen-rast. 

ge-reste  (M.H.G.  reste),  f.,  rest- 
ing-place :  in  comp.  vvind-gereste. 

restan,  w.  v.:  i)  to  rest:  inf.  res- 
tan,  1794;  pret.  sg.  reflex,  reste 
hine  ha  rflm-heort,  iSoo.  —  2)  to 
rest,  cease  :  inf.,  1858. 

rec  (O.H.G.  rouh),  st.  m.,  reek, 
smoke:  instr.  sg.  rece,  3157. — 
Comp. :  wal-,  wudu-rec. 

recan  (O.H.G.  ruohjan),  w.  v.  w. 
gen.,  to  reck,  care  about  something, 
be  anxious  :  pres.  sg.  III.  waepna 
ne  rece'S  {recketh  not  for  weapons, 
weapons  cajiuot  hurt  him),  434. 

reffe,  adj.,  wroth,  furious  :  nom.  sg., 
122,  1586;  nom.  pi.  ret5e,  771. 
Also,  of  things,  wild,  rough,  fierce  : 
gen.  sg.  re'Ses  and-hSttres  {fierce^ 
penetrating  heaf),  2524. 


294 


GLOSSARY. 


re&f,  St.  n.,  booty,  plunder  in  war; 
clothing,  garments  (as  taken  by  the 
victor   from   the  vanquished) :  in 
comp.  heaSo-,  wal-reaf. 
reA&an,w.\.,to  plunder, ro/>,w.  ace. : 
inf.  hord  realian,  2774;    pret.  sg. 
t>enden  reafode  linc  oSerne,  2986; 
wal  reafode,    302S;    pret.  pi.  wal 
reafedon,  121 3. 
be-reafian,  \v.    instr.,  to  bereave, 
rob  of:  pret.  part,  since  be-reafod, 
2747;   golde  be-reafod,  3019. 
reord,  st.  f.,  speech,  language  ;  tone 
of  voice  :  ace.  sg.  on-cniow  mannes 
reorde    {kneio,    heard,   a   human 
voice),  2556. 
reorrlian,  w.  v.,  to  speak,  talk :  inf. 
fela  reoidian  {speak  mucJi),  302C. 
ge-reordian,  lo  entertain,  to  pre- 
pare for :    pret.  part.  \A  was  eft 
swa  aer  .  .  .  flet-sitlendum  fagere 
ge-reorded  [again,  as   before,  the 
guests  were  hospitably  entertained), 
1789. 
reot,    St.    m.  ?,    f.  ?,    noise,    tumult} 
{.grave}):    instr.  sg.  reote,   2458. 
Bugge,  in    Zachers  Zeits.   4,   215, 
takes  reote  as  dat.  from  reot  {rest, 
repose) . 
reoc,  adj.,  savage,  furious :  nom.  sg., 

122. 
h  e  -  re6fan,  st.  v.,  to  rob  of,  bereave  : 
pret.  part.  w.  insir.  ace.  sg.  fern, 
golde   berofene,    2932;     instr.   sg. 
reote  berofene,  2458. 
reon.     See  rO\van. 
re6tan,  st.  v.,  to  lueep  :  pres.  pi.  oS 

bat  .  .  .  roderas  re6taiN,  1377. 
reow,  adj.,  excited,  fierce,  wild:  in 
conip.  blod-,  gfl^^-,  wal-reow.     See 
hreow. 
rlcone,  hastily,  quickly,  immediate- 
ly, 2984. 
riht,  St.  n.,  right  or  privilege;  the 
(abstract)  right:  ace.  sg.  on  ryht 


{according  to  right),  1556;  »8'J5 
."nd  riht  (/r«//4  and  right),  1701; 
dat.  sg.  wi5  rihte,  144;  after  rihte 
{in  accordance  with  right),  1050; 
syllJc  spell  rehte  after  rihte  {told  a 
wondrous  tale  truthfully),  2III; 
mid  rihte,  2057  ;  ace.  pi.  ealde  riht 
{the  ten  comina7idments),  2331 ; 
—  Comp.  in  eSel-,  folc-,  land-,  un-, 
word-riht. 

riht,  adj.,  straight,  right:  in  comp. 
up-riht. 

rihte,  adv.,  rightly,  correctly,  1696. 
See  at-rihtc. 

rinc,  St.  m.,  man,  warrior,  hero : 
nom.  sg.,  399,  2986 ;  also  of  Gren- 
del,  721;  ace.  sg.  rinc,  742,  748; 
dat.  sg.  rince,  953;  of  HroSgSr, 
1678;  gen.pl.  rinca,  412,  729. — 
Comp.  in  beado-,  gd'S-,  here-,  hea- 
1)0-,  hilde-,  mago-,  sae-rinc. 

ge-risne,  ge-rysiie,  adj.,  appro- 
priate, proper :  nom.  sg.  n.  ge- 
rysne,*2654. 

rice,  St.  n. :  i )  realm,  land  ruled 
over:  nom.  sg.,  2200,  2208;  ace. 
sg.  rice,  913,  1734,  1854,  3005; 
gen.  sg.  rices,  862,  1391,  i860, 
2028,  3081.  Comp.  Swio-rice. — 
2)  council  of  chiefs,  the  king  with 
his  chosen  advisers{  ?) :  nom.  sg. 
oft  gesrit  rice  to  rfine,  172. 

rice,  adj.,  mighty,  powerful:  nom. 
sg.  (of  HroiNga'r),  1238;  (of  Hy- 
gelSc),  1210;  (of  Asc-here),  1299; 
weak  form,  se  rica  (IlroSgar), 
310;  (Beowulf),  399;  (Ilygeiac), 
1976.  —  Comp.  gimme-rlce. 

ricsian,  rixian,  w.  v,  intrans.,  to 
rule,  reign:  inf.  ricsian,  2212; 
pret.  sg.  rixode,  144. 

ridan,  st.  v.,  to  ride :  subj.  pres.  \>dA 
his  byre  ride  giong  on  gealgan, 
2446;  pres.  part.  nom.  pi.  rldend, 
2458;  inf.  wicge  ridan,  234;  mea- 


GLOSSARY. 


295 


rum  rldan,  856;  pret.  sg.  sae-genga 
...  se  be  on  ancre  rid,  18S4;  him 
t8-geanes  rSd  [rode  to  meet  the?it), 
1894;  pret.  pi.  ymbe  hlsw  riodan 
{rode   round  the   grave-mound), 

3171- 

ge-ridan,  vv.  ace,  to  ride  over: 
pret.  sg.  se  be  nas  ge-rM  {who  rode 
over  the  promontory'),  2899. 

rim,  St.  n.,  series,  number  :  in  comp. 
dag-,  un-rim. 

ge-rim,  st.  n.,  series,  number:  in 
comp.  dogor-ge-rim. 

ge-riman,  w.  v.,  to  count  toge.'her, 
enumerate  in  all:  pret.  part,  in 
comp.  for'5-gerimed. 

S  -  risan,  st.  v.,  to  arise,  rise  :  imper. 
sg.  S-rTs,  1391 ;  pret.  sg.  S-ras  \>% 
se  rica,  399;  so,  652,  1791,  3031; 
S-ris  bS  bi  ronde  {arose  by  his 
shield),  2539;  hwanan  sio  fseh'5 
a-rSs  {whence  the  feud  arose), 2\o:i^. 

rodor,  st.  m.,  elher,  firmament,  sky 
(from  radius},  Bugge)  :  gen.  sg. 
rodores  candel,  1573;  nom.  pi. 
roderas,  1377;  dat.  pi.  under  rode- 
rum,  310;  gen.  pi.  rodera,  1556. 

r6f,  adj.,  fierce,  of  fierce,  heroic, 
strength,  strong :  nom.  sg.,  2539; 
also  with  gen.  niagenes  rof 
{strong  in  might),  2085;  so,  beah 
be  he  rof  sTe  ni5-geweorca,  683; 
ace.  sg.  rofne,  1794;  on  bone  rofan, 
2691.  —  Comp.:  beadu-,  brego-, 
ellen-,  hea'So-,  hyge-,  sige-rof. 

r6t,  adj.,  glad,  joyous  ;  in  comp.  un- 
rot. 

rOwan,  st.  v.,  to  row  (with  the  arms) , 
swim  :  pret.  pi.  re6n  (for  red  won), 

512,  539- 
rfim,  St.  m.,  space,  room  :  nom.  sg., 

2691. 
rfim, adj.:  i)  roomy, spacious :  nom. 

sg.  bfihte  him  call  to  rflm,  wongas 

and  wic-stede  {fields  and  dwelling 


seemed  to  him  all  too  broad,  i.e. 
could  not  hide  his  shame  at  the 
unavenged  death  of  his  murdered 
son),  2462. —  2)  in  moral  sense, 
great,  magnanimous,  noble-heart- 
ed:  ace.  sg.  burh  rfimne  sefan,  278. 

ruin-heort,  adj.,  big-hearted,  noble- 
spirited :  nom.  sg.,  1800,  21 1 1. 

ge-rum-lu',  adj.,  commodious,  com- 
fortable :     compar.     ge-rfim-ltcor, 

139- 

run,  st.  f.,  secrecy,  secret  discussion, 
deliberation  or  council:  dat.  sg. 
ge-sat  rice  to  rfine,  172.  — Comp. 
beado-rfln. 

run-staf,  st.  m.,  rune-stave,  runic 
letter:  ace.  pi.  burh  r&n-stafas,  1696. 

run-wita,  vv.  m.,  rune-wit,  privy 
councillor,  trusted  adviser :  nom. 
sg.,  1326. 

g  e  -  rysne.     See  g  e  -  risne. 

ge  -  ryman,  w.  v. :  i)  to  tnake  room 
for,  prepare,  provide  room  :  pret. 
pi.  bat  hie  him  6'5er  flet  eal  ge- 
r^mdon,  1087;  pret.  part.  bS  was 
Geat-macgum  .  .  .  bene  ger^med, 
492;  so,  1976.  —  2)  to  allow, grant, 
admit :  pret.  part,  b^  me  ge-r^med 
was  (siS)  {as  access  was  permitted 
/«t'),3o89;  ba  him  ger^med  wear'5, 
bat  hie  wal-stowe  wealdan  moston, 
2984. 


ge-saca,  w.  m.,  opponent,  antagO' 
nist,foe:  ace.  sg.  ge-sacan,    1774. 

sacan,  st.  v.,  to  strive,  contend :  inf. 
ymb  feorh  sacan,  439. 

ge-sacan,  to  attain,  gain  by  con- 
tending {Grtm)  :  inf.gesacan  sceal 
sS.wl-berendra  .  .  .  gearwe  stowe 
{gain  the  place  prepared,  i.e.  the 
death-bed),  1005. 


296 


GLOSSARY. 


on-sacan:  i)  (originally  in  a  law- 
suit), to  'i'ithdraw,  take  away,  de- 
prive of:  pres.  subj.  I^atte  freotSu- 
webbe  feores  on-sace  .  .  .  leofne 
mannan,  1943.  —  2)  to  contest,  dis- 
pute, U'ithstayid :  inf.  }iat  he  sce- 
mannum  on-sacan  niihte  (i.e.  herd, 
beam,  and  br^de),  2955. 

sacu,  St.  f.,  strife,  hostility,  feud  : 
nom.  sg.,  185S,  2473;  ace.  sg.  sace, 
154;  sacce,  1978, 1990,  2348,  2500, 
2563;  dat.  sg.  at  (to)  sacce,  954, 
1619,  1666,  2613,  2660,  2682, 
2687;  gen.  sg.  secce,  601;  gen. 
pi.  sacca,  2030. 

ge-sacu,  St.  f.,  strife,  enmity  •  nom. 

sg.,  1738. 

sadol,  St.  m.,  saddle  •  nom.  sg.,  1039. 

sadol-beorht,  adj.,  with  bright  sad- 
dles ( ?)  :  ace.  pi.  sadol  -  beorht, 
2176. 

ge-saga.     See  secgan. 

sanine,  sonine,  adv.,  together,  uni- 
ted;  in  at-somne,  together,  united, 
307,402,491,  544,  2848. 

t6-somne  {together'),  3123;  \>%  se 
wyrm  ge-beah  snftde  to-somne 
(juhen  the  dragon  quickly  coiled 
together),  2569. 

Bainod,  somod  :  I.  adv.,  simultane- 
ously,at  the  same  time:  somod,  1 21 2, 
1615,  2175,  2988;  samod,  2197; 
samod  at-gadere,  387,  730, 1064.  — 
II.  prep.  \v.  dat.,  7uith,  at  the  same 
time  luith :  samod  ser-dage  {^vith 
the  break  of  day),  1312;  somod 
ser-dage,  2943. 

jand,  St.  n,,  sand,  sandy  shore  :  dat. 
sg.  on  sande,  295,  1897,  3043(?); 
after  sande  {along  the  shore),  1965 ; 
wit?  sande,  213. 

sang,  St.  xn.,  song,  cry,  noise:  nom. 
sg.  sanfe,  1064;  swutol  sang  sco- 
pes, 90;  ace.  sg.  sige-leasne  sang 
(Grendel's  cry  of  woe),  788;  sS- 


rigne    sang    (IlrS'Sel's    dirge    foi 

Herebeald),  2448. 
sai,  St.  m.,  rope  :  dat.  sg.  sile,  1907; 

on  sile  (sole,  MS.),  302. 
s&l.    See  sael. 
s3r,  St. n.,  wound,  pain  (physical  ot 

spiritual)  :   nom.  sg.  sir,  976;   si6 

sSr,  2469;  ace.  sg.  sar,  788;   sSre, 

2296;   dat.  (instr.)  sg.  sSre,   1252, 

2312,  2747.  —  Comp.  lic-sar. 
sar,    adj.,  sore,  painful:    instr.  pi. 

sarum  wordam,  2059. 
s  d  r  e ,  adv.,  sorely,  heavily,  ill,  gravi- 

ter:    se    )>e   him    [sSjre   gesceod 

{who  injured  him  sorely),  2224. 
sarig,  adj.,  painful,  woeful :  ace.  sg. 

sirigne  sang,  2448. 
sarig  -  ferae,      adj.,      sore  -  hearted, 

grieved:  nom.  sg.  sSrig-fer'5  (Wig- 

laf),  2864. 
sarig-mOd,  adj.,  sorrowful-minded, 

saddened :    dat.   pi.    sSrig-modum, 

2943- 

sar-lic,  adj.,  painful:  nom.  sg., 
843;   ace.  sg.  neut.,  21 10. 

sawol,  sa'W'l,  st.  f.,  soul  (the  immor- 
tal principle  as  contrasted  with  lif, 
the  physical  life)  :  nom.  sg.  sSwol, 
2821;  ace.  sg.  sawle,  1S4,  802; 
haeSene  sawle,  853;  gen.  sg.  sS- 
wele,  1743;   sSwle,  2423. 

saA\'l-berend,  pres.  part.,  endowed 
with  a  soul,  human  being :  gen. 
pi.  sawl-berendra,  1005. 

sawul-dreor,  st.  n.,  (blood  gushing 
from  the  seat  of  the  soul),  soul- 
gore,  heart's  blood,  life's  blood: 
instr.  sg.  sSwul-driore,  2694. 

sa\\'ul-leds,  adj.,  soulless,  lifeless  : 
ace.  sg.  sawol-lea-sne,  1407;  sSwul- 
leasne,  3034. 

sace,  sacce.    See  sacu. 

sad,  adj.,  satiated,  wearied :  in  comp 
hilde-sad. 

sal,   St.    n.,    habitabU  space,   hottte. 


GLOSSARY. 


297 


hall:  dat  sg.  sel,  167;   sal,  307, 
2076,  2265. 

said,  St.  n.,  hall,  king's  hall  or  pal- 
ace :  ace.  sg.  geond  hat  said  (Heo- 
rot),  1281. 

sae,  St.  m.  and  f.,  sea,  ocean :  nom. 
sg.,  579,  1224;  ace.  sg.  on  sTdne 
sse,  507;  ofer  ss,  2381;  ofer  sas 
side,  2395;  dat.  sg.  to  sje,  318;  on 
sae,  544 ;  dat.  pi.  be  sjem  tweonum, 
859,  1298,  1686,  1957. 

sae-bat,  St.  m.,  sea-boat:  ace.  sg., 
634,  896. 

sse-cyning,  st.  m.,  sea-king,  king 
ruling  the  sea  :  gen.  pi.  sae-cyninga, 

2383- 
sae-deor,  st.  n.,  sea-beast,  sea-mon- 
ster:  nom.  sg.,  151 1, 
sae-draca,  w.  m.,  sea-dragon  :  ace. 

pi.  S£e-dracan,  1427. 
g  e  -  saegan,  w.  v.,  to  fell,  slay  :  pret. 
part,  hiifdon  eal-fela  eotena  eynnes 
sweordum  ge-saeged  {felled  with 
the  sword),  885. 
saege.     See  on-ssege. 
sae-genga,  w.  m.,  sea-goer,  i.e.  sea- 
going ship:  nom.  sg.,  1883,  1909. 
sae-ge4p,     adj.,     spacious     (broad 
enough  for  the  sea)  :  nom.  sg.  sse- 
geap  naca,  1897. 
sae-grund,  st.  m.,  sea-bottovi,  ocean- 
bottom  :  dat.  sg.  sae-grunde,  564. 
eael,   sal,    sel,   st.  f. :    l )  favorable 
opportunity,  good  ox  fit  time  :  nom. 
sg.  sael,  623,  1666,  2059;  sael  and 
mael,  1009;    ace.  sg.  s81e,  11 36; 
gen.  pi.  saela  and  maela,  1612. — 
2)   Fate{}):    see  Note    on    1.    51. 
—  3)  happiness,  joy:    dat.  pi.   on 
salum,    608;     saelum,    644,    11 71, 
1323.     See  sel,  adj. 
ge-saelan,  w.  v.,  to  turn  out  favor- 
ably,  succeed:    pret.  sg.  him  ge- 
saelde   t>at  .  .  .  {he   was  fortunate 
enough   to,  etc.),  891  ;    so,   574; 


efne    swylce    maela,  swylce    hira 
man-dryhtne    bearf    ge-saelde    {at 
such  times  as  need  disposed  it  for 
their  lord),  1 251. 
saelan  (see  sal),  w.  v.,  to  tie,  bind 
pret.  sg.  srelde  .  .  .  siS-fa'Sme  seip, 
1918;  pi.  SK-wudu  sseldon,  226. 
ge-saelan,  to  bind  together,  weave, 
interweave  :  pret.  part,  earm-beaga 
fela  searwum  ge-sasled  {many  cu- 
riously   interwoven    artnlets,    i.e. 
made  of  metal  wire :  see  Guide  to 
Scandinavian  Antiquities,  p.  48), 
2765. 
on-saelan,   with   ace.,   to   unbind, 
unloose,  open  :  on-sael  meoto,  sige- 
hreS  secgum  {disclose  thy  views  to 
the  men,  thy  victor's  courage ;  or, 
thy  presage  of  victory}),  489. 
sae-lac,    st.    n.,   sea-gift,    sea-booty: 
instr.  sg.  sae-lace,  1625  ;    ace.  pi. 
pas  sae-lac,  1653. 
sae-lad,  st.  f.,  sea-way,  sea-journey  : 

dat.  sg.  sae-lade,  1140,  1158. 
sae-liiSfend,    pres.    part.,    seafarer: 
nom.    pi.    sas-liSend,    411,    1819, 
2807;  saj-li"5ende,  377. 
sae-nian,  m.,  sea-man,  sea-warrior : 
dat.  pi.  sie-mannum,  2955;  gen.  pi. 
sae-manna,  329  (both  times  said  of 
the  Geatas). 
saenira,    weak    adj.    compar.,    the 
zi'orse,  the  weaker:  nom.  sg.  ssemra, 
2881 ;    dat.  sg.  saemran,  954. 
sae-nieSe,  adj.,  sea-weary,  exhausted 
by  sea-travel :  nom.  pi.  sae-m8^e, 

325- 
sae-niis,  st.  m.,  sea-promontory,  cape, 

naze :  ace.  pi.  sae-nassas,  223,  571. 

saene,  adj.,  careless,  slow :  compar. 

sg.  nom.  he  on  holme  was  sundes 

be  ssenra,  he  hyne  swylt  fornam 

{was  the  slower  in  swimming  in 

the  sea,  whom  death   took  away), 

1437- 


298 


GLOSSARY. 


sae-rlnc,  st.  m.,  sea-warrior  or  hero  : 
nom.  sg.,  691. 

sae-siij,  st.  m.,  sea-way,  path,  jour- 
ney :  dat.  sg.  after  sae-si'JSe,  1150. 

sae-wang,  st.  m.,  sea-shore  or  beach: 
ace.  sg.  sa;-\vong,  1965. 

sic-weal,  St.  m.,  {sea-wall),  sea- 
shore: dat.  Sg.  sae-wealle,  1925. 

fsae-wudii,  st.  m.,  {sea-wood),  7Jessel, 
ship  :  ace.  sg.  sK-wudu,  226. 

sae-wylni,  st.  m.,  sea-surf,  billoiv  : 
ace.  pi.  ofer  sa'-wylmas,  393. 

scaean,  sceaean,  st.  v.,  properly,  (0 
shake  one^s  self:  htr\ce,to  go,glide, 
pass  alongox  a-way :  pres.  sg.  l)onne 
niin  sceacet!  lif  of  lice,  2743;  inf. 
ba  com  beorht  [sunne]  seacan 
[ofer  grundas],  {(he  bright  sun 
came  gliding  over  the  fields) ,  1 804 ; 
pret.  sg.  dugu'5  ellor  scoe  {/he 
chiefs  are  gone  elsewhither,  i.e. 
have  died),  2255 ;  J?onne  sti-aela 
storm  .  .  .  scoc  ofer  scild-weall 
{when  the  storm  of  arrows  leapt 
over  the  wall  of  shields),  3119  ; 
pret.  part,  was  hira  blred  scacen 
{their  bravest  men  had  passed 
away),  1 1 25;  \>^  was  winter  sca- 
cen {the  winter  was  past),  11 37; 
so,  sceacen,  2307,  2728. 

scadu,  sceadu,  st.  f.,  shadoio,  con- 
cealing veil  of  night :  ace.  sg.  under 
sceadu  bregdan  (i.e.  kill),  708. 

scadu-genga,  w.  m.,  shadow-goer, 
twilight-stalker  (of  Grendel):  nom. 
sg.  sceadu-genga,  704. 

scadu-helm,  st.  m.,  shadaio-helm, 
veil  of  darkness  :  gen.  pi.  scadu- 
helma  ge-sceapu  {shapes  of  the 
shadow,  evil  spirits  wandering  by 
night),  esi. 

Bcalu,  St.  f.,  retinue,  band  (part  of 
an  armed  force) ;  in  comp.  hand- 
scalu:  mid  his  hand-scale  (hond- 
•cole),  1318,  1964. 


scamlan,  w.  v.,  to  be  ashamed :  pres. 
part.  nom.  pi.  scamiende,  2851; 
n8  he  \>xre  feoh-gyfte  .  .  .  scami- 
gan  I'orfte  {needed  not  be  ashamed 
of  his  treasure-giving),  1027. 

sca'wa(see  soedwian),\v.  m.,  obser- 
ver, visitor  :  nom.  pi.  scawan,  1896. 

ge-scad,  st.  n.,  difference,  distinc- 
tion :  ace.  sg.  LVg-hwa'^res  gescSd, 
worda  and  worca  {difference  be- 
tiveen,  of,  both  words  and  deeds), 
288. 

ge-scadan,  st.  v.,  to  decide,  adjudge: 
pret.  sg.  rodera  raedend  hit  on  ryht 
gesced  {decided  it  in  accordance 
with  right),  1556. 

scanan?  See  scinan,  pret.  pi. 
scionon,  303;  the  imaginary  sca- 
nan having  been  abandoned. 

ge-8Cap-hwXle,  st.  f.,  fated  hour, 
hour  of  death  {appointed  rest})  : 
dat.  sg.  to  gescap-huile  [at  tlu 
fated  hour),  26. 

sceSffan,  w.  v.,  to  scathe,  injure : 
inf.  w.  dat.  pers.,  1034 ;  aldre  sceS- 
i5an  {hurt  her  life),  1525;  hat  on 
land  Dena  lai^ra  nmnig  mid  scip- 
herge  sceS'San  ne  meahte  {injure 
through  robber  incursions),  243; 
pret.  sg.  l>£er  him  naenig  water 
wihte  ne  sce'Sede,  1515. 

ge-scefl'San,  the  same  :  inf.  hat  him 
. . .  ne  mihte  eorres  invvit-feng  aldre 
gesceSSan,  1448. 

scene,  st.m,,  vessel,  can  :  in  comp. 
medu-scenc. 

scencan,  w.  v.,  to  hand  drink,  pour 
out:  pret.  sg.  scencte  sctr  wered, 
496  (cf.  skinker  =  cup-bearer). 

scenne,  w.  f. ?,  sword-guard?-,  dat. 
pi.  on  hxm  scennum  sciran  guides, 
1695. 

sceran,  st.  v.,  to  shear  off,  cleave, 
hew  to  pieces  :  pres.  sg.  I'onne  heoru 
bunden  .  .  .  swtn  ofer  helme  and- 


GLOSSARY. 


299 


weard  scire'S  (^hmn  off  the  boar- 
head  on  the  helm),  1288. 

ge-sceran,  to  divide,  hexv  in  two : 
pret.  sg.  helm  oft  ge-scar  {oftcri 
clove  the  helm  in  two),  1527;  so, 
gescer,  2974. 

scerwen,  si.  f.  ?,  in  cump.  ealu-scer- 
wen  (^ale-scare  or panicl),  770. 

scet.     See  sceotan. 

sceadu.     See  scad  11. 

sceaffa,  \v.  m. :  i )  scather,foe  :  gen. 
pi.  sceafiena,  4.  —  2)  fighter,  war- 
rior :  nom.  pi.  sca'Kan,  1S04. — 
Comp.:  attor-,  del-,  feond-,  gfiS-, 
hearm-,  leod-,  man-,  sin-,  l-eod-, 
uht-sceaSa. 

sceaUan,  st.  v.  \v.  dat.,  to  scallic,  in- 
jure, crush :  pret.  sg.  se  Je  oft 
manegum  scod  {%vhich  has  oft  op- 
pressed many) ,  1 888. 

ge-sceaiSan,  \v.  dal.,  the  same: 
pret.  sg.  swa  him  ser  gescod  hild  at 
Heorote,  1588;  se  W  him  sSre  ge- 
sceod  (jvho  injured  him  sorely), 
2224;  no  1^  aer  in  gescod  hSlan 
lice,  1503;  bill  ser  gescod  eald- 
hlafordes  bam  I'Sra  maSma  mund- 
bora  was  {^the  weapon  of  the  ancient 
chieftain  had  before  laid  low  the 
dragon,  the  guardian  of  the  treas- 
ure), 2778  (or,  sheathed  in  brass"?, 
if  ser  and  gescod  form  compound). 

*pefi Sen-Ill ael,  st.  n.,  deadly  weapon, 
hostile  sword  :  nom.  sg.,  1 940. 

sceaft,  St.  m.,  shaft,  spear,  missile  : 
nom.  sg.  sceft,  31 19. — Comp.: 
here-,  wal-sceaft. 

ge -sceaft,  st.  f . :  i)  creation,  earth, 
earthly  existence  :  ace.  sg.  l^as  Ice- 
nan  ge-sceaft,  1623.  —  2)  fate,  des- 
tiny :  in  comp.  for'S-,  lif-,  mael- 
gesceaft. 

scealc,  St.  m.,  servant,  military  re- 
tainer :  nom.  sg.,  919;  (of  Beo- 
wulf ),  940.  —  Comp  beor-scealc 


ge-sceap,  st.  n. :  l)  shape,  creature  : 
nom.  pi.  scadu-helma  ge-sceapu, 
65 1 .  —  2)  fate,  providence  :  ace. 
sg.  heah  ge-sceap  {heavy  fate), 
3085. 

sceapan,  sceppan,  scyppan,  st. 
v.,  to  shape,  create,  order,  arra7ige, 
establish :  pres.  part,  scyppend 
{the  Creator),  106;  pret.  sg.  scop 
him  Heort  naman  {shaped,  gave, 
it  the  name  Heorot),  78;  pres. 
part,  was  sio  wroht  scepen  heard 
wiS  Ilugas,  sy'SSan  Hygelac  cwom 
{the  contest  with  the  Hugos  became 
sharp  after  H.  had  come),  2915. 

ge-sceapan,  to  shape,  create :  pret. 
sg.  iif  ge-sceop  cynna  gehwylcum, 

97- 
scear,  st.  m.,  massacre :   in   comp. 

gdS-,  inwit-scear,  2429,  etc. 

scearp,  adj.,  sharp,  able,  brave  : 
nom.  sg.  scearp  scyld-wiga,  28S. 
—  Comp. :  beadu-,  hea'So-scearp. 

scearu,  st.  f.,  division,  body,  troop  . 
in  comp.  folc-scearu;  that  is  de- 
cided or  determined,  in  gfi'S-scearu 
{overthrow"?),  1 2 14. 

sceat,  St.  m.,  money ;  also  unit  of 
value  in  appraising  (cf.  f^ieger  in 
Zacher's  Zeits.  3,  415):  ace.  pi. 
sceattas,  1687.  When  numbers  are 
given,  sceat  appears  to  be  left  out, 
cf.  2196,  2995  (see  Jpflsend). — 
Comp.  gif-sceat. 

scedt,  St.  m.,  region,  field :  ace.  pi. 
gefratwade  foldan  sceatas  leomum 
and  leafum,  96;  —  top,  surface, 
part :  gen.  pi.  eorSan  sceata,  753. 

scedwere,  st.  m.,  observer,  spy : 
noin.  pi.  sceaweras,  253. 

scedwian,  w.  v.  w.  ace,  to  see,  look 
at,  observe:  inf.  sceawian,  841, 
1414,  2403,  2745,  3009,  3033; 
sceawigan,  1392;  pres.  sg.  II.  Vix. 
ge  genoge  nean  sceawia^  beagaj 


300 


GLOSSARY. 


and  brid  gold,  3105;  suhj.  pres. 
hat  ic  .  .  .  sceawige  swegle  searo- 
gimmas,  2749;  pret.  sg.  scea- 
wode,  1688,  2286,  2794;  sg.  for 
pi.,  844;  pret.  pi.  sceavvedon,  132, 
204,  984,  1 44 1. 

ge-sceawian,  to  see,  behold,  observe  : 
pret.  part,  ge-sceawod,  3076,  3085. 

sceorp,  St.  n.,  garment:  in  comp. 
hilde-sceorp. 

sceotan,  st.  v.,  to  shoot,  hurl  missiles  : 
pres.  sg.  se  be  of  flan-bogan  fyre- 
num  sceote'S,  1745;  pres.  part, 
nom.  pi.  sceotend  (the  warriors, 
bowmen),  704,  1 155;  dat.  pi.  for 
sce6tendum(MS.scotenum),  1027. 

ge-sceotan,  vv.  ace,  to  shoot  off, 
hurry  :  pret.  sg.  hord  eft  gesceat 
(the  dragon  darted  again  back  to 
the  treasure),  2320. 

of-sceotan,  to  kill  by  shooting  :  pret. 
sg.  his  maeg  of-scet  .  .  .  blodigan 
gare  (hilled  his  brother  with  bloody 
dart),  2440. 

scild,  scyld,  st.  m.,  shield :  nom. 
sg.  scyld,  2571 ;  ace.  sg.  scyld,  437, 
2676  ;acc.pl.scyldas,325,333, 2851. 

sclldan,  scyldan,  w.  v.,  to  shield, 
protect :  pret.  subj.  nymSe  niec  god 
scylde  (if  God  had  not  shielded 
me),  1659. 

Bcild-freca,  w.  m.,  shield-^varrior 
(warrior  armed  with  a  shield)  : 
nom.  sg.  scyld-freca,  1034. 

scild-weall,  st.  m.,  wall  of  shields  : 
ace.  sg.  scild-weall,  31 19. 

BCild-wIga,  w.  m.,  shield-warrior  : 
nom.  sg.  scyld-wTga,  288. 

Bcinna,  w.  m.,  apparition,  evil  spirit: 
dat.  pi.  scynnum,  940. 

■clp,  St.  n.,  vessel,  ship :  nom.  sg., 
302;  ace.  sg.,  1918;  dat.  sg.  to 
scipe,  1896;  gen.  sg.  scipes,  35, 
897;  dat.  pi.  t3  scypum  (scypon, 
MS.).  1155. 


scip-here,  st.  m.,  (exercitus  navalis) 
armada,  fleet :  dat.  sg.  mid  scip- 
herge,  243. 

ge-scife  (for  ge-scj'fe),  adj.,  ad- 
vancing (of  the  dragon's  move- 
ment), 2571;   =  (;.  schief} 

sciuan,  st.  v.,  to  shine,  flash:  pres. 
sg.  sunne  .  .  .  sflSan  scine'S,  607; 
so,  1572;  inf.  geseah  blScne  le6- 
man  beorhte  scinan,  15 18;  pret. 
sg-  (g<^S  -  byrne,  woruld  -  candel) 
scan,  321,  1966;  on  him  byrne 
scan,  405 ;  pret.  pi.  gold-filg  scinon 
web  after   wagum,   995;  scionon, 

303- 

scir,  adj.,  sheer, pure,  shining:  nom. 
sg.  hring-Tren  scTr,  322;   scTr  me- 
tod,  980;    ace.  sg.  n.  scir  wered,  • 
496;   gen.  sg.  sciran  goldes,  1695. 

scir-ham,  adj .,  bright-armored,  clad 
in  bright  mail:  nom.  pi.  scir-hame, 
1896. 

scoten.     See  sceoten. 

ge-scOd,  pret.  part. ,.r/iw/(calceatus), 
covered:  in  comp.  3er-ge-scod(?). 
.See  ge-sceaffan,  and  Note. 

scOp,  St.  m.,  singer,  shaper,  poet  : 
nom.  sg.,  496,  1067;  gen.  sg.  sco- 
pes, 90. 

scriif,  St.  n.,  hol<!  in  the  earth,  cav- 
ern :  in  comp.  eor^-scraf. 

scriffaii,  st.  v.,  to  stride,  go  :  pres. 
pi.  scriiSa'S,  163;  inf.  scriSan,  651, 
704;   scritSan  to,  2570. 

scrifan,  st.  v.,  to  prescribe,  impose 
(punishment)  :  inf.  hfl  him  (Gren- 
del)  scTr  nietod  scrifan  wille,  980. 

for-scrifan,  w.  dat.  pers.,  to  pro- 
scribe, condemn  :  pret.  part.  siS- 
^an  him  scyppend  for-scrifen  haf- 
de,  106. 

ge-scrlfan,  to  permit,  prescribe: 
pret.  sg.  swS  him  Wyrd  ne  ge-scr4( 
(as   Weird  did  not  permit  kim), 

2575- 


GLOSSARY. 


301 


■crQd,  St.  m.,  clothing,  covering;  or- 
nament :  in  comp.  beadu-,  byrdu- 
scrfld. 

Bcucca,  w.  m.,  shadowy  sprite,  de- 
mon :  dat.  pi.  scuccum,  940. 

Bculan,  aux.  v.  w.  inf.:  i)  shall, 
WM5/ (obligation)  :  pres.sg.  I.,  III. 
sceal,  20,  24,  183,  251,  271,  287, 
440,978,  1005,  1173,  1387,  1535, 
etc.;  seel,  455,  2S05,  301 1;  II. 
scealt,  589,  2667;  subj.  pres.  scyle, 
2658;  scile,  3178;  pret.  ind.  sg.  I., 
III.  scolde,  10,  806,  820, 966, 107 1, 
1444,  1450,  etc.;  sceolde,  2342,' 
2409,  2443,  2590,  2964;  II.  seed-  ] 
dest,  2057;  pi.  scoldon,  41,  833, 
1306,  1638;  subj.  pret.  scu.de, 
1329,  1478;  sceolde,  2709.  —  2)  w. 
inf.  following  it  expresses  futurity, 

—  shall,  -will:  pres.  sg.  I.,  III. 
sceal  beodan  (^shall  offer),  384; 
so,  424,  438,  602,  637,  1061,  1707. 
1856,  1S63,  2070;  sceall,  2499. 
2509,  etc.;  II.  sceslt,  1708;  pi. 
wit  sculon,  684;  subj  pret.  scolde, 
280,  692,  911;  sceoMe,  3069. — 
3)  sculan  sometimes  forms  a  peri- 
phrastic phrase  or  ci.cumlocution 
for  a  simple  tense,  usually  with  a 
slight  feeling  of  obligation  or  ne- 
cessity :  pres.  sg.  he  ge-\vunian 
sceall  (^he  inhabits;  is  said  to  211- 
habit~^),  2276;  pret.  sg.  se  he  water- 
egesan  wunian  scolde,  1261;  wac- 
nan  scolde  {was  to  awake),  85; 
se  J>one  gomelan  gretan  sceolde 
{was  to,  should,  approach),  2422; 
t^at  se  byrn-wTga  bflgan  sceolde 
{the  corseleted  warrior  had  to  bow, 
fell),  2919;  pi.  l^S  \>Q  beado-gri- 
tnan  b^wun  sceoldon  {they  that 
had  to  polish  or  deck  the  battle- 
masks),  2258;  so,  230,  705,  1068. 

—  4)    w.    omitted    inf.,   such    as 
wesan,   gangan :    unc   sceal  worn 


fela  mS^ma  ge-maenra  (i.e.  wesan). 
1784;  so,  2660;  sceal  se  hearda 
helm  .  .  .  fatum  befeallen  (i.e.  we- 
san), 2256;  ic  him  after  sceal  (i.e. 
gangan),  2817;  subj.  I'onne  W 
for'5  scyle  (i.e.  gangan),  ii8o.  .'\ 
verb  or  inf.  expressed  in  an  ante- 
cedent clause  is  not  again  expressed 
with  a  subsequent  sceal :  gceS  S 
Wyrd  swa  hio  seel  (  IVeird  goeth 
ever  as  it  shall  [go]),  455;  gfllS- 
bill  ge-swac  swS  hit  no  sceolde 
(i.e.  ge-swican),  25S6. 

sciia»    w.    m.,    shadorvy   demon :    in 
comp.  dea^'-scfia. 

sciifan)  st.  v.:  i)  intrans.,  to  move 
forward,  hasten :  pret.  part.  })a 
w  as  morgen-leoht  scofen  and  scyn- 
ded,  919.  —  2)  w.  ace,  to  shove, 
push :  pret.  pi.  guman  fit  scufon 
.  .  .  wudu  bundenne  {pushed  the 
vessel  from  the  land),  215;  dracan 
scufun  .  . .  ofer  weall-clif  {pushed 
the  dragon  over  the  wall-like  cliff), 
3132.     See  ^vicl-scofen(?) 

be-scGfan,  w.  ace,  to  push,  thrust 
down,  in  :  inf.  wS  biS  )>am  \>e  sceal 
.  .  .  sawle  be-scufan  in  fyres  faSm 
{woe  to  him  that  shall  thrust  his 
soul  into  fire'' s  embrace),  184. 

sc'iir,  St.  m.,  shower,  battle-shower  . 
in  comp.  isern-scur. 

scur-heard,  adj.,  fight-kardenedl 
{file-hardened})  :  nom.  pi.  sc&r- 
heard,  1034. 

scyld,soyldan..See  scild,  soildan. 

scyldig,  adj.,  under  obligations  or 
bound  for ;  guilty  of,  \v.  gen.  and 
instr. :  ealdres  (mor'Sres)  scyldig, 
1339,  1684,  2062;  synnum  scyldig 
{guilty  of  evil  deeds),  3072. 

scyndan,  w.  v.,  to  hasten  :  inf.  scyn 
dan,  2571 ;  pret.  part,  scynded,  91Q 

scynna.    See  scinna. 

scyppend.    See  sceapan. 


302 


GLOSSARY. 


Bcyran,  w.  v.,  to  arrange,  decide  : 
inf.  \>z.\.  hit  sceaSen-masl  scyran 
moste  {that  the  sword  must  decide 
it),  1940.  O.N.  skora,  to  score, 
decide. 

6c5'De,  adj.,  sheen,  well-formed,  beau- 
tiful:  nom.  sg.  magS  sc^ne,  3017. 

se,  pron.  dem.  and  article,  the  :  m. 
nom.,  79,  84,  86,  87,  90,  92,  102, 
etc.;  fern,  seo,  66,  146,  etc.;  neut. 
l>at; — relative:  se  {who),  1611, 
2866;  se  I'e  (he  who),  2293;  seo 
l^e  (she  who),  1446;  se  he  (for  seo 
)>e),  1345,  1888,  2686;  cf.  1 26 1, 
1498;  (Grendel's  mother,  as  a  wild, 
demonic  creature,  is  conceived 
now  as  man,  now  as  woman: 
woman,  as  having  borne  a  son; 
man,  as  the  incarnation  of  savage 
cunning  and  power) ;  se  for  se6, 
2422;  dat.  sg.  bam  (for  J^am  J^e), 
2780. 

secce.    See  sacu. 

secg,  St.  m.,  man,  warrior,  hero, 
spokesman  (secgan?) :  nom.  sg., 
208,  872,  2228,  2407,  etc.;  (Beo- 
wulf), 249,  948,  1 31 2,  1570,  1760, 
etc.;  (WulfgSr),  402;  (Hflnferi5), 
981;  (Wigiaf),  2S64;  ace.  sg. 
synnigne  secg  (Grendel's  mother, 
cf.  se),  1 380;  dat.  sg.  secge,  2020 ; 
nom.  pi.  secgas,  213,  2531,  3129; 
dat.  pl.secgum,490;  gen.  pi.  secga, 
634,  843,  997,  1673. 

secg,  St.  f.,  j?£;<?r</ (sedge?) :  ace.  sg. 
secge,  685. 

secgan,  w.  v.,  to  say,  speak  :  i )  w. 
ace. :  pres.  sg.  gode  ic  J>anc  secge, 
1998;  so,  2796;  pres.  part,  swd 
se  secg  hwata  secgende  was  laiNra 
spella  (partitive  gen.),  3029;  inf. 
secgan,  582,  876,  881,  1050;  pret. 
sg.  sagde  him  l>as  leanes  hanc, 
1810;  pret.  sg.  II.  hwat  ^u  worn 
fela  .  .  .  sagdest  from  bis  siSe,  532. 


—  2)  without  ace  mf.  swS  we 
soSlice  secgan  h^rdon,  273;  pret. 
sg.  sagde,  2633,  2900  —  3)  w.  de- 
pend, clause :  pres.  sg.  ic  secge, 
591;  pi.  III.  secgaS,  41 1;  inf. 
secgan,  51,  391,  943,  1347,  1701, 
1819,  2865,  3027;  gerund,  to  sec- 
ganne,  473,  1725;  pret.  sg.  sagde, 
90,  1 1 76;  pi.  sagdon,  377,  21SS; 
soedan,  1946. 

S-secgan  (edicere),  to  say  out,  ci- 
liver  :  inf.  wille  ic  S-secgan  suna 
Ilealfdenes  .  .  .  min  serende,  344. 

ge-secgan,  to  say,  relate:  imper. 
sg.  II.  ge-saga,  388;  )'at  ic  his 
terest  ^e  eft  ge-sagde  (that  I 
should,  after,  tell  thee  its  orii^in), 
2158;  pret.  part,  gesagd,  141 ;  ge- 
sjed,  1697. 

sefa,  w.  m.,  heart,  mind,  soul,  spirit  : 
nom.  sg.,  49,  490,  595,  2044,  21  Si, 
2420,  2601,  2633;  ace.  sg.  sefan, 
278,  1727,  1843;  dat.  sg.  sefan, 
473. 1343. 1738.— Comp.mod-sefa. 

ge-segen,  st.  f.,  legend,  tale :  in 
conip.  eald-ge-segen. 

segl,  St.  n.,  sail :  nom.  sg.,  1907. 

segl-rad,  St.  f.,  sail-road,  i.e.  sea : 
dat.  sg.  on  segl-rade,  1430. 

segn,  St.  n.,  banner,  vexillum  :  nom. 
sg.,  2768,  2959;  ace.  sg.  segen, 
47,  1022;  segn,  2777;  dat.  sg. 
under  segne,  1205.  —  Comp.  hea- 
fod-segn. 

sel,  St.  n.,  hall,  palace.     See  sJil. 

seld,  St.  n.,  dwelling, house:  in  comp. 
inedu-seld. 

ge-selda,  w.  m.,  contubernalis,  com- 
panion  :  ace.  sg.  geseldan,  19S5. 

seldan,  adv.,  seldom  :  oft  [no]  sel- 
dan,  2030. 

scld-guma,  w.  m.,  house-man,  home- 
stayer(  ?)  ;  common  man  ?,  house- 
earn  :  nom.  sg.,  249. 

sele,  St.  m.  and  n.,  building  consist- 


GLOSSARY. 


303 


ing  of  one  apartment ;  apartment, 
room  :  nom.  sg.,  8i,  41 1 ;  ace.  sg. 
sele,  827,  2353;  dat.  sg.  to  sele, 
323,  1 64 1;  in  (on,  to)  sele  \>z.xa. 
hean,  714,  920,  1017,  1985;  on 
sele  {in  the  den  of  the  dragon^, 
3 1 29. —  Comp. :  beah-,  beor-,  dryht-, 
eortS-,  gest-,  gold-,  grund-,  gflS-, 
heah-,  bring-,  hrof-,  ni"5-,  vvin-sele. 

sele-dredm,  st.  m.,  hall-glee,  joy  in 
the  hall  :  ace.  sg.  J'ara  \>q.  Hs  lif  of- 
geaf,  gesawon  sele-dream  (refer- 
ring to  the  joy  of  heaven?),  2253. 

selc-ful,  St.  n.,  hall-goblet :  ace.  sg., 
620. 

sele-gyst,  st.  m.,  hall-guest,  stranger 
in  hall  or  house :  ace.  sg.  bone  sele- 
gyst,  1546. 

sele-rsedend,  pres.  part.,  hall-ruler, 
possessor  of  the  hall :  nom.  pi.,  51 ; 
ace.  leode  mine  sele-ra^dende,  1347. 

sele-rest,  st.  f.,  bed  in  the  hall :  ace. 
sg.  sele-reste,  691. 

sele-l>egn,  st.  m.,  retainer,  hall- 
thane,  chamberlain  :  noni.sg.,  1795. 

sele-weard,  st.  m.,  kail-ward,  guar- 
dian of  the  hall :  ace.  sg.,  668. 

self,  sylf,  pron.,  self:  nom.  sg. 
strong  form,  self,  1314,  1925  (?sel- 
fa)  ;  hu  self,  595  ;  W  he  self,  954; 
self  cyning  (  '^if  king  himself,  the 
king  loo),  921,  lOll;  sylf,  1965; 
in  weak  form,  selfa,  1469;  he  selfa, 
29.  1734;  ham  he  him  selfa  deah 
{that  can  rely  upon,  trust  to,  him- 
self), 1840;  seolfa,  3068;  he  syl- 
fa,  505;  godsylfa,  3055;  ace.  sg. 
m.  selfne,  1606;  bine  selfne  {him- 
self), 962;  hyne  selfne  {himself 
reflex.),  2876;  wi5  sylfne  {beside), 
1978;  gen.  sg.  m.  selfes,  701,  896; 
his  selfes,  1148;  on  sinne  sylfes 
dom  {at  his  own  will),  2148; 
sylfes,  2224,  2361,  2640,  271 1, 
2777,  3014;  his  sylfes,  2014,  2326; 


fern,    hire  selfre,  11 16;   nom.    pi. 

selfe,  419;    Sfi5-Dene  sylfe,  1997. 

ge-sella,  w.  m.,  house-companion, 
comrade  :  in  eomp.  hand-gesella. 

sellan,  syllan,  w.  v.:  i)  w.  ace.  of 
thing,  dat.  of  pers.,  to  give,  deliver; 
permit,  grant,  present:  pres.  sg. 
III.  seleS  him  on  §51e  eorSan 
Wynne,  1731;  inf.  syllan,  2161, 
2730 ;  pret.  sg.  sealde,  72,  673, 
1272,  1694,  1752,2025,2156,2183, 
2491,  2995 ;  nefne  god  sylfa  sealde 
ham  he  be  wolde  hord  openian 
{unless  God  himself  gave  towhom  he 
would toopenthe hoard),T,0^6;  pret. 
sg.  II.  sealdest,  1483.  —  2)  to  give, 
give  up  (only  w.  ace.  of  thing)  : 
oer  he  feorh  sele'5  {he  prefers  to 
give  up  his  life),  137 1;  nallas  on 
gylp  seleS  fatte  beagas  {giveth  out 
gold-wrought  rings,  etc.),  1750; 
pret.  sg.  sine-fato  sealde,  623;  pi, 
byrelas  sealdon  win  of  wunder- 
fatum,  1 162. 

ge-sellan,  w.  ace.  and  dat.  of  pers., 
to  give,  deliver;  grant,  present: 
inf.  ge-sellan,  1030;  pret.  sg.  ge- 
sealde,  616, 1053, 1867,  1902,2143, 
etc. 

sel-lic,  syl-lic  (from  seld-lie),  adj.. 
strange,  wondrous  :  nom.  sg.  glof 
.  .  .  syllTc,  20S7 ;  ace.  sg.  n.  syllic 
spell,  21 10;  ace.  pi.  selliee  sae-dra- 
can,  1427.  Compar.  aec.  sg.  syl- 
ITcran  wiht  (the  dragon),  3039. 

semninga,  adv.,  straightway, at  once. 
645,  1 64 1,  1768. 

sendan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.  of  thing  and  dat . 
of  pers.,  to  send :  pret.  sg.  hone 
god  sende  folce  to  frofre  {whom 
God  sent  as  a  co7nfort  to  the  peo- 
ple), 13;    so,  471,  1843. 

for-sendan,  to  send  away ,  drive  off 
pret.  part,  he  wearS  on  feonda  ge 
weald . . .  snfldf  for-sended,  905. 


304 


GLOSSARr. 


on-sendan,  to  send  forth,  away,  w. 
ace.  of  thing  and  dat.  of  pers. : 
imper. sg.  on-send,452,  1484;  pret. 
sg.  on-sende,  382;  pi.  be  hine 
.  .  .  for'S  on-sendon  aenne  ofer  ^^Ne 
{who  sent  him  forth  alone  over  the 
sea),  45;  pret.  part,  bealo-cwealm 
hafaS  fela  feorh-cynna  feorr  on- 
sended,  2267. 

6(>ndan  (cf.  Gl.  Aldhelm,  sanda  = 
ferciilorum,  epularum,  in  Ilaupt 
IX.  444),  w.  v.,  to  feast,  banquet  : 
pres.  sg.  III.  sende"5,  601.  —  Leo. 

serce,  syrce,  w.  f.,  sark,  shirt  of 
mail:  nom.  sg.  syrce,  1 1 12;  nom. 
pi.  syrcan,  226;  ace.  pi.  graege  syr- 
can,  334.  —  Comp. :  beadu-,  heoro- 
seree;  here-,  leoSo-,  lic-syree. 

sess,  St.  m.,  seat,  place  for  sitting  : 
dat.  sg.  sessc,  2718;  l-ahebTsesse 
geong  (^by  the  seat,  i.e.  before  the 
dragon's  lair),  2757. 

setl,  St.  n.,  seat,  settle  :  ace.  sg.,  2014; 
dat.  sg.  setle,  1233,  1783,  2020; 
gen.  sg.  setles,  1787;  dat.  pi.  set- 
lum,  1290.  —  Comp. :  heah-,  hilde-, 
meodu-setl. 

settan,  w.  v.,  to  set :  pret.  sg.  setton 
S3e-me"5e  side  scyldas  .  .  .  wi'S  \>'is 
recedes  weall  {the  sea-wearied  ones 
set  their  broad  shields  against  the 
wall  of  the  hall),  2)2^;   50,1243. 

1  -  £  e  1 1  a  n ,  to  set,  place,  appoint :  pret. 
pi.  liic  him  S-setton  segen  [gyl]- 
denne  heah  ofer  heafod,  47;  pret. 
part.hafde  kyninga  vvuldor  Grendle 
to-geanes...sele-\vearda-seted,66S. 

be -settan,  to  set  with,  surround : 
pret.  sg.  (helm)  besette  swln-licum 
{set   the  helm  with  swine-bodies), 

1454- 
ge -set tan:     i)    to   set,   set  down  : 
pret.  part.  swS  was  .  .  .  \>\xx\\  rfln- 
stafas  rihte  ge-mearcod,  ge-seted 
and  ge-saed  {thus  was  .  .  .  in  rune- 


staves  rightly  marked,  set  down 
and  said),  1697. — 2)  to  set,  or- 
dain, create  :  pret.  sg.  ge-sette  . .  . 
sunnan  and  monan  leoman  to 
leohte  land-bflendur.i,  94. — 3)  = 
componere,  to  lay  aside,  smooth 
over,  appease :  pret.  sg.  bat  he 
mid  |>^  wife  wal-fi^h'Sa  .  .  .  djel  .  . . 
ge-sette,  2030. 

secan,  w.  v.,  to  follow  after,  hence : 
i)  to  seek,  strive  for,  vv.  ace. :  pret. 
sg.  sine-fat  sohte  {sought  the  costly 
cup),  2301;  ne  sohte  searo-niSas, 
2739;  so,  3068.  Without  ace.: 
bonne  his  myne  sohte  {than  his 
wish  demanded),  2573;  hord- 
weard  sohte  georne  after  gruiide 
{^the  hoard-warden  sought  eagerly 
along  the  ground),  2294. —  2)  to 
look  for,  come  or  go  some  whither, 
attain  something,  w.  ace. :  pres. 
sg.  III.  se  be  .  .  .  biorgas  seceS, 
2273;  subj.  beah  be  haeS-stapa 
holt-wudu  sece,  1370;  imper.  sec 
gif  bu  dyrre  {look  for  her,  i.e.  Gren- 
del's  mother,  if  thou  d-ire),  1380; 
inf.  secean,  200,  268,  646,  1598, 
1870,  1990,  25I4(?),  3103,  etc.; 
s^can,  665,  1451 ;  driliten  sScean 
{seek, go  to,  the  Lord),  187;  secean 
vvyn-leas  wic  {Grendel  was  to  seek 
a  joyless  place,  i.e.  Ilell),  822;  so, 
secan  deofla  gedrag,  757;  siwle 
secan  {seek  the  life,  kill ),  802 ;  so, 
secean  sSwle  hord,  2423;  gerund, 
sacee  to  seeeanne,  2563;  pret.  sg. 
I.,  III.  sohte,  139,  20S,  376,  417, 
2224;  Il.sohtest,  458;  pl.sohton, 
339.  —  3)  to  seek,  attack:  be  fts 
seeeaS  to  Sweona  leode,  3002; 
pret.  pi.  hine  wrac-macgas  ofer  se 
sohtan,  23S1. 

ge-s6can  :  l) /<75(f^^,  w.  ace. :  inf.  gif 
he  gesSeean  dear  wig  ofer  wa^pen, 
685. —  2)  to  look  for,  come  or  go  to 


GLOSSARY. 


305 


attain,  w.  ace. :  inf.  ge-s8cean,  693; 
gerund,  to  ge-secanne,  1923;  pret. 
sg.  ge-sohte,  463,  520,  71^,  1952; 
pret.  part.  nom.  pi.  feor-cySSe  heoS 
selran  ge-sohte  Nm  he  hine  selfa 
deah,  1840.  —  3)  to  seek  with  hos- 
tile intent,  to  attack  :  pres.  sg.  ge- 
seccS  2516;  pret.  sg.  ge-sohte, 
2347;  pl-  ge-sohton,  2927;  ge- 
sohtan,  2205. 

ufer-sScan,  w.  ace,  to  surpass,  outdo 
(in  an  attack)  :  pres.  sg.  was  sio 
bond  to  strong,  se  1  emecagehwane 
.  .  .  swenge  ofer-sohte,  bonne  he 
to  sacce  bar  woepen  wundrum  heard 
(too  strong  was  the  hand,  that  sur- 
passed every  sword  in  stroke,  when 
he  [Beowulf]  bore  the  wondrous 
weapon  to  battle,  i.e.  the  hand  was 
too  strong  for  any  sword;  its 
strength  made  it  useless  in  battle), 
2687. 

sel,  St.  f.     See  srel. 

sel,  sael,  adj.,  good,  excellent,  fit, 
only  in  compar. :  nom.  sg.  m.  selra, 
861,  2194;  haem  hter  s^lra  was  {to 
the  one  that  -was  the  better,  i.e.  Hy- 
gelSc),  2200 ;  deaS  biS  sella  honne 
edwit-lTf,  2S91;  neut.  selre,  13S5; 
ace.  sg.  m.  selran  he  {a  better  than 
thee'),  1851;  selran,  119S;  neut.  hat 
selre,  1760;  dat.  sg.  m.  selran 
sweord-frecan,  1469;  nom.  pl.  fern. 
selran,  1840.  Superl.,  strong  form  : 
nom.  sg.  neut.  shiest,  173,  1060; 
hOsa  shiest,  146,  285,936;  ofost  is 
selest,  256;  bolda shiest,  2327;  ace. 
sg.  neut.  hragla  shiest,  454;  hfisa 
selest,  C59;  billa  selest,  1145;  — 
weak  form:  nom.  sg.  m.  reced  Se- 
lesta, 412 ;  ace.  sg.  m.  hone  selestan, 
1407,  2383;  (has,  MS.),  1957;  dat. 
sg.  m.  ham  sSlestan,  1686;  nom.  pl. 
sSlestan,  416;  ace.  pl.  h^  selestan, 


s§l,  compar.  adv.,  bette',  fitter,  more 
excellent,  1013,  2531 ;  ne  byS  him 
wihte  he  s81  {he  shall  be  nought  the 
better  for  it),  2278;   so,  2688. 

sealina(  Frisian  selma,  in  bed-selma), 
w.  m.,  bed-cha?tiber,  sleeping-place  : 
ace.  sg.  on  sealman,  2461. 

sealt,  adj.,  salty :  ace,  sg.  neut.  ofer 
sealt  water  (the  sea),  1 990. 

searo  (G.  sarwa,  pl.),  st.  n. :  i)  ar- 
mor, accoiitretnents,  war  -gear  : 
nom.  pl.sae-manna  searo,  329;  dat. 
pl.  secg  on  searwum  (a  man,  war- 
rior, in  panoply),  249,  2701 ;  in 
(on)  searwum,  323,  1558;  2531, 
2569;  instr.  pl.  searwum,  1814. — 

2)  insidiae,  ambuscade,  zvaylaying, 
deception,  battle  :  h^  ic  of  searwum 
cwoui,  fah  from  feondum,  419.  — 

3)  cunning,  art,  skill:  instr.  pl. 
sadol  searwum  fah  {saddle  cun- 
ningly ornamented),  1039;  earm- 
beaga  fela,  searwum  ge  -  sreled 
{many  cunningly-linked  armlets) , 
2765.  —  Comp.  fyrd-,  gfl^-,  inwit- 
searo. 

searo-beud,  st.  f.,  band,  bond,  op 
curious  work:nanship :  instr.  pl. 
searo-bendum  fast,  2087. 

searo-fah,  adj.,  cunningly  inlaid, 
ornamented,  with  gold :  nom.  sg. 
here-byrne  hondum  ge-broden,  sTd 
and  searo-fah,  1445. 

searo-ge-l>rac,  st.  n.,  heap  of  treas- 
ure-objects :  ace.  sg.,  3103. 

searo-gim,  st.  m.,  cunningly  set 
getji,  rich  jewel:  ace.  pl.  searo- 
gimmas,  2750;  gen.  pl.  searo-gim- 
ma,  iic;8. 

searo  -  grim,  adj.,  cunning  and 
fierce  :  nom.  sg.,  595. 

searo-habbend,  pres. part,  as  subst., 
arms-bearing,  warrior  with  hii 
trappings  :  gen.  pi.  searo-habbeu- 
dra,  237. 


306 


GLOSSARY. 


Bearo-net,  si.  n.,  armor-net,  shirt 
of  mail,  corselet :  nom.  sg.,  406. 

searo-nlKJ',  st.  m. :  l)  cunning  hos- 
tility, plot,  wiles :  ace.  pi.  searo- 
nit^as,  1201,  2739.  —  2)  also,  only 
hostility,  feud,  contest :  ace.  pi. 
scaro-ntSas,  3068;  gen.  pi.  searo- 
niSa,  582. 

searo-J^anc,  st.  m.,  ingenuity  :  instr. 
pi.  searo-honcum,  776. 

searo-wuiidor,  st.  n.,  rare  wonder  : 
ace.  sg.,  921. 

seax,  St.  "  ihortsword,  kip- knife  ; 
dagger:  insu.  »g.  seaxe,  1546. — 
Comp.  wal-seax. 

seax-ben,  st.  f.,  dagger-wound: 
instr.  pi.  siex-ljcnnum,  2905. 

seofon,  num.,  scz'en,  517;  seofan, 
2196;   dccl.  ace-,  syfone,  3123. 

sconiian,  w.  v.:  i)  intrans.,  to  be 
tied;  lie  at  rest:  inf.  siomian, 
2768;  pret.  5g.  seomode,  502.  — 
2)  w.  ace.,  to  put  in  bonds,  entrap, 
catch  :  pret.  sg.  duguSe  and  geo- 
go^eseomade(cf.  2086-2092),  161. 

seonu,  St.  f.,  sinew:  nom.  pi.  seo- 
nowe,  818. 

8e6c,  adj.,  feeble,  weak;  fatally  ill : 
nom.  sg.  feorh-bennum  seoc  (of 
Bedwulf,  sick  unto  death),  2741  ; 
siex-bennum  seoe  (of  the  dead 
dragon),  2905;  nom.  pi.  modes 
se6ce(sickofsoul),  1604. — Comp. : 
ellen-,  feorh-,  heaSo-sedc. 

sc63'an,  st.  v.  w.  ace,  to  seethe,  boil ; 
figuratively,  be  excited  over,  brood: 
pret.  sg.  ic  J'Ss  m8d-ceare  sorh- 
wylmum  seaS  (/  pined  in  heart- 
grief  for  that),  1994;   so,  190. 

Be6lo3',  St.  m.?,  bight,  bay  (cf.  Die- 
trich in  Ilaupt  XI.  416)  :  gen.  pi. 
si61e<5a  bi-gong  {^the  realm  of  bights 
—  the  [surface  of  the]  sea?),  2368 

Be6u,  bJu,  st.  f.,  aspect,  sight :  in 
comp.  wlite-,  wundor-se6n,  an-s^n. 


se6u,  St.  v.,  to  see  :  a)  w.  ace. :  inf 
searo-wunder  se6n,  921 ;  so,  387, 
1 181,  1276,  3103;  t^aer  mag  nihta 
ge-hvv£em  niS-wundor  seon  {there 
may  every  night  be  seen  a  repul- 
sive marvel),  1366;  pret.  sg.  ne 
scab  ic  .  .  .  heal-sittendra  medu- 
dream  mSran,  2015.  —  b)  w.  ace. 
and  predicate  adj. :  ne  seah  ic  el- 
)je6dige  bus  manige  men  modig- 
ITcran,  336.  —  c)  vv.  prep,  or  adv. : 
pret.  sg.  seah  on  enta  ge-\veorc, 
2718;  seah  on  un-leofe,  2864; 
pi.  folc  to  saegon  {looked  on), 
1423. 

ge-seon,  to  see,  behold :  a)  w.  ace.  ; 
pres.  sg.  III.  se  )?e  beah  ge-syhtS, 
2042;  inf.  ge-se6n,  396,  571,  649, 
962,  1079,  etc.;  pret.  sg.  geseah, 
247.927>  1558.  1614;  pl-ge-sawon, 
1606,  2253.  —  b)  w.  ace.  and  pred- 
icate adj.,  pres.  sg.  III.  ge-syh'5  .  .  . 
on  his  suna  bflre  win-sele  w8stne 
{sees  in  his  sojt's  house  the  wine- 
hall  empty  ;  or,  hall  of  friends'^), 
2456.  —  c)  w.  inf. :  pret.  sg.  ge-seah 
.  .  .  beran  ofer  bolcan  beorhte 
randas  {saw  shining  shields  borne 
oz'er  the  gang-plank),  229;  pret.  pi. 
ma:re  maSSum-sweord  monige  ge- 
s5won  beforan  beorn  beran,  1024. 
—  d)  w.  ace.  and  inf. :  pret.  sg.  ge- 
seah, 729,  1517,  1586,  1663,  2543, 
2605,  etc.;  pl.ge-sSwon.  221, 1348, 
1426;  ge-segan,  3039;  ge-segon, 
3129.  —  e)  w.  depend,  clause:  inf. 
mag  bonne  .  .  .  geseon  sunu  IlreS- 
les,  bat  ic  {may  the  son  of  //.  see 
that  I  .  .  .),  i486;  pret.  pi.  ge- 
s.lwon,  1592. 

geond-se6n,  to  see,  look  through, 
over,  w.  ace. :  pret.  sg.  (ic)  bat 
eall  geond-seh,  30S8. 

ofer-se6n,  to  see  clearly,  plainly. 
pret.  pi.  ofer-sflwon,  419. 


GLOSSARY. 


307 


0  n  -  s e  6 n ,  ^  look  on,  at,  w.  ace:  pret. 
pi.  on-sS\von,  1651. 

seowian,  w.  v.,  to  sezv,  put  together, 
link :  pret.  part,  searo-net  seowed 
smi'Ses  or-)>ancum  (t/ie  corselet 
■woven  by  the  smith's  craft),  406. 

sib,  St.  i., peace,  friendship,  relation- 
ship :  noni.  sg.,  1165,  1858;  sibb, 
2601 ;  ace.  sibbe,  950,  2432,  2923; 
instr.  sg.  sibbe  {in  peacel),  154.  — 
Comp. :  dr)-ht-,  friSo-sib. 

sib-affeling,  st.  m.,  nobilis  consan- 
guineus,  kindred  prince  or  noile- 
nian  :  nom.  pi.  -a^*elmgas,  2709. 

sibbe-gedryht,  st.  f.,  body  of  allied 
or  related  luarriors  :  ace.  sg.sibbe- 
gedriht  (the  Danes),  387;  (the 
Geatas),  730. 

siffffan,  sy9'3'aii:  i)  adv. :  a)  since, 
after,  from  itffiv  on,  further,  142, 
149,  283,  567,  1903,  2052,  2065, 
2176,2703,2807,  2921 ;  seo"55an, 
1876.  —  b)  thett,  thereupon,  after, 
470,  686,  1454,  1557,  1690,  2208; 
seoS'San,  1938;  oer  ne  sWcian 
{neither  before  nor  after),  719. 

2)  Conj. :  a)  w.  ind.  pres.,  as  soon 
as,  when,  413,  605,  1785,  2S89, 
2912.  —  b)  w.  ind.  pret.,  ivhen, 
whilst,  835,  851,  1205,  1207,  1421, 
1590.  2357,  2961,  2971,3128;  seoS- 
•San,  \'j-](i;  —  since,  649,  657,  983, 
II99,  1254,  1309,  2202\— after, 
either  with  pluperf. :  siSSan  him 
scyppend  forscrifen  hafde  {after 
the  Creator  had  proscribed  him), 
106;  so,  1473;  or  with  pret.  = 
pluperf. :  sySiSan  niht  becom  {after 
night  had  cane  J7t),  115;  so,  6, 132, 
723,  887,  902,  IQ78,  1 149,  1236, 
1262,  1282,  1979,  2013,  2125;  or 
pret.  and  pluperf.  together,  2104- 
2105. 

eiex.    See  seax. 

slge-dryhten,  st.  m.,  lord  of  vic- 


tory, victorious  lord    nom.  sg.  sig© 

drihten,  391. 
sige-eddig,  adj.,  blest  with  victory, 

victorious  :  ace.  sg.  neut.  sige-ea- 

dig  bil,  1558. 
sige-folc,  St.  n.,    victoriozis  people, 

troop  :  gen.  pi.  sige-folca,  645. 
sige-hreff,  st.  f.,  confidence  of  vie 

tory{l)  :  ace.  sg.,  490.     See  Note. 
sige-hreSfig,  adj.,  victorious  :  nom. 

sg.,  94,  1598,  2757. 
sige-hn'TI,  .^it.  f.,  hour  or  day  of  vie- 

tory  :  gen.  sg.  sige-hwile,  2711. 
sige-leds,  adj.,  devoid  of  victory,  de- 
feated: ace.  sg.  sige-leasne  sang,  788. 
sige-rOf,  adj.,  victorious  :  nom.  sg., 

620. 
8ige-J>e6d,  st.  f.,  victorious  zuarrior 

troop  :  dat.  sg.  on  sige-beode,  2205. 
sige-WtCpen,  st.  n.,  victor-weapon, 

sword:  dat.  pi.  sige-waepnum,  805. 
sigl,  St.  n. :  i)  sun:  nom.  sg.  sigel, 

1967.  —  2)  sun-shaped  ornament . 

ace.  pi.  siglu,  3165;  sigle  (bracte- 

ates  of  a  necklace),  1201 ;   gen.  pi. 

sigla,     1 158.  —  Comp.     ma'SSum- 

sigl. 
sigor,  St.  m.,  victory :  gen.  sg.  sigo- 

res,  1022;  gen.  pi.    sigora,    2876, 

3056.  —  Comp. :  hreS-,  wig-sigor. 
sigor-eAdig,  adj.,  victorious  :  nom. 

sg.  sigor-eadig  secg  (of  Beowulf), 

1312,  2353. 
sin.    See  syn. 
sine,  St.  n.,  treasure,  jewel,  property :  ■ 

nom.  sg.,  2765;   aec.  sg.  sine,  81, 

1205,  i486,  2384,  2432;  instr.  sg. 

since,  1039, 1451,  1616,  1883,  2218, 

2747;   gen.  sg.  sinces,  608,  1171, 
1923,  2072;   gen   pi.  sinca,  2429. 
sinc-f3,h,  2^^).,  treasure-decked :  ace. 

sg.  neut.  weak  form,  sinc-fSge  sel, 
167. 
sine-fat,  st.  n.,  costly  vessel :  ace  sg., 

2232,  2301 ;  —  a  costly  object :  ace 


308 


GLOSSARY. 


sg.,  I20I  (i.e.  mene)  ;  ace.  pl.sinc- 
fato,  623. 
sinc-gii-streou, St.  n.,  precious  treas- 
ure, jewe/ 0/ va/ue  :  instr.  pi.  -ge- 
stre6num,  1093;   gen.  pi. -gestreo- 
na,  1227. 
sinc-gifa,  vv.  m.,  Jewel-giver,  treas- 
ure-giver —  prince,  ruler :  ace.  sg. 
sinc-gyfan,    1013;     dat.   sg.    sinc- 
gifan    (of   Beowulf),    2312;     (of 
Aschere),  1343. 
sinc-maffafum,    st.    m.,    treasure: 

noni.  sg.,  2194. 
sino-J»egO,  f.,  acceptance,  taking,  of 

jewels  :  nom.  sg.,  2885. 
sin-dolh,  st.  n.,  perpetual,  i.e.  in- 
curable, wcitml    nom.  sg.  syn-dolh, 
818. 
6in-fre6,  w.  m.,  wedded  lord,  hus- 

Land :  rom.  sg.,  1935. 
sin-gal,    adj.,    continual,    lasting: 

ace.  sg.  fem.  sin-gale  sace,  154. 
sin -gales,  adv.  gen.  sg.,  continu- 
ally, ever,  1778;   syngales,  1136. 
si ngala,  adv.  gen.  pi.,  the  same,  190. 
singan,  st.  v.,  to  sound,  ring,  sing : 
pret.sg.  hring-iren  scir  songinsear- 
wum  (^the  ringed  iron  rang  in  the 
armor^,  323;    horn  stundum  song 
ffls-lic    f[yrd]-!e6^"   {at   times   the 
horn   rang  forth    a    ready  battle- 
song^,    1424;     scop    hwilum  sang 
{the  singer  sang  at  whiles),  496. 
&- singan,   to  sing  out,  sing  to  an 
end :  pret.  part.  leoS  was  S-sungen, 
1 1 60. 
gin-here,    st.    m.,    {army    without 
end}) ,  strong  army,  host :  instr.  sg. 
sin-herge,  2937. 
sin-niht,  st.  {.,  perpetual  night,  night 
after    night:     ace.    pi.    sin-nihte 
( n ight  after  night),  161. 
sln-sceaffa,    w.    m.,    irreconcilible 
foe  :  nom.  sg.  syn-scaSa,  708;   ace. 
8g.  syn-scaiSan,  802. 


sin-snaed,  st.  f.,  {continuous  biting), 
bite  after  bite :  dat.  pi.  syn-snaedum 
swealh  {swallowed  bite  after  bite, 
in  great  bites),  744. 

sittan,  St.  v.:  i)  to  sit:  pres.  sg. 
Wigldf  siteiS  ofer  Biowulfe,  2907; 
imper.  sg.  site  nu  to  symle,  489; 
inf.  hser  swiS-ferhSe  sittan  eodon 
{whither  the  strong-minded  went 
andsat),4g2''  code.  ..to  hirefrean 
sittan  {went  to  sit  by  her  lord), 
642;  pret.  sg.  on  wicge  sat  {sat  on 
the  horse),  286;  at  fotum  sat  {sat 
at  the  feet),  500,  1 1 67;  t>a;r  IlroS- 
gar  sat  {where  H.  sat),  356;  so, 
1191,  2895;  he  gevvergad  sat  .  .  . 
frean  eaxlum  neah,  2854;  pret.  pi. 
s?eton,  1 165;  gistas  setan  (MS. 
secan)  .  .  .  and  on  mere  staredon 
{the  strangers  sat  and  stared  on 
the  sea),  1 603.  —  2)  to  be  in  a  cer- 
tain state  or  condition  {quasi  cop- 
ula) :  pret.  sg.  moere  ^eoden  .  . . 
unbliSe  sat,  130.  —  Conip. :  flet-, 
heal-sittend. 
he -sit  tan,  obsidere,  to  surround, 
besiege,  w.  ace. :  besat  l-S  sin-herge 
sweorda  Idfe  wunduni  vvSrge  {then 
besieged  he  with  a  host  the  leav- 
ings of  the  sword,  wound-weary), 

2937- 
for- si  It  an,  obstrui,  to  pass  away, 

fail :  pres.  sg.  eagena  bearhtm  for- 
siteS  {the  light  of  the  eyes  passeth 
away),  1768. 
ge -sittan:  i)  to  sit,  sit  together: 
pret.  sg.  monig-oft  ge-sat  rice  to 
rflne  {very  often  sat  the  king  delib- 
erating'oith  his  council{see  rice)), 
171;  \vi  S  earm  ge-sat  {supported 
himself  upon  his  arm,  sat  on  his 
arm}),  750;  f^cNa  eal  ge-sat  {the 
-ivhole  troop  sat  down),  1 425;  ge- 
sat  hi  vviti  sylfne  {sat  there  beside, 
near  to,  him,  i.e.  HygelSc),  1978; 


GLOSSARY. 


309 


ge-sat  t'Son  nasse,  2418;  so,  2718; 
pret.  part.  (sy^San)  ...  we  t8 
symble  ge-seten  hafdon,  2105. — 
2)  w.  ace,  to  seat  one's  self  upon 
or  in  something,  to  board:  pret. 
sg.  bS  ic  .  .  .  sie-bSt  ge-sat,  634. 
of-sittan,  w.  ace,  to  sit  over  or 
up07t  :  pret.  sg.  of-sat  J>S  Jjone  sele- 

gyst,  1546. 

of  er- sit  tan,  w.  ace,  to  dispense 
■with,  refrain  from  (cf.  ofer,  2 
[c])  :  pres.  sg.  I.  I^at  ic  wiS  hone 
gfi'S-flogan  gylp  ofer-sitte,  2529; 
inf.  secge  ofer-sittan,  685. 

on-sittan  (O.H.G.  int-sizzan,  to 
start  from  one^s  seat,  to  be  startled^, 
w.  ace,  to  fear :  inf.  I'S  fsehSe, 
atole  ecg-;)race  eower  leode  svviSe 
onsittan  {^to  dread  the  hostility,  the 
fierce  contest,  of  your  people),  598. 

y  m  b  -  s  i  1 1  a  n ,  /o  j?V  around,  w.  ace  : 
pret.  pi.  (J'at  hie)  .  .  .  symbel  ymb- 
saeton  (^sat  round  the  feast),  564. 
See  ymb-sittend. 

Bid,  adj.:  l)  wide,  broad,  spacious, 
large :  nova.  sg.  (here-byrne,  glof ) 
sid,  1445,  2087;  ace  sg.  m.  sidne 
scyld,  437 ;  on  sidne  sae,  507 ;  fern, 
byrnan  side  (of  a  corselet  extend- 
ing over  the  legs),  1292;  ofer  sae 
side,  2395;  neut.  side  rice,  1734, 
2200;  instr.  sg.  sidan  herge,  2348; 
ace  pi.  side  sse-nassas,  223;  side 
scyldas,  325;  gen.  pi.  sTdra  sorga 
{of  great  sorrozvs),  149.  —  2)  in 
moral  sense,  great,  noble  :  ace  sg. 
J)urh  sidne  sefan,  1727. 

side,  adv., far  andwide, afar,  1224. 

sid-faiSine,  adj.,  broad-bosomed:  ace 
sg.  sid-faSme  scip,  19 18. 

sid-falSFiiied,  quasi  pret.  part.,  the 
same :  nom.  sg.  sid-fa"Smed  scip, 
302. 

sid-rand)  st.  m.,  broad  shield  :  nom. 
sg.,  1290. 


sil5  (G.  seibu-s),  adj.,  late  :  superl. 

nom.  sg.  siSast  sige-hwile  {the  last 

hour,  day,  of  victory),  2711;   dat. 

sg.at  siSestan  {in  the  end,  at  last), 

^3014. 

s  i  '5 ,  adv.  compar.,  later  :  aer  and 
si5  {sooner  and  later,  tarly  and 
late),  2501. 

siSf  (G.  sinh-s),  st.  m. :  i)  road,  way, 
journey,  expedition  ;  esp.,  road  to 
battle:  nom.  sg.,  501,3059,  3090; 
nas  hat  ^Se  siS  {that  was  no  easy 
road,  task),  2587 ;  so,  hat  n'as  geo- 
cor  si5,  766;  ace  sg.  si«,  353,  512, 
909,  1279,  1430,  1967;  instr.  dat. 
siSe,  532,  1952,  1994;  gen.  sg. 
si-Ses,  579,  1476,  1795,  1909.  Also, 
return  :  nom.  sg.,  1972.  —  2)  un- 
dertaking, enterprise ;  esp.,  battle- 
v>ork  :  nom.  sg.  nis  hat  eower  si5, 
2533 ;  ne  bi'5  swylc  earges  sf5 
{such  is  no  coward'' s  enterprise), 
2542;  ace  sg.  518,873.  In  pi.  = 
adventures :  nom.  siSas,  '987; 
ace  srSas,  878;  gen.  si'Sa,  318. — 
3)  time  (as  iterative)  :  nom.  sg.  nas 
hat  forma  siS  {that  zoas  not  the  first 
time),  717,  1464;  so,  1528,  2626; 
ace.  sg.  oftor  micle  }>onne  on  senne 
sfS,  1580;  instr.  sg.  (forman,  65re, 
hriddan)  siSe,  741,  1204,  2050, 
2287,2512,  2518,  2671,  2689,  3102. 
—  Comp. :  cear-,  eft-,  ellor-,  gryre-, 
sse-,  vviU,  wrsec-si^. 

ge-si"5,  St.  m.,  coinrade,  follower : 
gen.  sg.  ge-siSes,  1298;  nom.  pi. 
ge-stSas,  29;  ace  pi.  ge-siSas, 
2041,  2519;  dat.  pi.  ge-sf5um, 
1314. 1925.  2633;  gen.  pi.  ge-sK!a, 
1935. — Comp.:  eald-,  wil-gesK. 

siff-fiit,  St.  m.,  way,  journey  :  act. 
sg.  hone  st(5-fat,  202;  dat.  sg.  stS- 
fate,  2640. 

sid'-fram,  -from,  adj.,  ready  for  thi 
journey  :  nom.  pi.  st5-frome,  1814. 


310 


GLOSSARY. 


Afffian,  w.  v.,  to  journey,  viarch  : 
inf.,  721,  809;  pret.  sg.  sfSode, 
2120. 

for-si'5ian,  t/er  fatale  inire 
(Grein)  :  pret.  sg.  hafde  hS  for- 
siSod  sunu  Ecg-I'enwes  under  gyn- 
ne  grund  {wouid  kave  found  his 
death,  etc.),  1 55 1. 

sie,  s5'.     See  \vesan. 

sigan,  St.  v.,  to  descend,  sink,  incline  : 
pret.  pi.  sigon  at-somne  {descended 
together),  2PT,  sigon  \>a.  to  sla-pe 
{they  sank  to  sleep),  1252. 

ge-stgan,  to  sink,  fall :  inf.  ge- 
stgan  atsacce  (fnll  in  battle),  2660. 

sin,  poss.  pron.,  his :  ace.  sg.  ni. 
sTnne,  1961,  1985,  2284,  2790;  dat. 
sg.  sinum,  1508. 

slypp,  St.  m.,  sleep  :  nom.  sg.,  1743; 
dat.  sg.  to  slap-;,  1252. 

slaepan,  st.  v.,  to  sleep  :  pres.  part, 
nom.  sg.  slaepende,  2220;  ace.  sg. 
he  gefeng . . .  slcependne  rinc  (^seized 
a  sleeping  warrior),  742;  ace.  pi. 
slcepende  frat  folces  Denigea  fif- 
tyne  men  {devoured,  sleeping,  fif- 
teen of  the  people  of  the  Danes),  1582. 

sleac,  adj.,  slack,  lazy:  nom.  sg  , 
2188. 

Bleahan,  sle&n  :  i)  to  strike,  stnie 
at:  a)  intrans. :  pres.  subj.  sg.  lal 
he  me  ongean  sled  {that  he  should 
strike  at  me),  6S2;  pret.  sg.  yrriii- 
ga  sloh  {struck  angrily),  1 566; 
sojsloh  hilde-bille,  2680.  b)  trans. : 
pret.  sg.  I'iit  lie  I'one  nT5-gast  nio- 
"Sor  h\v2ne  sluh  {that  he  struck 
the  dragon  somewhat  lower,  etc.), 
2700. —  2)  w.  ace:  to  slay,  kill: 
pret.  sg.  has  )'e  he  Abel  slog  {de- 
cause  he  slew  A.),  108;  so,  slog, 
421,  2180;  sloh,  15S2,  2356;  111. 
slogon,  205 1 ;  pret.  part.  J'S  was 
Fin  slagen,  1 153. 

ge  •  5 1  e  a  n ,  w.  ace. :  i )  to  fight  a  bat- 


tle :  pret.  sg.  ge-sl8h  Hn  f5det 
faeh'Se  maeste,  459.  —  2)  to  gmin  by 
fighting :  sySSan  hie  \>t.  marSa  ge- 
slogan,  2997. 

of-slean,  to  of  slay,  kill,  w.  ace: 
pret.  sg.  of-sloh,  574,  1666,  3061. 

sliSe  (G.  sleih-s),  adj.,  savage, fierce, 
dangerous  :  ace.  sg.  )>urh  sltSne 
niS,  184;   gen.  pi.  sliSrageslyhta, 

2399- 
slTffen,  ^6i].,  furious,  savage,  deadly 

nom.  sg.  svveord-bealo  sliSen,  1 148. 
slitan,  St.  v.,  to  slit,  tear  to  pieces, 

w.  ace. :  pret.  sg.  slat  (slaependne 

rinc),  742. 
slyht,  St.  m.,  blow:  in  comp.  and- 

slyht. 
ge-slyht,  St.  n.  (collective),  battle, 

conflict :  gen.  pi.  sltSra  ge-slyhta, 

2399- 

smid',  St.  m.,  smith,  armorer  :  nom. 
sg.  waepna  smit?,  1453;  gen.  sg. 
smitSes,  406.  Comp.  wundor- 
smitJ. 

be-  smiicTian,  w.  v.,  to  surroutidwith 
iron-work,  bands,  etc. :  pret.  part, 
he  (the  hall  Ileoiot)  has  faste  was 
innan  and  fttan  iren-bendum  searo- 
honcum  besmiSod  (i.e.  the  beams 
out  of  which  the  hall  was  built 
were  held  together  skilfully,  within 
and  without,  by  iron  clamps),  776. 

snell,  adj.,  fresh,  vigorous,  lively  ; 
of  martial  temper :  nom.  sg.  se 
snella,  2972. 

siiellic,adj.,  the  same  :  nom.sg.,  691. 

snotor,  snottor,  adj.,  clever,  wise, 
intelligent :  nom.sg.  snotor,  1 90, 
827,  909,  1385;  in  weak  form, 
(se)  snottia,  1314, 1476, 1787;  sno- 
tra,  2157,  31 21;  nom.  pi.  snotere, 
202,  416;  snottre,  1592.  —  Comp. 
fore-snotor. 

snotor-lice,  adv.,  intelligently,  wise 
ly:  compar.  snotor -Ifcor,  1483. 


GLOSSARY. 


311 


BBfide,  adv.,  hastily,  quickly,  soon, 
905,  1870,  1972,  2326,  2569,  2753. 

be-snyS'ian,  w.  v.,  lo  rob,  deprive 
of:  pret.  sg.  hatte  OngenH6  eal- 
dre  be-sny'5ede  HcE'Scyn,  2925. 

snyrian,  w.  v.,  to  hasten,  hurry  : 
pret.  pi.  snyredon  at-somne  {hur- 
ried forivard  together),  402, 

snyttru,  f.,  intelligence,  wisdom  : 
ace.  sg.  snyttru,  1727;  dat.  pi.  mid 
modes  sny ttrum,  1 707 ;  J'e  we  ealle 
ger  ne  meahton  snyttrum  be-syr- 
vvan  {a  deedwhich  all  of  us  together 
cotild  not  accomplish  before  with 
allourwisdot>i),  943.  Adv.,  wisely, 

873- 

soinne.    See  sanine. 

sor^ian,  w.  v. :  i)  to  be  grieved, 
sorrow:  imper.  sg.  II.  ne  sorga! 
1385.  —  2)  to  care  for,  trouble 
one's  self  about :  inf.  no  J'U  ymb 
mines  ne  ^earft  lices  feorme  leng 
sorgian  {Jhou  needst  not  care  longer 
about  my  life's  [body's]  suste- 
nance), 451. 

6orh,  St.  f.,  grief,  pain,  sorrow: 
nom.  sg.,  1323;  sorh  is  me  to  sec- 
ganne  {pains  me  to  say),  473; 
acc.sg.  sorge,  119,  2464;  dat.  instr. 
sg.  mid  \>2exQ  sorge,  2469;  sorge 
{in  sorrow,  grieved),  1150;  gen. 
sg.  worna  fela  .  .  .  sorge,  2005; 
dat.  pi.  sorgum,  2601 ;  gen.  pi. 
sorga,  149.  —  Comp. :  hyge-,  in- 
wit-,  ^egn-sorh. 

BOrh-cearig,  adj.,  cttris  sollicitus, 
heart-broken  :  nom.  sg.,  2456. 

8orh-ful,  adj.,  sorrowful,  trouble- 
some, difficidt :  nom.  sg.,  2120; 
ace.  sg.  sorh-fullne  (sorh-fulne) 
stS,  512,  1279,  1430. 

8orh-leds,  ^l^^].,  free  from  sorrow  or 
grief :  nom.  sg.,  1673. 

BOrh-le6i3',  st.  n.,  dirge,  song  of  sor- 
row :  ace.  sg.,  2461. 


sorh-wylm,  st.  m.,  xvave  of  sorrow 
nom.  pi.  sorh-wylmas,  905. 

sdcn,  St.  f.,  persecution,  hostile  pur- 
suit  or  attack  (see  secan)  :  dat, 
(instr.)  J^sere  socne  (by  reason  of 
Grendel's  persecution),  1778. 

sSS",  St.  n.,  sooth,  trtith  :  ace.  sg.  s6"S, 
532,  701,  1050,  1 701,  2865;  dat. 
sg.  tS  so'Se  {in  truth),  51,  591, 
2326, 

sols',  adj.,  true,  genuine:  nom.  sg. 
J'at  is  s65  metod,  161 2;  ace.  sg.  n. 
gyd  Swrac  so'S  and  sSr-lic,  21 10. 

so'Se,  adv.,  truly,  correctly,  accu- 
rately, 524;  s65e  gebunden  (of 
alliterative  verse :  accurately  put 
together-),  872. 

sSiff-cjTilng,  St.  m.,  true  king  :  nom. 
sg.  sigora  so'S-cyning  {God),  3056. 

soS-fast,  adj.,  soothfast,  established 
in  truth,  orthodox  (here  used  of 
the  Christian  martyrs)  :  gen,  pi. 
s6'5-fastra  dom  {glory,  realm,  of 
the  saints),  2821. 

soij-lice,  adv.,  in  truth,  truly,  truth- 
fully, 141,  273,  2900. 

sof  te,  adv.,  gently,  softly  :  compar. 
\>^  seft  {the  more  easily),  2750. — 
Comp.  un-softe. 

sOna,  adv.,  soon,  immediately,  121, 
722,  744,  751,  1281,  1498,  1592, 
1619,  1763,  etc. 

on-spannan,  st.  v.,  to  un-span, 
unloose :  pret.  sg.  his  helm  on- 
speon  {loosed his  helm),  2724. 

spel,  St.  n.,  narrative,  speech:  ace. 
sg.  spell,  21 10;  ace.  pi.  spel,  874; 
gen.  pi.  spella,  2899, 3030. — Comp. 
wea-spel. 

sped,  St.  f . :  i )  luck,  success  :  in 
comp.  here-,  \vig-sp6d.  —  2)  skill, 
facility :  ace.  sg.  on  sp^d  {skil- 
fully), 874. 

spiwan,  st.  v.,  to  spit,  spew,  w.  instr. : 
inf.  gl^dum  spTwan  {spitfire) ,  23 1 3 


312 


GLOSSARY. 


spor,  St.  n.,  spur :  in  comp.  hand- 
spor. 

epOAvan,  st.  v.,  to  speed  -well,  help, 
avail :  prel.  sg.  him  wil.t  ne  speow 
{availed  him  tiai(ght),  2855;  hfl 
him  at  aete  spe6w  {how  he  sped  in 
the  eating),  3027. 

epraec,  st.  f.,  speech,  langttage  :  instr. 
sg.  fr^cnan  spraece  {through  bold, 
challenging,  discourse),  1 105. — 
Comp. :  sefen-,  gylp-sprsec. 

eprecan,  st.  v.,  to  speak  :  inf.  ic  sceal 
Tor's  sprecan  gen  ymbe  Grendel 
{/shall  go  on  speaking  about  C), 
2070 ;  vv.  ace.  se  I'C  wyle  soS  spre- 
can {he  7uho  vji II  speak  the  truth), 
2865 ;  imper.  to  Geatum  spree 
(spraee,  MS.),  1172;  pret.  sg.  III. 
sprac,  1 169,  1699,  251 1,  2725; 
word  after  spiae,  341 ;  no  ymbe 
ha  fash'Se  sprae,  2619;  II.  hwatbu 
worn  fela  .  .  .  ymb  Drecan  spraee 
{how  much  thou  hast  spoken  of 
Breca!),  531;  pi.  hwat  wit  geo 
sprsecon  {what  we  two  spoke  of  be- 
fore), 1477;  gomele  ymb  godne 
on-geador  spnecon,  bat  hig  .  .  . 
{the graybeards  spoke  together  about 
the  valiant  one,  that  they  .  .  .), 
1596;  swS  wit  fur"5um  spneeon 
{as  we  two  spoke,  engaged,  before), 
1708;  pret.  part.  t'S  was  .  .  .  ^ryiS- 
word  sprecen,  644. 

ge-sprecan,  w.  ace.,  to  speak: 
pret.  sg.  ge-sprac,  676,  1399,  1467, 

3095- 
Bpre6t,    St.   m.,  pole;  spear,  pike : 

in  eomp.  eofor-spre6t. 

springan,    st.    v.,    to   jump,  leap; 

flash :   pret.  sg.  hrA  wide  sprong 

{the    body   bounded  far),    1589; 

swSt  aedrum  sprong  for  5  under  fexe 

{the  blood  burst  out  in  streams  from 

under  his  hair),  2967;    pi.  wide 

sprungon   hilde  -  ledman    {Jlashed 


afar),  2583.  Also  figuratively : 
bUed  wtde  sprang  {his  repute  spread 
afar),  18. 

ge-springan,  to  spring  forth : 
pret.  sg.  sw&  J^at  blod  ge-sprang 
{as  the  blood  burst  forth),  1 668. 
Figuratively,  to  arise,  originate  ■ 
pret.  sg.  Sigemunde  gesprong  after 
deaS-dage  dom  un-lytel,  885. 

on-springan,  to  burst  in  two, 
spring  asunder  :  pret.  pi.  seonowe 
onsprungon,  burston  banlocan 
818. 

standan,  st.  v. :  i )  absolutely  or  with 
prep.,  to  stand :  pres.  III.  pi.  e6red- 
geatwe  ^e  ge  l'a;r  on  standaS  {the 
warlike  accoutrements  wherein  ye 
there  stand),  2867;  inf.  ge-seah 
.  .  .  oreas  stondan  {saw  vessels 
standing),  2761 ;  pret.  sg.  at  h^Se 
stod  hringed-stefna  (/«  the  harbot 
stood  the  curved-prozuedf,  metal- 
covered!,  ship),  32;  stod  on  sta- 
pole  {stood  near  the  [middle']  col- 
umn), 927;  so,  1914,  2546;  bat 
him  on  aldre  stod  here-stral  hearda 
{that  the  sharp  war-arrow  stood 
in  his  vitals),  142S'>  so,  2680 ;  pi. 
garas  stodon  .  .  .  samod  at-gadere 
{the  spears  stood  together),  328; 
him  big  stodan  bunan  and  oreas 
{by  him  stood  cans  and  pots),  3048. 
Also  of  still  water:  pres.  sg.  III. 
nis  hat  feor  heonon  .  .  .  hiit  se  mere 
standeti,  1363.  —  2)  with  predicate 
adj.,  to  stand,  continue  in  a  certain 
state :  subj. pres.  lat  bes sele  stande 
.  .  .  rinea  ge-hwyleum  idel  and 
unnyt  {that  this  hall  stands  empty 
and  useless  for  every  warrior), 
41 1;  inf.  hord-wynne  fand  eald 
uht-seea■^'a  opene  standan,  2272; 
pret.  sg.  65  bat  Idel  stod  hflsa  se- 
lest,  145;  so,  936;  water  under 
st6d  dredrig  and  ge-drefed,  141S 


GLOSSARY. 


313 


—  3)  to  belong  or  attach  to  ;  issue  : 
pret.  sg.  Nor^-Deniim  stod  atelic 
egesa  (great  terror  clung  to,  over- 
came, the  A^orth  Danes'),  784;  ^ara 
Snum  stod  sadol  searwum  fah  {on 
one  of  the  steeds  lay  an  ingeniotf  sly- 
inlaid  saddle),  1038;  byrne-leoma 
eldum  on  andan  (Jmrning  light 
stood  forth,  a  horror  to  men),  2314; 
leoht  inne  stod  (a  light  stood  in  it, 
i.e.  the  sword),  1571;  him  of  ea- 
gum  stod  .  .  .  leoht  unfager  (an 
uncanny  light  issued  from  his  eyes), 
727;  so,  \>2X  [fram]  J^am  gyste 
[gryre-]  broga  stod,  2229. 

S.-standan,  to  sta nd  up,  arise : 
pret.  sg.  S-stod,  760,  1557,  2093. 

at-standan,  to  stand  at,  near,  or 
in  :  pret.  sg.  J^at  hit  (i.e.  J^at  swurd) 
on  wealle  at-stod,  892. 

for-standan,  to  stand  against  or 
before, hence  •.\)to hinder, prevent: 
pret.  sg.  (breost-net)  wi'S  ord  and 
wi'S  ecge  in-gan^  for-stod  {the  shirt 
of  mail  prevented  point  or  edge 
from  entering),  1550;  subj.  nefne 
him  witig  god  wyrd  for-stode  {if  the 
wise  God  had  not  warded  off  such 
a  fate  from  them,  i.e.  the  men 
threatened  by  Grendel),  1057.  — 
2)  defend,  w.  dat.  of  person  against 
whom :  inf.  )>at  he  . . .  mihte  heaSo- 
lilSendum  hord  for-standan,  beam 
and  br^de  {that  he  might  protect 
his  treasure,  his  children,  and  his 
spouse  from  the  sea  -  farers), 
2956. 

ge-standan,  intrans.,  to  stand: 
pret.  sg.  ge-stod,  358,  404,  2567; 
pi.  nealles  him  on  heape  hand-ge- 
steallan  .  .  .  ymbe  gestodon  {not 
at  all  did  his  boo7i-cofnpanions 
stand  serried  around  him),  2597. 

Btapa,  w.  m.,  stepper,  strider  :  in 
comp.  haetJ-,  mearc-stapa. 


stapan,  st.  v.,  to  step,  stride,  go  for 
ward:  pret.  sg.  eorl  furSor  stSp, 
762;   gum-feSa  stop  lind-habben- 
dra  {the  troop  of  shield-warrion 
strode  on),  1402. 

at-stapan,/t>  stride  up  or  to :  pret. 
sg.  forS  near  at-stop  {strode  up 
nearer),  746. 

ge-stapan,  to  walk,  stride :  pret. 
sg.  he  to  forS  gestop  dyrnan  crafte, 
dracan  heafde  neah  {he,  i.e.  the 
man  that  robbed  the  dragon  of 
the  vessel,  had  through  hidden 
craft  come  too  near  the  dragon's 
head),  2290. 

stapol,  St.  m.,  (=  /Scttris),  trunk  of  a 
tree ;  hence,  support,  pillar,  col- 
umn :  dat.  sg.  stod  on  stapole 
{stood  by  or  near  the  wooden  mid- 
dle column  of  Heorot),  927;  instr. 
pi.  \>%  stan-bogan  stapulum  faste 
{the  arches  of  stone  upheld  by  pil- 
lars),zjig.     See  Note. 

starian,  w.  v.,  to  stare,  look  intently 
at :  pres.  sg.  I.  bat  ic  on  I'one  ha- 
felan  .  .  .  eagum  starige  {that  I  see 
the  head  with  my  eyes),  17S2;  l>ara 
fratwa  .  .  .  ^e  ic  her  on  starie  {for 
the  treasures  .  .  .  that  I  here  look 
upon),  2797;  III.  bonne  he  on  bat 
sine  stara^,  i486;  sg.  for  pi.  bara 
be  on  swylc  staraS,  997;  pret.  sg. 
bat  (sin-frea)  hire  an  dages  eagum 
starede,  1936;  pi.  on  mere  stare- 
don,  1604. 

Stan,  St.  m. :  i )  stone  :  in  comp. 
eorclan-stSn.  —  2)  rock  :  ace.  sg. 
under  (ofer)  hSrne  stSn,  888,  141 6, 
2554,  2745;  dat.  sg.  stane,  2289, 
2558. 

stan-beorh,  st.  m.,  rocky  elevation, 
stony  mountain :  ace.  sg.  stSn- 
beorh  steapne,  2214. 

stan-boga,  w.  m.,  stone  arch,  arch 
hewn  out  of  the  rock  :  dat.  .sg.  stSn- 


314 


GLOSSARY. 


bogan,  2546;  nom.  pi.  stin-bogan, 
2719. 

stau-clif,  St.  n.,  rocky  cliff :  ace.  pi. 
stSn-cleofu,  2541. 

stiln-fuh,  .idj.,  stone-laid,  pavcdxvith 
stones  0/ different  colors  :  nom.  sg. 
slraet  was  stin-fah  {the  street  was 
of  different  colored  stones^,  320. 

stun-hliidr,  St.  n.,  rocky  slope:  ace. 
pi.  stan-hliSo,  1410. 

stiif,  St.  m.:  i)  staff:  in  comp.  rfln- 
slaf.  —  2)  elementutn  :  in  comp. 
Sr-,  ende-,  fSeen-staf. 

sttil,  St.  m.,  place,  stead :  dat.  sg. 
l;at  I'u  me  S  waste  for'5-gewitenum 
on  fader  stale  {that  thou,  if  I  died, 
'ioouldst  represent  a  father'' s  place 
to  tne),  1480. 

staelan,  w.  v.,  to  place;  allure  or 
instigate:  inf.  I'a  ic  on  morgne 
ge-fragn  mseg  oSerne  billes  ecgum 
on  bonan  stislan  {then  I  learned 
that  on  the  morrow  one  brother  in- 
stigated the  other  to  murder  with 
the  sword's  edge ;  or,  one  avenged 
the  other  on  the  murderer},  cf. 
2962  seqq.),  2486. 

ge-stselan,  to  place,  impose,  insti- 
tute :  pret.  part,  ge  feor  hafa^ 
fith  Ne  ge-staeled  (  Grendefs  mother 
has  further  begun  hostilities  against 
us),  1341. 

stede,  St.  m.,  place,  -stead:  in  comp. 
bail-,  burh-,  folc-,  heah-,  niecSel-, 
wang-,  wic-stede. 

stefn,  St.  f.,  voice:  nom.  sg.,  2553; 
instr.  sg.  niwan  (niowan)  stefne 
(properly  novS  voce)  =  denuo, 
ane-co,  again,  2595,  1 790. 

stefn,  St.  m.,  prow  of  a  ship  :  ace. 
sg-»  213;  see  bunden-,  hringed-, 
wunden-stefna. 

on-Btellan,  w.  v.,  constituere,  to 
cause,  bring  about :  pret.  sg.  se  has 
or-leges  6r  on-stealde,  2408. 


steog,  St.  ni.,  pole,  pike :  in  comp 
wal-steng. 

g  e  -  steppan,  w.  v.,  to  stride,  go . 
pret.  sg.  folce  ge-stepte  ofer  sae 
Side  sunu  Ohtheres  {O.'s  son,  i.e. 
Eadgils,  -went  zvith  warriors  over 
the  broad  sea^,  2394. 

stede  (O.II.G.  stSti,  M.H.G.  staete), 
adj.,  firm,  steady :  nom.  sg.  was 
st6de  naglage-hwylc  st^le  ge-licost 
{each  nail-place  was  firm  as  steel), 
986. 

stepan,  w.  v.  w.  ace,  to  exalt,  honor  : 
pret.  sg.  hefh  l^e  hine  mihtig  god 
.  .  .  eafeSum  stSpte,  1718. 

ge-steald,  st.  n.,  possessions,  prop- 
erty :  in  ctjmp.  in-gesteald,  1 1 56. 

ge-stealla,  w.  m.,  (contubernalis), 
companion,  comrade:  in  comp. 
eaxl-,  fyrd-,  hand-,  lind-,  nj>d-ge- 
stealla. 

stearc-heort,  adj.,  (fortis  animo), 
stout-hearted,  courageoiis :  nom. 
sg.  (of  the  dragon),  2289;  (of 
Beowulf),  2553. 

stedp,  adj.,  steep,  projecting,  tower- 
ing:  ace.  sg.  steapne  hiof,  927; 
stan-beorh  steapne,  2214;  witi 
steapne  rond,  2567;  acc.pl.m.beor- 
gas  steape,  222;  neut.  steap  stSn 
hliSo,  1410.  — Comp.  hea^'osteap. 

stille,  adj.,  still,  quiet:  nom.  sg. 
wid-floga  wundum  stille,  2831. 

s  t  i  1 1  e  ,  adv.,  quietly,  301 . 

stiucan,  st.  v.,  to  smell;  snuff :  pret. 
sg.  stone  \>z.  after  stSne  {snuffed 
along  tite  stone),  2289. 

stiff,  adj.,  hard,  stiff :  nom.  sg.  wun- 
den-msel  (swurd)  .  .  .  sttS  and  st^l- 

ecg,  1534- 

stiij-inod,  adj.,  stout-hearted,  un- 
flinching: nom.  sg.,  2567. 

stig,st.m.,  waj',  path  :  nom.  sg.,  320, 
2214;  ace.  pi.  stige  nearwe,  1410 
—  Comp.  medu-stig. 


GLOSSARY. 


315 


stigan,  St.  v.,  to  go,  ascend :  pret. 
sg.  \>k  he  to  holme  [st]ag  {when 
he  plunged  forward  into  the  sea), 
2363;  pi.  beornas  ...  on  stefn  sti- 
gon,  212;  Wedera  leode  on  wang 
stigon,  225;  subj.  pret.  ser  he  on 
bed  stige,  677. 

fi  •  s  1 1  g  a  n ,  to  ascend  :  pres.  sg.  l^o- 
non  yS-geblond  up  S-stige'5  won 
to  wolcnum,  1374;  gfiS-rinc  a-stah 
{the  fierce  hero  ascended,  i.e.  was 
laid  on  the  pyre?  or,  the  fierce 
smoke  [lec]  ascendedl),  11 19;  ga- 
men  eft  S-stSh  {joy  again  went  up, 
resounded),  1 161 ;  wudu-rec  a-stih 
sweart  of  swioSoIe,  3145  ;  s\v8g  up 
a-stag,  783. 

ge-stigan,/^  ascend, go  up :  pret. 
sg.  ha  ic  on  holm  ge-stah,  633. 

storm,  St.  m.,  stortn  :  nom.  sg. 
strsela  storm  {storm  of  missiles), 
31 18;  instr.  sg.  holm  storme  vveol 
{the  sea  billowed  si  or  tnily),  1 132. 

stOl,  St.  m.,  chair,  throne,  seat :  in 
comp.  brego-,  &5el-,  gif-,  gum-stol. 

st6\v,  St.  f.,  place,  -stow  :  nom.  sg. 
nis  l^at  heoru  stow  {a  haunted 
spot),  1373;  ace.  sg.  fr^cne  stowe, 
1379;  grund-bftendragearwestowe 
{the  place  prepared  for  men,  i.e. 
death-bed;  see  gesacan  and  ge- 
nydan),  1007  :  comp.  wal-stow. 

Strang,  strong,  adj.,  strong;  val- 
iant;  mighty:  nom.  sg.  was  t>at 
ge-win  to  Strang  {that  sorrozu  was 
too  great),  133;  hu  eart  magenes 
Strang  {strong  of  body),  1845;  ^^ 
sio  hond  to  strong  {the  hand  was 
too  powerful),  2685;  superl.  wl- 
gena  strengest  {strongest  of  war- 
riors), 1544;  magenes  strengest 
{strongest  in  might),  196;  magene 
strengest,  790. 

stradan  ?  (cf.  straede  =  passus,  gres- 
sijs),    to  tread,  {\i€)-stride,  stride 


over  (Grein)  :  subj.  pres.  se  hone 
wong  stride,  3074.     See  Note. 

strael,  st.  m.,  arrow,  missile:  instr. 
sg.  biteran  strsele,  1747;  gen.  pi. 
str^ela  storm,  31 18. 

street,  st.  f.,  street,  highway:  nom. 
sg.,  320;  ace.  sg.  strsete,  1635; 
fealwe  strKte,  917.  —  Comp.:  lagu-, 
mere-street. 

strengel,  st.  m.,  {endowed  with 
strength),  ruler,  chief:  ace.  sg. 
wigena  strengel,  3116. 

strengo,  st.  f.,  strength,  power,  vio- 
lence :  ace.  sg.  magenes  strenge, 
1271  ;dat.sg.strenge,  l534;slrengo, 
2541 ;  —  dat.  pi.  strenguin  =  vio- 
lently, powerfully  {loosed  from  the 
strings?^,  3118:  in  comp.  hilde-, 
magen-,  mere-strengo. 

stregan  (O.  S.  strowian),  w.  v.,  to 
strew,  spread  :  pret.  part,  was  I'am 
yldestan  .  .  .  mor Curbed  stred  {the 
death-bed  tuas  spread  for  the  eld- 
est one),  2437. 

stredm,  st.  m.,  stream,  fiood,  sea  :. 
ace.  sg.  stream,  2546;  nom.  pi. 
streamas,  212;  ace.  pi.  streamas, 
1262:  comp.  brim-,  eagor-,  firgen-, 
lagu-stream. 

g  e  -  streon  (cf.  streon  —  robur,  vis), 
St.  n.,  property, possessions :  hence, 
valuables,  treasure,  jewels  :  nom. 
pi.  HeaSo-beardna  ge-streon  {the 
costly  treasure  of  the  Heathobear- 
das,  i.e.  the  accoutrements  belong- 
ing to  the  slain  H.),  2038;  ace. 
pi.  aSelinga,  eorla  ge-streon,  1921, 
3168. — Comp.:  ser-,  eald-,  eorl-, 
heah-,  hord-,  long-,  ma"Sm-,  sine-, 
Jieod-ge-streon. 

strudan,  st.  v.,  to  plu7tder,  carry 
off:  subj.  pres.  nas  J>a  on  hlytme 
hwa  hat  hord  strude,  3127. 

ge-strj'nan,  w.  v.  w.  ace,  to  ac- 
quire, gain  :  inf  has  be  {betause) 


316 


GLOSSARY. 


ic  moste  minum  leodum  .  .  .  swylc 
ge-str^nan,  2799. 

Btund,  St.  f.,  time,  space  of  time, 
while  :  adv.  dat.  pi.  stundum  {at 
times),  1424. 

styrian,  w.  v.  \v.  ace:  \)  to  ar- 
range, put  in  order,  tell :  inf.  secg 
eft  on-gan  sTS  Beowulfes  snyttrum 
styrian  {t/ie  poel  then  began  to  tell 
B.'s  feat  skilfully,  i.e.  put  in  poetic 
form),  873.  —  2)  to  rouse,  stir 
up  :  pres.  sg.  III.  Jjonne  wind  sty- 
re"5  laS  ge-\vi5ru  {when  the  wind 
stirreth  up  the  loathly  weather), 
1 375.  —  3)  to  moTe  against,  attack, 
disturb:  subj.  pres.  bat  he  .  ,  . 
hring-sele  hondum  styrede  {that 
he  should  attack  the  ring-hall  ivith 
his  hands),  2841. 

stynnan,  w.  v.,  to  rage,  cry  out  : 
pret.  sg.  styrmde,  2553. 

style,  St.  n.,  steel:  dat.  sg.  st^le,  986. 

styl-ecg,  7i^].,  steel-edged :  nom.  sg., 

1534- 

be  -styinan,  w.  v.,  to  inundate,  wet, 
flood:  pret.  part,  (waeron)  eal 
benc-helu  blode  be-stj'med,  486. 

suhtor-ge-fiideran  (collective),  w. 
m.  pi.,  uncle  and  nephew,  father's 
brother  and  brother's  son  :  nom. 
pi.,  1 165. 

sum,  pron. :  i)  indef.,  one,  a,  any,  a 
certain  ;  x\G\3i\..  something  :  a)  with- 
out part.  gen. :  nom.  sg.  sum,  1252; 
hilde-rinc  sum,  3125;  neut.  ne 
sceal  Jjoerdyrnesum  wesan  {naught 
there  shall  be  hidden),  271 ;  ace. 
Sg.  m.  sumne,  1433;  instr.  sg. 
same  w  Drde  {by  a  word,  expressly), 
2157;  nom.pl.  sume,  400,  1 114; 
ace.  pi.  sume,  2941.  b)  with  part. 
gen. :  nom.  sg.  gumena  sum  {one 
of  men,  a  man),  15CX),  2302;  mere- 
hragla  sum,  1906;  bat  was  wundra 
sum,    1608;    ace.   sg.   gylp-vvorda 


sum,  676.     c)  with  gen.  of  cardi 

nals  or  notions  of  multitude :  nom. 
sg.  f  iftena  sum  {o>ie  of  fifteen,  'with 
fourteen  companions),  207;  so, 
eahta  sum,  3124;  feara  sum  {one 
offeiv,  with  afeio),  1413;  ace.  sg. 
manigra  sumne  {one  of  many,  with 
many),  2092;  manna  cynnes  sum- 
ne {one  of  the  men,  i.e.  one  of  the 
watchmen  in  lieorot),  714;  feara 
sumne  {some  feto,  one  of  few  ;  or, 
one  of  the  foes}),  3062.  —  2)  with 
part.  gen.  sum  sometimes  =  this, 
that,  the  afore-mentioned :  nom. 
sg.  eower  sum  {a  certain  one,  that 
one,  of  you,  i.e.  Beowulf),  248; 
gQS-beorna  sum  {the  afore-mett- 
tioned warrior,\.Q.  who  had  shown 
the  way  to  HroSgii-'s  palace),  314; 
eorla  sum  {the  said  knight,  i.e.  Beo- 
wulf), 1313;  ace.  sg.  hord-arna 
sum  {a  certain  hoard-hall),  22S0. 

sund,  St.  m. :  i)  stvimming:  ace 
sg.  ymb  sund,  507;  dat.  sg.  at  sun- 
de  {in  swimming),  517;  on  sunde 
{a-sivi?nming),  1619;  gen.  sg.  sun- 
des,  1437.  —  2)  sea,  ocean,  sound : 
nom.  sg.,  223;  ace.  sg.  sund,  213, 
512,539,  1427,  1445. 

ge-sund,  adj.,  sound,  healthy,  un- 
impaired :  ace.  sg.  m.  ge-sundne, 
1629,  1999;  nom.  pi.  ge-sunde, 
2076;  ace.  pi.  w.  gen.  fader  al- 
walda  .  .  .  eowic  ge-healde  si5a 
ge-sunde  {the  almighty  Father 
keep  you  safe  and  sound  on  your 
journey  !),  318.  — Comp.  an-sund. 

8und-ge-bland,  st.  n.,  {the  commin- 
gled sea),  sea-surge,  sea-wave  :  ace. 
sg.,  1451. 

sund-nyt,  st.  f.,  swimming-power 
or  employment,  rwitnming :  ace. 
sg.sund-nytte  dreah  {swam  through 
the  sea),  2361. 

8undur,  sundor,  adv.,  asunder,  in 


GLOSSARY. 


317 


twain  :  sundur  gedaelan  (Jo  sepa- 
rate, sunder),  2423. 
sundor-nyt,  st.   f.,   special  service 

(service  in  a  special  case)  :    ace. 

sg.  sunclor-nytte,  668. 
sund-'wudu,    st.   m.,   (sea-wood), 

ship :   nom.   ace.   sg.   sund-wudu, 

208,  1907. 
sunne,  w.  f.,  sun:  nom.  sg.,  607; 

gen.  sg.  sunnan,  94,  649. 
Biinu,  St.  m.,  son :   nom.  sg.,  524, 

591,  646,  981,  1090,  i486,  etc.; 

ace.  sg.  sunu,  268,  948,  x  1 1 6,  1 1 76, 

1809,  2014,  2120;  dat.  sg.  suna, 

344,  1227,  2026,  2161,  2730;  gen. 

sg.suna,  2456,  2613,  (1279)  ;  nom. 

pi.  suna,  2381. 
suij,  adv.,  south,  southivard,  859. 
sud'an,  adv.,  from  the  south,  607; 

sigel  sfiSan  ffls  (^the  sun  inclined 

from  the  south'),  1967. 
swaUrian,  w.  v.,  to  sink  to   rest, 

grow  calm  :  brimu  swa"5redon  (^the 

waves   became   calm),    570.      See 

sweffrian. 
swaffu,  St.  f .,  trace,  track,  pathway  : 

ace.   Sg.    swa^e,    2099.  —  Comp. : 

swat-,  wald-swa^u. 
swaijal,   St.  m.?   n.?,   smoke,   mist 

(Dietrich  in  Haupt  V.  215):  dat. 

sg.  on  swa'Sule,  783.     See  sweo- 

ffol. 
BTvancor,  adj.,  slender,  trim:  ace. 

pi.  brio  wicg  svvancor,  2176. 
BW^an-rad,  st.  f.,  swan-road,   sea  : 

ace.  sg.  ofer  swan-rade,  200. 
and-  s^varian,   w.  v.,   to  answer : 

pret.  sg.  him  se  yldesta  and-swa- 

rode,  258;  so,  340. 
bttS,  :   I )  demons,  adv.,  so,  in  such  a 

maimer,  thus  :  swi  sceal  man  don, 

1 1 73,    1535;   swS  \>^  driht-guman 

dreamuni  lifdon,  99 ;  hat  ge-afndon 

swi  (that  we  thus  accomplished), 

538;  \fxx  hie  meahton  (i.e.  feorh 


ealgian),   798;   so,   20,  144,  189, 

559,  763.  ii04»  1472,  1770,  2058, 
2145,  2178,  2991 ;  swimanlice  (st 
like  a  man),  1047;  swd  fela  (so 
many),  164,  592;  swi  deorlice 
daed  (so  valiant  a  deed),  585; 
hine  swS  godne  (him  so  good), 
347 ;  on  swS  geongum  feore  (in 
so  youthful  age),  1844;  ge-de"?  him 
swS  ge-wealdene  worolde  daelas 
hat  .  .  .  (makes  parts  of  the  world 
so  subject  to  him  that .  .  .),  1733. 
In  comparisons  =  ever,  the  (adv.)  : 
me  J?in  mod-sefa  Ilea's  leng  svvS 
wel  (thy  mind  pleases  me  ever  so 
well,  the  longer  the  better),  1855. 
As  an  asseverative  =  so :  swi  me 
HigelSc  sie  .  .  .  modes  bliSe  (so 
be  Higelac  gracious -minded  to 
me!),  435;  swS  J^eah  (neverthe- 
less, however),  973,  1 930,  2879; 
swi  heh,  296S;  hwaSre  swi  J>eah 
(yet  however) ,  2443. — 2) :  a)  conj., 
as,  so  as  :  65  j^at  his  byre  mihte 
eorlscipe  efnan  swS  his  zerfader 
(until  his  son  might  do  noble  deeds, 
as  his  old  father  did),  2623;  eft 
swa  set  (again  as  before),  643;  — 
with  indie. :  swa  he  selfa  bad  (as 
he  himself  requested),  29;  swS  he 
oft  dyde  (as  he  often  did),  444; 
gae'S  i  Wyrd  swi  hio  sceal,  455; 
swa  guman  gefrimgon,  667 ;  so, 
273.  352.  401,  561,  1049,  1056, 
1059.  "35.  1232, 1235,  1239,  1253, 
1382,  etc.; — with  subj. :  swi  \>\n 
sefa  hwette  (as  pleases  thy  mind, 
i.e.  any  way  thou  pleasest),  490. 
b)  as,  as  then,  how,  1 143 ;  swi  hie 
i  wceron  .  .  .  nyd-gesteallan  (as 
they  were  ever  comrades  in  need), 
882;  swi  hit  diope  .  ,  .  be-nemdon 
I'eodnas  msere  (as,  [^ho7o?']  the 
mighty  princes  had  deeply  cursed 
it),  3070;  swi  he  manna  was  wl- 


318 


GLOSSARY. 


gend  weor'SfuUost  {as  he  oj  men 
the  worthiest  warrior  was),  3099. 
c)  Just  as,  the  moment  when  :  swa 
J)at  blod  gesprang,  1668.  d)  so 
that:  swS  he  ne  mihte  no  (so  that 
he  might  not .  .  .),  1509;  so,  2185, 
2007.  —  3)  =  qui,  quae,  quod,  Ger- 
man so :  worhte  wlite-beorhtne 
wang  swa  water  bebfigeS  {lurought 
the  beauteous  plain  which  (ace.) 
water  surrounds),  93.  —  4)  swa 
.  .  .  swS  =  so  ...  as,  595,  687-8, 
31 70;  efne  swa  .  .  .  svvi  (even  so 
.  .  .  as),  1093-4,  1224,  1284;  efne 
SW&  hv\'y]c  mag'Sa  swS  (such  a 
woman  as,  whatsoever  woman), 
944;  efne  swa  hwylcum  manna 
swd  (eve)i  so  to  each  man  as),  3058. 

for-swafan,  st.  v.,  to  carry  away, 
sweep  off :  pret.  sg.  ealle  Wyrd  for- 
sweofminemagastometod-sceafte, 
2815. 

for-swtlpan,  st.  v.,  to  sweep  off, 
force  :  pret.  sg.  hie  Wyrd  forsweop 
on  Grendles  gr}'re,  477. 

6 wilt,  St.  m.,  {sweat),  wouttd-blood : 
nom.  sg.,  2694,  2967;  instr.  sg. 
sw&te,  1287. —  Comp.  hea'5o-,hilde- 
swSt. 

Bw3.t-fah,  adj.,  blood-stained :  nom. 
sg.,  1 1 12. 

Bwatig,  d,(l].,gory  :  nom.  sg.,  1570. 

swat-sivaffu,  st.  f.,  blood-trace: 
nom.  sg.,  2947. 

be-swselan,  w.  v.,  to  scorch:  pret. 
part,  was  se  l§g-draca  .  . .  glSdum 
beswaeled,  3042. 

Bwaes,  adj.,  intimate,  special,  dear . 
ace.  sg.  swassne  e'Sel,  520;  nom 
pi.  swoese  ge-stSas,  29 ;  ace.  pi 
Ie6de  swaese,  1869;  swaese  ge 
stSas,  2041;  gen.  pi.  swa^sra  ge 
stiNa,  1935. 

BTraes-lice,  adv.,  pleasantly,  in  a 
friendly  manner,  3090. 


swebban,  w.  v.,  {to  put  to  sleep),  te 
kill :  inf.  ic  hine  sweorde  swebban 
nelle,  680;  pres.  sg.  III.  (abso- 
lutely) swefe'S,  601. 

a-swebban,  to  kill,  slay:  pret. 
part.  nom.  pi.  sweordum  S-swefede, 

567- 

sweffrian,  w.  v.,  to  lessen,  diminish  : 
inf.  I'at  )>at  fyr  ongan  sweSrian, 
2703;  pret.  siSSan  Ileremodes 
hild  sweSrode,  902. 

svvefan,  st.  \.:  \)  to  sleep  :  pres.  sg. 
III.  swefeiN,  1742;  inf.  svvefan, 
"9.  730.  '673;  pret.  sg.  swaf, 
1801 ;  pi.  swajfon,  704;  swaefun, 
1 28 1. —  2)  to  sleep  the  death-sleep, 
die  :  pres.  sg.  III.  swefe'S,  1009, 
2061,  2747;  pi.  swefaS,  2257,2458. 

swegel,  St.  n.,  ether,  clear  sky  .•  dat. 
sg.  under  swegle,  1079,  1198;  gen. 
Sg.   under   swegles    begong,    861, 

1774- 
swegle,  adj.,  bright,  ether  like,  clear : 

ace.  pi.  swegle  searo-gimmas,  2750. 
sw^egel-wered,    quasi   pret.   part., 

ether-clad:  nom.  sg.  sunne  swegl- 

wered,  607. 
sw^elgan,  st.  v.,  to  swallow :   prel. 

sg.  w.   instr.  syn-snsedum   swealli 
,   {swallowed  in  great  bites),  744; 

object  omitted,  subj.  pres.  nymJSc 

liges  faSm  swulge  on  swa'Sule,  783. 
for-swelgan,  w.  ace,  to  swallorai, 

consume  :    pret.    sg.    for  -  swealg. 

1 123,  2081. 
swellan,  St.  v., /<?  jtf>^//.-  inf.  hS  sio 

wund  on-gan  .  .  .  swelan  andswei- 

Ian,  2714. 
sweltan,  st.  v.,  to  die,  perish  :  pret 

sg.  swealt,  1 61 8,  2475;  draca  mor- 

^re  swealt  {died  a  violent  death ) , 

893,  2783;   wundor-deaJSe  swealt, 

3038;  hioro-dryncum  swealt,  2359 
sw^enean,  w.  v.,  to  s-rink,  oppress, 

strike :  pret.  sg.  hine  wundra  )>a» 


GLOSSARY. 


319 


fela  swencte  (MS.  swecte)  on  sun- 
de,  1511. 

ge-swencan,/!?  oppress,  strike,  in- 
jure :  pret.  sg.  sySSan  hine  HsetS- 
cyn  .  .  .  fline  geswencte,  2439; 
pret.  part,  synnumge-swenced,  976; 
hse'Sstapa  hundum  ge  -  swenced, 
•369.  —  Comp.  lyft-ge-swenced. 

sweng,  St.  m.,  blow,  stroke:  dat. 
sg.  swenge,  1521,  2967;  swenge 
{with  its  stroke),  2687;  instr.  pi. 
sweordes  swengum,  2387. — Comp. : 
feorh-,  hete-,  heaSu-,  heoro-sweng. 

S'werian,  st.  v.,  to  swear :  pret.  w. 
ace.  I.  ne  me  swor  fela  SSa  on 
unriht  {swore  no  false  oaths),  2739; 
he  me  i15as  swor,  472. 

for-swerian,  w.  instr.,  to  forswear, 
renounce  (  protect  with  magic  for- 
mulez'i)  :  pret.  part,  he  sige-wsep- 
num  for-sworen  hafde,  805. 

sweg,  St.  m.,  sotcnd,  noise,  uproar  : 
nom.  sg.  sweg,  783;  hearpan  sweg, 
89.  2459,  3024;  sige-folca  sweg, 
645;  sang  and  sweg,  1064;  dat. 
sg.  swege,  1215.  —  Comp.:  bene-, 
morgen-sweg. 

swelan,  w.  v.,  to  burn  (here  of 
wounds)  :  inf.  sw81an,  2714.  See 
swaelan. 

6weart,  adj.,  swart,  black,  dark  : 
nom.  sg.  wudu-r?c  sweart,  3146; 
dat.  pi.  sweartum  nihtum,  167. 

avreoUol  (cf.  O.H.G.  suedan,  sue- 
than -=  cremare ;  M.H.G.  swadem 
=  vapor;  and  Dietrich  in  Haupt 
v.,  215),  St.  m.?  n.?,  vapor,  smoke, 
smoking  flame  :  dat.  sg.  ofer  swio- 
•Sole  (MS.  swic  Sole),  3146.  See 
swafful. 

S'weofot,  St.  m.,  sleep  :  dat.  sg.  on 
sweofote,  1582,  2296. 

■weolo9,  St.  m.,  heat,  fire,  flame  : 
dat.sg.  sweolo^e,  1 1 16.  Cf.  O.H.G. 
suilizo,  suilizunga  =  ardor,  cauma. 


sweorcan,  st.  v.,  to  trouble,  darken  • 
pres.  sg.  III.  ne  him  inwit-sorh  on 
sefan  sweorce^  {darkens  his  soul), 
1738. 

for-sweorcan,  to  grow  dark  or 
dim  :  pres.  sg.  III.  eagena  bearhtm 
for-siteS  and  for-sworce'S,  1 768. 

ge-sweorcan  (intrans.),  to  dark- 
en :  pret.  sg.  niht-helm  ge-swearc, 
1790. 

sweord,  swurd,  swyrd,  st.  n., 
sword:  nom.  sg.  sweord,  1287, 
1290,  1570,  1606,  1616,  1697; 
swurd,  891 ;  ace.  sg.  sweord,  437, 
673.  1559,  1664,  1809,  2253,  2500, 
etc.;  swurd,  539,  1902;  swyrd, 
261 1,  2988;  instr.  sg.  sweorde, 
561,  574,  680,  2493, 2881;  gen. sg 
sweordes,  1 107,  2194,  2387;  acc.pl. 
sweord,  2639;  nom.pl.,  3049;  instr. 
pi.  sweordum,  567,  586,  885;  gen 
pi.  sweorda,  1041,  2937,  2962.— 
Comp. :  gfiS-,  ma'5"5am-,  wa-g- 
sweord. 

sweord,  st.  f .,  oath  :  in  comp.  S'5- 
sweord  {sword-oathl),  2065. 

SAveord-bealo,  st.  n.,  sword-bale, 
death  by  the  sword :  nom.  sg.,  1 148. 

sweord-freca,  w.  m.,  sword-war- 
rior :  dat.  sg.  sweord-frecan,  1469. 

s-weord-gifu,  st.  f.,  sword-gift,  giv- 
ing of  swords  :  nom.  sg.  swyrd-gifu, 
2885. 

sweotol,  SAVutol,  adj.:  i)  clear, 
bright :  nom.  sg.  swutol  sang  sco- 
pes, 90.  —  2)  plain,  manifest: 
nom.  sg.  syndolh  sweotol,  818; 
tdcen  sweotol,  834;  instr.  sg.  sweo- 
tolan  tScne,  141. 

sTPeof,  sweop.  See  swafan,  swa- 
pan. 

s^vlS",  St.  n.?  (O.N.  swi^i),  burning 
pain:  in  comp.  t)ry^-swi^(?).. 

sivift,  adj.,  swift :  nom.  sg.  se  swifta 
mearh,  2265. 


320 


GLOSSARY. 


swimman,  swj'iniiian,  st.  v.,  to 
rwim  :  inf.  swymman,  1625. 

ofer-s wim man ,  \v.  ace,  to  swim 
aver  or  through  :  pret.  sg.  ofer- 
swam  siole'Sa  bigong  {swam  over 
the  sea),  2368. 

swincan,  st.  v.,  to  struggle,  labor, 
contend :  pret.  pi.  git  on  vvateres 
£eht  seofon  niht  swuncon,  517. 

ge- swing,  st.  w., surge,  eddy :  nom. 
sg.  atol  ^cNa  geswing,  849. 

swingan,  st.  v.,  to  saving  one''s  self, 
fly:  pres.  sg.  III.  ne  god  hafoc 
geond  sal  swingeS,  2265. 

s^vican,  st.  v.:  \')  to  deceive,  leave 
in  the  lurch,  abandon  :  piet.  sg. 
nsfre  hit  {the  sword)  at  hilde  ne 
swac  manna  a:ngum,  1461.  —  2)  to 
escape :  subj.  pret.  bGtan  his  lie 
swice,  967. 

ge-swican,  (o  deceive,  leave  in  the 
lurch  :  pret.  sg.  gd^'-bill  ge-swic 
nacod  at  nl'Se,  2585,  26S2;  w.  dat. 
seo  ecg  ge-swac  heodne  at  l)earfe 
{the  sword  failed  the  prince  in 
need),  1525. 

swiff,  sw^'iy  (Goth.  swinj>-s),  adj., 
strong,  mighty  :  nom.  sg.  was  I'at 
ge-win  to  sw^S,  191.  —  Comp.  nom. 
sg.  sio  swiSre  hand  {the  right 
hand),  2099;   harsh,  3086. 

swI'Se.adv.,  strongly,  very,  much, 
598,  998,  1093,  1744, 1927;  swfSe, 
2171,  2188.  Compar.  swiiNor,  more, 
rather,  more  strongly,  961,  1 140, 
1875,  2199.  — Comp.  un-switJe. 

o  f  e  r  -  swiUian,  vv.  v.,  to  overcome, 
vanquish,  w.  ace.  of  person :  pres. 
sg.  III.  ofersw^ScS,  279,  1769. 

swiff-ferhiac,  adj.,  {fortis  animo), 
strong-minded,  bold,  brave  :  nom. 
sg.  sw^S-ferh'S,  827;  gen.  sg.  swl"5- 
ferh"5es,909;  nom.  pi.  s\vi"5-ferh  Se, 
493;  dat.  pi.  swiS-ferhSum,  173. 
S'wiff-hycgend,  pres.  part,  {strenue 


cogitans),  bold-minded,  brave  in 
spirit :  nom.  sg.  swi  ^'-hycgende, 
920 ;  nom.pl.swiS-hycgende,  1017. 

sw^ilff-inOd,  adj.,  strong-minded : 
nom.  sg.,  1625. 

on-s^'ifan,  st.  v.  w.  ace,  to  swing, 
turn,  at  or  against,  elevate :  pret. 
sg.  biorn  (Be6wulf)  bord-rand  on- 
swaf  wiiN  ham  gryre-gieste,  2560. 

sn'igian,  vv.  v.,  to  be  silent,  keep 
silent :  pret.  sg.  lyt  swigode  niwra 
spella  {kepi  little  of  the  neiu  tidings 
silent),  2898;  pi.  swigedon  ealle, 
1700. 

8^'igor,  adj.,  silent,  taciturn  :  nom. 
sg.  weak,  \>^  was  swigra  secg  .  .  . 
on  gylp-spraece  go's  -  ge-weorca, 
981. 

swin,  sw^n,  st.  n.,  switte,  boar 
(image  on  the  helm)  :  nom.  sg. 
swj^n,  1 1 12;    ace.  sg.  swin,  1287. 

swin-lic,  St.  n.,  swine-image  or  body: 
instr.  pi.  swin-licum,  1454. 

sivOgan,  St.  v.,  to  whistle,  roar : 
pres.  part,  swogende  leg,  3146. 

s^vutol.    See  8>veotol. 

s^vyIt•,  swilc  (Goth.  swa-Ieik-s), 
demons,  adj.  =  talis,  such,  such  a  ; 
relative  =  qtialis,  as,  which  :  nom. 
sg.  swylc,  178,  1941,  2542,  2709; 
swylc  .  .  .  swylc  =  talis  .  .  .  qualis, 
1329;  ace.  sg.  swylc,  2799;  call 
.  .  .  swylc  {all .  .  .  which,  as),  72; 
o^"er  swylc  {such  another,  i.e. 
hand),  1584;  on  swylc  {on  such 
things),  997;  dat.  sg.  gflJS-frem- 
mendra  swylcum  {to  such  a  battle- 
worker,  i.e.  Beowulf),  299;  gen. 
sg.  swylces  hwat  {some  such),  881 ; 
ace.  pi.  sw7lce,  2870;  eall  swylce 
.  .  .  s\\7lce,  3166;  swylce  twegen 
{two  such),  1348;  ealle  J)earfe 
swylce  {all  needs  that),  1798; 
swylce  hie  .  .  .  findan  meahton 
sigla  searo-gimma  {such  as  they 


GLOSSARY. 


321 


might  find  of  jewels  and  cunning 
gems),  1 157;  efne  swylce  maela 
swylce  {at  just  such  times  as), 
1250;  gen.  pi.  swylcra  searo-ni'Sa, 
582;  swylcra  fela  . .  .  asr-gestreona, 
2232. 

swylce,  adv.,  as,  as  also,  likewise, 
similarly,  113,  293,  758,  831,  855, 
908,921,  1 147,  1 166,  1428,  1483, 
2460,  2825;  ge  swylce  {and  like- 
wise), 2259;   swilce,  1153. 

s^vylt,  St.  m.,  death  :  nom.  sg.,  1256, 

1437- 

swylt-cljig,  St.  m.,  death-day:  dat. 
sg.  rer  suylt-dage,  2799. 

swynsian,  w.  v.,  to  sound :  pret.  sg. 
hlyn  swynsode,  612. 

swyrd.     See  s^veord. 

STvyff.     See  s^viU. 

swyn.    See  swin. 

syUSan  (seSian,  Gen.  1525),  w.  v., 
to  punish,  avenge,  w.  ace. :  inf. 
J?onne  hit  sweordes  ecg  sySSan 
scolde  {then  the  edge  of  the  sword 
shotild avenge  it),  1 107. 

syffijan.     See  siUaTan. 

syfan-wiutre,  adj.,  seven-winters- 
old :  nom.  sg.,  2429. 

syhU.    See  seon. 

syl  (O.H.G.  swella),  st.  l.,sill,  bench- 
support :  dat.  sg.  fram  sylle,  776. 

sylfa.    See  selfa. 

syllan.     See  sellan. 

syllic.     See  sellic. 

eymbel,  syml,  st.  n.,  banquet, 
entertainment:  ace.  sg.  symbel, 
620,  loii;  geaf  me  sine  ind 
symbl  {gave  me  treasure  and  feast- 
ing, i.e.  made  me  his  friend  and 
table-companion),  2432;  J^St  hie 
...  symbel  ymbsseton  {that  ihey 
might  sit  round  their  banquet), 
564;  dat.  sg.  symle,  81, 489,  1009 ; 
symble,  119,  2105;  gen.  pi.  sym- 
bla,  1233. 


symble,  symle,  adv.,  continually, 
ever  :  symble,  245 1 ;  symle,  2498 ; 
symle  was  hy  sajmra  {he  was  ever 
the  worse,  the  weaker,  i.e.  tne 
dragon),  2881. 

symbel-wyn,  st.  f.,  banqueting- 
pleasure,  joy  at  feasting:  ace.  sg. 
symbel-wynne  dreoh,  17S3. 

syn,  St.  f.,  si7t,  crime:  nom.  synn 
and  sacu,  2473;  dat.  insfr.  pi.  syn- 
num,  976,  1256,  3072. 

syn.    See  sin. 

syn-bysig,  adj.,  (culpa  laborans), 
persecuted  on  account  of  guiltl 
{Rieger) ,  guilt-hatented? :  nom.sg. 
secg  syn-[byjsig,  2228. 

g  e  -  syngian,  w.  v.,  to  sin,  commit  a 
crime  :  pret.  part,  hat  was  feohleas 
ge-feoht,  fyrenum  ge-syngad,  2442. 

synnig,  adj.,  sin-laden,  sinful :  ace, 
sg.  m.  sinnigne  secg,  1380.  — 
Comp. :  fela-,  un-synnig. 

ge-synto,  f.,  health:  dat.  pi.  on 
gesyntum,  1870. 

syrce.     See  serce. 

syr^van,  w.  v.  w.  ace,  to  entrap,  catch 
unawares :  pret.  sg.  dugu'Se  and 
geogo'Se  seomade  and  syrede,  161. 

be-syrwan:  \)to  compass  or  accom- 
plish by  finesse  ;  effect :  inf.  deed  ^t 
we  ealle  ser  ne  meahton  snyttrum 
be-syrwan  {a  deed  that  all  of  us 
could  not  accomplish  before  with 
all  our  wisdom),  943.  —  2)  to  en- 
trap by  guile  and  destroy :  inf. 
mynte  se  mSnscaXa  manna  cynnes 
sumne  be-syrwan  {the  fell  foe 
thought  to  entrap  some  otie  {alR, 
see  sum)  of  the  men),  714. 

s^n,  f.,  seeing,  sight,  scene  :  comp. 
an-s^n. 

ge-syne,  adj.,  visible,  to  be  seen: 
nom.  sg.  1256,  1404,  2948,  3059, 
3160.  —  Comp.:  8'S-ge-s^ne,  f5- 
ge-s6ne. 


322 


GLOSSARY. 


taligean,  \v.  v. :  i)  (o  count,  reckon, 
number;  esteem,  think:  pres.  sg. 
I.  n8  ic  me  .  .  .  hnSgran  gfl5-ge- 
weorca  honne  Grendel  hine  {count 
myself  710  -worse  than  G.  in  battle- 
works),  678;  win  ic  talige  .  .  .  )>at 
( /  count  on  the  hope  .  .  .  that) , 
1846;  telge,  2068;  sg.  III.  I^at 
raed  talaS  j^at  (counts  it  gain  that), 
2028.  —  2)  to  tell,  relate:  soS  ic 
talige  (/  tell  facts),  532;  swS  j'U 
self  talast  {as  thou  thyself  sayst), 

595- 

taeeii,  st.  n.,  token,  sign,  evidence : 
nom.  sg.  tacen  sweotol,  834;  dat. 
instr.  sg.  sweotolan  tScne,  141; 
tires  to  tacne,  1655.  —  Comp.  iuf- 
tacen. 

tan,  St. 111.,  t'uiig:  in  comp.  ater-tSn. 

g  e  -  tsecan,  vv.  v.,  to  show,  point  out : 
pret.  sg.  him  ^d  hilde-dedr  hof 
modigra  torht  ge-toehte  {the  war- 
rior pointed  out  to  them  the  bright 
dwelling  of  the  bold  ones,  i.e.  Danes), 
313.  Hence,  to  indicate,  assign: 
pret.  sona  me  se  moera  mago  Healf- 
denes  .  .  .  wi5  his  sylfes  sunu  setl 
getaehte  {assigned  me  a  seat  by  his 
own  son),  20 1 4. 

tsele,  adj.,  blameworthy :  in  comp. 
un-taele. 

ge-tase,  adj.,  quiet,  still:  nom.  sg. 
gif  him  wasre  .  .  .  niht  ge-taese 
{whether  he  had  a  pleasant,  quiet, 
night),  1 32 1. 

tela,  adv.,  fittingly,  well,  949,  1 219, 
1226,  1821,  2209,  2738. 

telge.     See  talian. 

tellan,  w.  v.,  to  tell,  cofisider,  deem  : 
pret.  sg.  ne  his  Itf-dagas  leoda 
aenigum  nytte  tealde  {nor  did  he 
count  his  life  useful  to  any  man), 
795 ;   \>3A.  ic  me  aenigne  under  swe- 


gles  begong  ge-sacan  '^e  tealdt  {I 
believed  not  that  I  had  any  foe 
under  heaven),  1774;  cvva'5  he 
|>one  gQ^"-\vine  godne  tealde  {said 
he  counted  the  war-friend  good), 
181 1;  he  fisic  gar-wigend  gSde 
tealde  {deemed  tts  good  spear-war- 
riors), 2642;  pi.  swa  {so  that) 
hine  Geata  beam  godne  ne  teal- 
don,  2185.  —  2)  to  ascribe,  count 
against,  impose  :  pret.  sg.  (prySo) 
him  walbendeweotode  tealde  hand- 
gewrii'^'ene,  1937. 

ge-tenge,  adj.,  attached  to,  lying 
on  :  w.  dat.  gold  .  .  .  grunde  ge- 
tenge,  2759. 

tedr,  St.  m.,  tear:  nom.  pi.  tearas, 

1873- 

teoh,  St.  f.,  troop,  hand:  dat.  sg, 
earmre  teohhe,  2939. 

(ge?) -teohhiau,  w.  v.,  to  fix,  de- 
termine, assign  :  pret.  sg.  ic  for 
lassan  lean  teohhode  .  .  .  hnahran 
rince,  952;  pies.  part,  was  o'Ser  in 
a;r  geteohhod  {assigned)  .  .  .  mas- 
rum  Geate,  1 30 1. 

teon,  St.  v.,  to  dra-w,  lead :  inf.  heht 
.  .  .  eahta  mearas  ...  on  flet  teon 
{bade  eight  horses  be  led  into  the 
//(?//),  1037;  pret.  sg.  me  to  grunde 
teah  fah  feond-sceaSa  {the  many- 
hued  fiend-foe  drew  me  to  the  bot- 
tom), 553;  eft-siNas  teah  {ivith- 
drew,  returned),  1333;  sg.  for  pi. 
a;g-hwylcum  . . .  I'dra  te  mid  Beo- 
wulfe  brim-lade  teah  {to  each  of 
those  that  crossed  the  sea  with  B.) 
1052 ;  pret.  part.  \>a.  was  . . .  heard 
ecg  togen  {then  was  the  hard  edg. 
drawn),  1289;  wearS  ...  on  nas 
togen  {was  drawn  to  the  promon- 
tory), 1440. 

S  - 1  e  6  n ,  to  wander,  go,  intran ;. : 
pret.  sg.  t8  Ileorute  fl-teah  {dim 
to  Heorot),  767. 


GLOSSARir. 


323 


ge-ie6n:  i)  fo  draw:  pret.  sg. 
gomel  swyrd  ge-teah,  261 1;  w. 
instr.  and  ace.  hyre  seaxe  ge-teah, 
brad  brCin-ecg,  1 546.  —  2)  to  grant, 
give,  lend :  imp.  no  bu  him  wearne 
geteoh  J^inra  gegn-cwida  gladnian 
{^refuse  not  to  gladden  lhc?n  with 
thy  answe)"),  366;  pret.  sg.  and 
\>a.  Beowulfe  bega  gehwaSres  eodor 
Ingwina  onweald  ge-teah  (^and  the 
prince  of  the  /ngzoins  gave  B. 
power  over  both),  1045;  so,  he 
him  est  geteah  {gave  possession  of), 
2166. 

of-teon,  to  deprive,  wilhdraiv,  w. 
gen.  of  thing  and  dat.  pers. :  pret. 
sg.  Scyld  Sceting  .  .  .  monegum 
maegSum  meodo-setla  of-teah,  5.; 
\v.  ace.  of  thing,  hond  .  .  .  feorh- 
sweng  ne  of-teah,  2490;  w.  dat. 
hond  (herd,  MS.)  swenge  ne  of- 
teah,  1521. 

J'urh-teon,  to  effect:  inf.  gif  he 
torn-gemot  hurh-teon  mihte,  1141. 

teon  (of.  teoh,  materia,  O.H.G. 
ziuc),  w.  V.  w.  ace,  to  make,  work  : 
pret.  sg.  teode,  1453; — to  fur- 
7tish  out,  deck  :  pret.  pi.  naljis  hi 
hine  lassan  lacum  teodan  {pro- 
vided  him    with   no    less   gifts), 

43- 
ge-teon,  to  provide,  do,  bring  on  : 

pies.    sg.    unc  sceal    weor'San  .  .  . 

swa  unc  Wyrd  ge-te65,  2527;  pret. 

sg.  he  him  .  .  .  sare  ge-teode  {who 

had  done  him  this  harm),  2296. 
g  e  -  teona,  \v.  m.,  injur er,  harmer  : 

in  eomp.  lacS-ge-teona. 
til,  adj.,  good,  apt,  fit :  nom.  sg.  m. 

Halga  til,  61 ;   begn  ungemete  till 

(of  WTglaf),  2722;   fern,  was  seo 

J)e6d  tilu,  1 25 1;  neut.  ne  was  )'at 

ge-wrixle  til,  1305. 
tUian,  w.  v.  w.  gen.,  to  gain,  win  : 

inf.   gif  ic  .  .  .  owihte   mag   J'inre 


mSd-lufan    m&'an    tilian  {if  1 .  .  . 
gain),  1S24. 

tinibrian,  \v.  v.,  to  build  :  pret.  part. 
ace.  sg.  sal  limbred  {the  well-built 
hall),  307. 

be-timbrian,  (construere),  to  fin- 
ish building,  cotnplete :  pret.  pi. 
betimbredon  on  tyn  dagum  beadu- 
rofes  been,  3161. 

tid,  St.  f.,  -tide,  time  :  ace.  sg.  twelf 
wintra  tid,  147;  lange  tid,  1916; 
in  hS  tide,  2228.  —  Comp. :  Sn-, 
moigen-tid. 

ge-tiffian  (from  tigSian),  w.  v.,  to 
p-ant :  pret.  part,  impers.  was  .  .  . 
bene  (gen.)  ge-ttSad  feasceaftum 
men,  22S5. 

tir,  St.  m.,  glory,  repute  in  war  ■  gen. 
sg.  tires.  1655. 

tir-eddig,  adj.,  glorious,  famous  : 
dat.  sg.  tir-eadigum  menn  (of  Beo- 
wulf),  2190. 

tir-filst,  adj.,  famous,  rich  in  glory  . 
nom.  sg.  (of  IlrotSgar),  923. 

tir-leds,  adj.,  without  glory,  infa 
mous  :  gen.  sg.  (of  Grendel),  844. 

toga,  w.  m.,  leader  :  in  comp.  folc- 
toga. 

torht,  adj.,  bright,  brilliant:  ace. 
sg.  neut.  hof  .  .  .  torht,  313. — 
Comp. :  wuldor-torht,  heaSo-torht 
{loud  in  battle). 

torn,  St.  n.  :  i)  wrath,  insult,  dis 
tress  :  ace.  sg.  torn,  147,  834;  gen 
pi.  torna,  2190. —  2)  anger  :  insti 
sg.  tome  ge-bolgen,  2402. —  Comp. 
lige-torn. 

torn,  adj.,  bitter,  cruel :  notn.  sg. 
hreowa  tornost,  2130. 

torn-ge-mot,  st.  n.,  {wrathful  meet- 
ing), angry  engagement,  battle: 
ace.  sg.,  1 141. 

to,  I.  prep.  w.  dat.  indicating  direc- 
tion or  tending  to,  hence  :  i)  local 
=  whither   after  verbs  of  motion 


324 


GLOSSARY. 


to,  up  to,  at :  com  t8  recede  (^to  the 
kail),  721 ;  code  to  sele,  920;  eode 
to  hire  frean  sittan,  642;  gas 5  eft 
...  to  medo  {goei/i  again  to  mead), 
605;    wand  to   wolcnum   {wound 
to  the  wel/dn),  1 1 20;  sigon  to  sk\;pe 
{sank  to  sleep),  1252;  28,  158,  234, 
438,  553.  926,  1010,   1014,    1 1 55, 
1159,    1233,   etc.;     Ii5-vv3ege    bar 
halum  to  handa  {bore  the  ale-cup 
to  the  hands  of  the  menl  at handl), 
1984;   65  I'jit  niht  becom  oiSer  to 
yldum,  21 18;  him  to  bearme  cwom 
mS5"5um-fat   macre    {came    to   his 
hands,  into  his  possession),  2405; 
saelde    to    sande    sid-faSme    scip 
{fastened  the   broad-bosomed  ship 
to  the  shore) ,  1 9 1 8 ;   hat  se  harm- 
scaSa  to    Heorute    d-teah    {-vent 
forth  to  Heorot),  767.     After  verb 
sittan  :  sitte  nu  to  symble  {sit  now 
to  the  meal),  4S9;   siSSan  .  .  .  \\e 
to  symble  geseten  hafdon,  2105; 
to  ham  {home,  at  home),  124,  374, 
2993.     With    verbs  of   sjjealiing : 
ma'5elodetohiswine-drihtne(j/«/^t' 
to  his  friendly  lord),  360;    to  Gea- 
tum  spree,  11 72;   so,  heht  bat  hea- 
•5o-vveorc  to  hagan   biodan   {bade 
the  haltle-'uork  lu-  (old  at  the  hedge), 
2893.  —  2)  with  verbs  of  bringing 
and  taking  (cf.  under  on,  I.,  d)  : 
hraSe  was  to  bflre  Beowulf  fetod  ( B. 
7vas  hastily  brought  from  a  room), 
131 1;     siSSan    Hama    at-wag    to 
)>3ere  byrhtan  byrig  Brosiiiga  mene 
{since    If.    carried    the    Brosing- 
necklace  off  from  the  bright  city), 
1200:  wean  Shsode.  f^eh^'o  to  Frv- 
sum  {suffered  woe,  feud  as  to,  from, 
the   Frisians),    1208.  —  3)  —  end 
of  motion,  hence :   a)   to,  for,  as, 
in:  t>one  god  sende  folce  to  frofre 
{for,  as,  a  help  to  the  folk),  14; 
gesette   .  .  .  sunnan  and    m6nan 


le6man  to  le6hte  (as  a  light),  95; 
ge-sat  .  .  .  t8  rfine  {satin  counsel), 
172;     wear  5     he    Hea'5o-l^fe    to 
hand-bonan,  460 ;  bringe  ...  to 
helpe  {bring  to,  for,  help),  1831 ; 
liofore  forgeaf  angan  dohtor  .  .  . 
hyldo  to  wedde  {as  a  pledge  of  his 
favor),    2999;     so,    5o8(?),   666, 
907,972,  1022,   1 187,   1263,   1331, 
1708,     1 71 2,    2080,    etc.;     secgan 
to   soSc    {to   say   in    sooth),   51  ; 
so,  591,  2326.     b)  with  verbs  of 
thinking,  hoping,  etc.,  on,  for,  at, 
against :  he  to  gyrn-wrace  swiSor 
bohte    bonne   to  SDS-lade  {thought 
more  on  vengeance  than  on  the  sea- 
voyage),  1 1 39;  sacce  ne  wCneS  to 
Gar-Denum  {nor  lueenelh  of  con- 
flict with  the  Spear-Danes),  602 ; 
I'onne   wene  ic  to  |?e  wyrsan  ge- 
Innges  {then  I  expect  for  thee   a 
worse  result),  525;   ne  ic  to  Sweo- 
heode  sibbe  o'55e  treowe  wihte  ne 
wene  {ttor  expect  at  all  of,  from, 
the  Swedes  .  .  .),  2923;   wiste  bam 
ahlsecan   to   )?am   heah-sele  hilde 
ge-l'inged  {battle  prepared  for  the 
monster    in    the  high  hall),  648; 
wel  biS  bam  be  mot  to  fader  faS- 
nnim  freo'So  wilnian  {well for  him 
that  can  find  peace  in  the  Father^  s 
arms),  188;   b&ia  be  hege-worhte 
to  West-Den um   {of  those  that  he 
wrought  against  the  Ifest-Danes), 
1579. — 4)  with  the  gerund,  inf.: 
t8  gefreminanne  {to  do),  174;   to 
ge-c^"^'anne  {to  muke known),  2^^; 
to  secganne  {to  say),  473;   to  be- 
fleoiuie    {to  avoid,  escape),    ICX)4; 
so,  1420,  1725,   1732,   1S06,    1852, 
1923,    1942,    etc.     With    inf.:    to 
fSran,    316;     to    friclan,    2557. — 
5)    temporal :   gewat    him  to   ge- 
scap-hwile  {went  at{?)  the  hour 
of  fate  ;  or,  to  his  fated  restl),  26; 


GLOSSARY. 


320 


t3  widan  feore  {ever,  in  their 
lives),  934;  dwa  to  aldre  {for  life, 
forever),  956;  so,  to  aldre,  2006, 
2499;  to  life  {during  life,  ever), 
2433.  —  6)  with  particles :  vvod 
under  wolcnum  to  ['as  }'e  . . .  {went 
under  the  welkin  to  the  point 
where  . . .),  715;  so,  elne  ge-eodon 
to  )>as  be,  1968 ;  so,  241 1 ;  he  him 
has  lean  for-geald  ...  to  has  he  he 
on  reste  geseah  Grendel  licgan  {he 
paid  him  for  that  to  the  point  that 
he  saw  G.  lying  dead),  1586;  was 
hat  blod  to  has  hSt  {the  blood  was 
hot  to  that  degree),  1 61 7;  nas  h^ 
long  to  hon  hat  {'tzaas  not  long 
till),  2592,  2846;  was  him  se  man 
to  hon  leof  hat  {the  man  was  dear 
to  him  to  that  degree),  1877;  to 
hwan  siS'San  weariS  hond-rees  ha- 
le'Sa  {zip  to  what  point,  haiv,  the 
hand-contest  turned  out),  2072;  to 
middes  {in  the  midst),  3142. 

II.  Adverbial  modifier,  quasi 
preposition  [better  explained  in 
many  cases  as  prep,  postponed]  : 
l)  to,  towards,  up  to,  at:  geong 
sonato,  17S6;  so,  2649;  fehSoSer 
to,  1756;  sse-lac  .  .  .\>e  hu  her  to 
locast  {upon  which  thou  here  look- 
est),  1655;  folc  to  SiEgon  {the  folk 
looked  on),  1423;  hat  hi  him  to 
mihton  gegnum  gangan  {might 
proceed  thereto),  313;  se  he  him 
bealwa  to  bote  gelyfde  {who  be- 
lieved in  help  out  of  evils  from  him, 
i.e.  Beowulf),  910;  him  to  anwal- 
dan  Sre  ge-lyfde  {trusted  for  him- 
self to  the  Almighty^  s  help),  1273; 
>€  (is  secea'S  to  Sweona  leode 
{that  the  Swedes  will  come  against 
us),  3002.  —  2)  before  adj.  and 
adv.,  too  :  to  Strang  {too  mighty), 
133;  t8  fast,  137;  tS  sw^^'S,  191; 
so,  789, 970, 1 337, 1 743, 1 749,  etc. ; 


to  fela  micles  {far  too  much),  695  ; 
he  to  for'S  ge-st8p  {he  had  gone 
too  far),  2290. 

tOiy  (G.  tunhu-s),  St.  m.,  tooth :  in 
comp.  blodig-to5  (adj.). 

tredan,  st.  v.  w.  ace,  to  tread :  inf. 
SDe-wong  tredan,  1965;  el-land  tre- 
dan, 3020;  pret.  sg.  wrac-lastas 
trad,  1353;  medo-wongas  trad, 
1644;  gras-moldan  trad,  1882. 

treddian,  tryddian  (see  trod), 
\v.  v.,  to  stride,  tread,  go  :  pret.  sg. 
treddode,  726;  tryddode  getrume 
micle  {strode  about  with  a  strong 
troop),  923. 

trein,  st.  n.,  piece,  part :  ace.  sg.  ne 
.  .  .  fotes  trem  {not  a  foofs 
breadth),  2526. 

treovF,  St.  f.,  fidelity,  good  faith  : 
ace.  sg.  treowe,  1073;  sibbe  o^"5e 
treowe,  2923. 

treow,  st.  n.,  tree  :  in  comp.  galg- 
treow. 

treoTrian.     See  truwian. 

treow-loga,  \v.  m.,  troth-breaker, 
pledge-breaker :  nom.  pi.  treow- 
logan,  2848. 

trodu,  St.  f.,  track,  step  :  ace.  sg.  or 
pi.  trode,  844. 

ge-trum,  st.  n.,  troop,  band:  instr, 
sg.  ge-trume  micle,  923. 

trum,  adj.,  strong,  endowed  7vith: 
nom.  sg.heorothornum  trum,  1370. 

ge-truwan,  w.  v.  w.  ace,  to  con- 
firm, pledge  solemnly  :  pret.  sg.  h3 
hie  getrflvvedon  on  tw&  healfe  faste 
frio'Mu-ware,  1096. 

truwian,  treowan,  \v.  v.,  to  trust 
in,  rely  on,  believe  in  :  l)  w.  dat.  : 
pret.  sg.  siSe  ne  trfiwode  leofes 
mannes  (/  trusted  not  in  the  dear 
man''s  enterprise),  1994;  bearne 
ne  trfiwode  hat  he  .  .  .  {she  trusted 
not  the  child  that .  .  .),  2371;  ge- 
hwylc  hiora   his   ferhSe   tre6wde 


326 


GLOSSARY. 


hat  he  .  .  .  {^each  trusted  his  heart 
that  .  .  .),  1 167.  —  2)  w.  gen.: 
pret.  sg.  Geata  leod  georne  trd- 
wode  modgan  magnes,  670;  \vi5- 
res  ne  trflwode,  2954. 
ge-trflwian,  to  rely  on,  trust  in, 
vv.  dat. :  pret.  sg.  strenge  ge-trQ- 
wode,  niund-gripe  magenes,  1534; 
—  w.  gen.  pret.  sg.  beorges  ge- 
trflvvode,  wlges  and  wealles,  2323; 
strenge  ge-trfl\vode  fines  mannes, 

2541- 
trj'ddiau.     See  treddian. 

try  we,  adj.,  true,  faithful:  nom. 
sg-  f'S  gyt  was  .  .  .  3egh\v)'lc  65rum 
tr^we,  1 166. 

ge-ix^v/e,  ad].,  faithful :  nom.  sg. 
her  is  Deghwylc  eorl  oSrum  ge- 
tiywe,  1229. 

turf,  St.  f.,  sod,  soil,  seat:  in  comp. 
eSel-turf. 

tux,  St.  m.,  tooth,  tusk :  in  comp. 
hikle-tux. 

ge-twaefan,  w.  v.  w.  ace.  of  person 
and  gen.  thing,  to  separate,  divide, 
deprive  of,  hinder:  pres.  sg.  III. 
hat  l>ec  fidl  655e  ecg  eafoSes  ge- 
twsefeS  (^robs  of  strength'),  1764; 
inf.  god  ea'iJe  mag  t>one  dol-sca'5an 
diTida  ge-twa;fan  (  God  may  easily 
restrain  the  fierce  foe  from  his 
deedt),  479;  pret.  sg.  sumne  Gea- 
ta leod  .  .  .  feores  getwcefde  {cut 
him  off  from  life),  1434;  no  }>rer 
\v3eg-fl0tan  wind  ofer  ^5"um  sTSes 
ge-twaefde  {the  wind  hindered  not 
the  wave-floater  in  her  course  over 
the  water),  1909;  pret.  part,  at- 
rihte  was  g(l5  ge-twasfed  {almost 
had  the  struggle  been  ended),  1 659. 

ge-twfpman,  w.  v.  ace.  pers.  and 
gen.  thing,  to  hinder,  render  inca- 
pable of,  restrain  :  inf.  ic  hine  ne 
mihte  .  .  .  ganges  getwtcman,  969. 

t\vegeu,  \\\.  f.  n.  twa,  num.,  twain, 


two :  nom.  m.  twegen,  1164;  ace, 
m.  twegen,  1348;  dat.  twa;m,  1 192- 
gen.  twega,  2533;  ace.  f.  twS,  1096, 

1195- 
twelf,    num.,   twelve,    gen.  twelfa, 

3172. 
tweone    (Frisian    twine),    num.  = 

bini,  two :  dat.  pi.  be  ssem  tweo- 

num,  859,  1298;    1686. 
twndig,  adj.,  in  comp.  lang-twidig 

{long-assured),  1709. 
tyder,  st.  m.,  race,  descendant :  in 

comp.  un-tyder,  iii. 
tydre  (Frisian  teddre),  adj.,  weak, 

unwarlike,   coiuardly :    nom.    pi. 

tydre,  2848. 
tyn,  num.,   ten :   uninflect.  dat.  on 

tyn   dagum,    3161 ;    inflect,    nom. 

tyne,  284S. 
tyrwian,  vv.  v.,  to  tar  :  pret.  part. 

tyrwed  in  comp. :  niw-tyrw  ed. 
on-tyhtan,  w.  v.,  to  urge  on,  incite, 

entice  :  pret.  sg.  on-tyhte,  '3087. 


}>afiaii,  w.  V.  w.  ace,  to  submit  to, 
endure:  inf.  J^at  se  J>e6d-cyning  J>a- 
fian  sceolde  Eofores  Snne  dom, 
2964. 

}>anc,  St.  m.:  i)  thought:  in  comp. 
fore-,  hetc-,  or-,  searo-l^anc;  inwit- 
l>anc  (adj.).  —  2)  thanks  (w.  gen. 
of  thing):  nom.  sg.,  929,  1779; 
ace.  .sg.  J>anc,  1998,  2795. —  3)  con- 
tent, favor,  pleasure :  dat.  sg.  ^a 
\><t  gif-sceattas  Geata  fyredon  Jjyder 
to  1  ance  {those  that  tribute  for  the 
Gedtas  carried  thither  for  favor). 

379- 
ge-banc,  st.  m.,  thought :  instr.  pi. 

I^eostrum     ge  -  )'oncum,     2333.  — 

Comp.  mod-ge-fjanc. 
J>anc-hycgendo,  pres.  part.,  thought 

ful,  2236. 


GLOSSARY. 


321 


panclan,  w.  v.,  to  thank:  pret.  sg. 
gode  J^ancode  .  .  .  Jjas  be  hire  se 
willa  ge-lamp  {thanked  God  that 
her  wish  was  granted),  626;  so, 
1398;   pi.  hancedon,  627(?). 

^anon,  J>onon,  \>onan,7Ldv ., thence: 
I )  local :  t'anon  eft  gewat  {he  went 
thence  back),  123;  I'anon  up  .  .  . 
stigon  {went  up  thence),  224;  so, 
tanon,  463,  692,  764,  845,  854, 
1293;  banan,  iSSi;  J>onon,  520, 
1374,  2409;  I'onan,  820,  2360, 
2957. —  2)  personal:  J^anon  un- 
tydras  ealle  on-vvocon  {from  him, 
i.e.  Cain,  etc.),  iii;  so,  banan, 
1266;  bonon,  1961 ;  unsofte  bonon 
feorh  65-ferede  (i.e.  from  Gren- 
del's  mother),  2141. 

J>a,  adv. :  i )  there,  then,  3,  26,  28, 
34.  47.  53.  etc.  With  baer:  \>^  baer, 
331.  With  nu  :  nu  \A  {now  then), 
658.  —  2)  conjunction,  when,  as, 
since,  w.  indie,  461,  539,  633,  etc.; 

—  because,  whilst,  during,  since, 
402,465,  724,  2551,  etc. 

|>at,  I.  demons,  pron.  ace.  neut.  of 
se :  demons,  nom.  bat  {that),  735, 
766,  etc.;  instr.  sg.  J>y,  1798,  2029; 
bat  ic  b^  vvaepne  ge-brad  {that  I 
brandished  as{?)  a  weapon;  that 
I  brandished  the  weapon!),  1665; 
b^  weor'Sra  {the  more  honored), 
1903;  by  seft  {the  more  easily), 
2750;  b^  las  hym  ^'Se  bry™  wudu 
wynsuman  for-wrecan  meahte  {lest 
the  force  of  the  waves  the  winsome 
boat  might  carry  away),  1919;  no 
b^  £er  («(?/  sooner),  755,  1503, 
2082,  2374,  2467;  no  \'^  leng  {no 
longer,  none  the  longer),  975.    J>y 

—  z.A\ ., therefore,  hence,  1274,  2068; 
J»e  .  .  .  )>e  =  on  this  account ;  for 
this  reason  .  .  .  that,  because,  2639- 
2642 ;  wiste  be  geornor  {knew  but 
too  well),  822;   he  .  .  .  was  sundes 


be  sasnra  be  hine  swyit  foinam  {ht 
was  the  slower  in  swimming  as 
[luhom}']  death  carried  him  off), 
1437;  "^  bim  vvihte  be  sel  {it  was 
none  the  better  for  him),  26S8;  so, 
2278.  Gen.  sg.  ]>as  —  adv.,  fot 
this  reason,  therefore,  7,  16,  114, 
350.  589,  901,  1993.  2027,  2033, 
etc.  J>as  J)e,  especially  after  verbs 
of  thanking,  =  because,  108,  228, 
627,  17S0,  2798;  — also  =  secun- 
dum quod :  J>as  be  hie  gewislicost 
ge-\vitan  meahton,  1351 ;  —  there- 
fore, accordingly,  1342,  3001;  tO 
J>as  {to  that  point ;  to  that  degree), 
715,  1586,  1617,  1968,  241 1 ;  bas 
georne  {so  firmly),  969;  ac  he  bas 
faste  was  .  .  .  besmiSod  {it  was  too 
firmly  set),  774;  no  bas  frod  leo- 
fa"5  gumena  bearna  bat  bone  grund 
wite  {no7ie  liveih  among  men  so 
wise  that  he  should  know  its  bot- 
tom), 1368;  he  bas  (bam,  MS.) 
modig  was  {had  the  courage  for 
it),  1509. 

II.  conj.  (relative),  that,  so  that, 
15,62^84,  221,  347,358,392.571. 
etc.;  65  bat  {up  to  that,  until); 
see  63'. 

batte  (from  bat  be,  see  J>e),  that, 
151,  859,  1257,  2925,  etc.;  bat  be 
{that),  1847. 

J>aer :  i)  demons,  adv.,  there  {where), 
32,  36,  89,  400,  757,  etc.;  mor-Sor- 
bealo  maga,  b^er  heo  ser  m^este 
heold  worolde  wynne  {the  d^nth- 
bale  of  kinsmen  where  before  she 
had  most 'worldly  joy),  1080.  With 
bS:  ba  baer,  331;  basr  on  innan 
{therein),  71.  Almost  like  Eng. 
expletive  there,  271,  550,  978,  etc.; 
—  then,  at  that  time,  440 ;  — 
thither:  bser  swfS-ferh'5e  sittan 
eodon  {thither  went  the  bold  ones 
to  sit,  i.e.  to  the  bench),  493,  etc. 


328 


GLOSSARY. 


—  2)  relative,  where,  356,  420,  508, 
513,  522,  694,  867,  etc. ;  eode  .  .  . 
J>£Er  se  snotera  bdcl  {went  where 
the  wise  one  tarried^,  1314;  so, 
1816;— //  763,  798,  1836,  2731, 
etc.;  — whither  :  gS  \yxi  he  wille, 

1395- 
JKi,  I.  relative  particle,  indecl.,  partly 

standing  alone,  partly  associated 
with  se,  seo,  hat:  HunferS  niaSe- 
lode,  I'C  at  fotum  siit  {H.,  who  sat 
at  his  feet,  spake),  500;  so,  138, 
etc.;  was  |'at  gewin  to  sw^S  he  on 
hS  leode  be-com  {the  misery  that 
had  covie  on  the  people  was  too 
great),  192,  etc.;  ic  wille  ...  be 
h&  and-sware  iidre  ge-c^5an  |>e  me 
se  goda  S-gifaa  henceS  (/  will 
straightway  tell  thee  the  answer  that 
the  good  one  shall  give),  355;  6'S 
hone  anne  dag  he  he  .  .  .  {till  that 
very  day  that  he  .  .  ■),  240 1 ;  heo 
hS  freh(5e  wrac  he  hu  .  .  .  Grendel 
cwealdest  {the  fight  in  which  thou 
sleivest  C),  1335;  mid  ha:re  sorge 
he  him  sio  sSr  belamp  {with  the 
sorrow  wherei-vith  the  pain  had  vis- 
ited him),  2469 ;  pi.  honne  hS  dydon 
he  .  .  .  {than  they  did  that  .  .  .), 
45;  so,  378,  1 1 36;  h^  magmas  he 
he  me  sealde  {the  treasures  that 
he  gave  me),  2491 ;  so,  ginifastan 
gife  he  him  god  sealde  {the  great 
gifts  that  God  had  given  him), 
2183.  After  I'Sra  V&  {of  those  that) , 
the  depend,  verb  often  takes  sg. 
instead  of  pi.  (Dietrich,  Haupt  XL, 
444  seqq.) :  vvundor-siona  fela  sec- 
ga  ge-hwylcum  h^ra  he  on  swylc 
staraJS  {to  each  of  those  that  look  on 
such),  997;  so,  844,  1462,  2384, 
2736.  Strengthened  by  se,  seo, 
hat :  sagde  se  he  cfl'Se  {said  he 
that  knew),  90 ;  was  se  grimma 
gast  Grendel   hiten,  se  he  moras 


hedld  {the  grim  stranger  hight 
Grendel,  he  that  held  the  moors), 
103;  here-byrne  .  .  .  se6  he  b5n- 
cofan  beorgan  cflSe  {the  corselet 
that  could  protect  the  body),  1446, 
etc.;  hser  ge-l^fan  sceal  dryhtnes 
dome  se  he  hine  dea'5  nimetJ  {he 
shall  believe  in  God's  Judgment 
whom  death  carrieth  off),  441 ; 
so,  1437,  ^292  (cf.  Ileliand  I., 
1308). 

J>as  J>e.     See  J>at. 

JjcAh  )>e.    See  }>edh. 

for J>am  J>e.     See  for-}>ain. 

J»y,  }>e,  the,  by  that,  instr.  of  se  :  Shte 
ic  holdra  h^  las  .  . .  he  dea^  for- 
nam  (/  had  the  less  friends  whom 
death    snatched  away),    48S;    so, 

1437- 

J>eccan,  w.  v.,  to  cover  (thatch), 
cover  over:  inf.  ha  sceal  brond 
fretan,  aled  heccean  {fire  shall  eat, 
flame  shall  cover,  the  treasures), 
3016;  pret.  pi.  hasr  git  eagor- 
stream  earmiim  hehton  {in  S7uim- 
niing),  513- 

J>egn,  St.  m.,  thane,  liegeman,  king's 
higher  vassal;  knight:  nom.  sg., 
235,494,868,  2060,  2710;  (Beo- 
wulf), 194;  (Wiglaf),  2722;  ace. 
Sg.  hegen  (Beowulf,  MS.  hegn), 
1872;  dat.  Sg.  hegne,  1342,  1420; 
(IIengest),io86;  (WTglaf),  2811; 
gen.  sg.  hegnes,  1798;  nom.  pi. 
hegnas,  1231;  ace.  pi.  hegnas, 
1082,  3122;  dat.  pi.  hegnum,  2870; 
gen.  pi.  hegna,  123,  400,  1628, 
1674,  1830,  2034,  etc.  —  Conip. : 
ambiht-,ealdor-,heal-,  magu-,  sele- 
hegn. 

J»egnian,  ]>enian,  w.  v.,  to  serve, 
do  liege  service:  pret.  sg.  ic  him 
hSnode  de6ran  sweorde  (/  served 
them  with  my  good  sword,  i.e.  slew 
them  with  it),  560. 


GLOSSARY. 


329 


)»egli-8orh,  St.  f.,  thane-sorrow,  grief 
for  a  liegeman :  ace.  sg.  begn- 
sorge,  131. 

|»egu,  St.  f.,  taking  :  in  comp. :  beah-, 
beor-,  sinc-tiegu. 

J>el,  St.  n.,  deal-board,  board  for 
benches  :  in  comp.  benc-Jjel,  486, 
1240. 

}>eDcan,  w.  v.:  i)  to  think:  abso- 
lutely :  pres.  sg.  III.  se  ^e  vvel  hen- 
ce^, 289;  so,  2602.  With  depend, 
clause :  pres.  sg.  nsenig  heora  l^ohte 
bat  he  .  .  .  {none  of  them  thought 
that  he),  692.  —  2)  vv.  inf.,  to  in- 
tend:  pres.  sg.  III.  b^  and-sware 
...  be  me  se  goda  S-gifan  benceS 
{the  answer  that  the  good  one  in- 
tendeth  to  give  me),  355;  (blodig 
wal)  byrgean  benceS,  448;  bonne 
he  .  .  .  gegan  bence^  longsumne 
lof  {if  he  will  win  eternal  fame), 
1536;  pret.  sg.  ne  bat  aglseca  yldan 
bohte  {the  monster  did  not  mean 
to  delay  that),  740;  pret.  pi.  wit 
unc  wi5  hronfixas  wevian  bohton, 
541;  (hine)  on  healfa  ge-hwone 
heawan  bohton,  801. 

&-bencan,  to  intend,  think  out  : 
pret.  sg.  (he)  bis  ellen  weorc  Sna 
S-bohte  to  ge-fremmanne,  2644. 
ge-bencan,  w.  ace:  i)  to  think 
of :  bat  he  his  selfa  ne  mag  .  .  . 
ende  ge-bencean  {so  that  he  him- 
self may  not  think  of,  know,  its 
limit),  1735.  —  2)  to  be  mindful: 
imper.  sg.  ge-benc  nu  .  .  .  hvvat 
wit  geo  spraecon,  1475. 
J>enden  :  i)  adv.,  at  this  time,  then, 
whilst :  nalles  fScen-stafas  beod- 
Scyldingas  benden  fremedon  {not 
at  all  at  this  time  had  the  Scyl- 
dings  done  foul  deeds),  1020  (re- 
ferring to  1 165;  cf.  WTdsiS,  45 
«eqq.);  benden  reafode  rinc  6'5er- 
ne    {whilst    one   warrior    robbed 


another,  i.e.  Eofor  robbed  Ongen- 
beow),  2986. —  2)  conj.,  so  long 
as,  whilst,  30,  57,  284,  i860,  2039, 
2500,  3028;  — whilst,  2419.  With 
subj.,  whilst,  as  long  as :  bendeu 
bu  mote,  11 78;  benden  bu  lifige, 
1255;  benden  hyt  s^  {whilst  the 
heat  lasts),  2650. 
]?engel,  st.  m.,  prince,  lord,  ruler . 
ace.  sg.  hringa  bengal  (Beowulf), 
1508. 
J»es  (m.),  >e6s  (f.),  J'is  (n.),  de- 
mons, pron.,  this:  r\uva.  sg.  41 1, 
432,  1703;  f.,  484;  nom.  ace. 
neut.,  2156,  2252,  2644;  bys,  1396; 
ace.  sg.  m.  bisne,  75;  f.  bSs,  1682; 
dat.  sg.  neut.  bissum,  11 70;  bys- 
sum,  2640;  f.  bisse,  639;  gen.  m. 
bisses,  1 21 7;  f.  bisse,  929;  neut. 
bysses,  791,  807;  nom.  pi.  and  ace. 
bas,  1623,  1653,  2636,  2641;  dat. 
byssum,  1063,  1220. 
J>e.  See  J>at- 
l>eh.     See  J>edh. 

J>earf,  st.  f.,  need :  nom.  sg.  bearf, 

1 25 1,    2494,    2638;     b^    him    was 

manna  bearf  {as  he  was  in  need  oj 

7nen),  201;   ace.  sg.  bearfe,  1457, 

2580,  2850;  fremma'5  ge  nu  leoda 

bearfe  {do  ye  now  what  is  needful 

for    the  folk),   2802;    dat.   sg .  at 

bearfe,    1478,    1526,    2695,   2710; 

ace.  pi.  se  for  andrysnum  ealle  be- 

weotede  begnes  bearfe  {who  would 

supply  in  courtesy  all  the  thane's 

needs),  1798  (cf.  sele-begn,  1795)- 

— Comp. :  firen-,  nearo-,  ofer-bearf. 

)>earf.     See  J>urfan. 

ge- {»earfian,  w.  v.,  =  necessitatem 

imp07tere  :  pret.  part,  b^  him  swS 

ge-bearfod  was  {since  so  they  found 

it  necessary),  1104. 

J»earle,  adv.,  very,  exceedingly,  560. 

)>e&h,  }>eh,  conj.,  though,  even  though 

or  if:  i)   vtdth   subj.   |>eah,    203, 


830 


GLOSSARY. 


526,  58&,  590,  1 168,  1661,  2032, 
2162.  Strengthened  byl>e:  ]>eah 
K  683,  1369,  1832,  1928,  1942, 
2345, 2620;  I'eah . . .  eal  {although), 
681. —  2)  with  indie. :  Kah,  1 103; 
b8h,  1614.  —  3)  doubtful:  )>&ih  he 
ft'Se  wel,  2856;  swi  )>eah  {never- 
theless), 2879;  no  .  .  .  swa  l^eah 
{not  then  however),  ^"jy,  nas  j^e 
forht  swi  J>eh  (/i^*  was  not,  though, 
afraid),  2968;  hwaSre  swS  J^eah 
{yet  however),  2443. 

|>cd\v,  St.  m.,  custom,  usage :  nom. 
sg.,  178,  1247;  acc.sg.  heavv,  359; 
instr.  pi.  heawum  {in  accordance 
with  custom),  2145. 

)?e6cl,  St.  f. :  I )  war-troop,  retainers  : 
nom.  sg.,  644,  1 23 1 , 1 25 1 .  —  2)  tia- 
lion,  folk:  nom.  sg.,  1692;  gen. 
pi.  beoda,  1706.  —  Comp. :  sige-, 
wer-)'e6d. 

J»e6(l-cyning,  st.  m.,  (=  folc-cy- 
ning),  warrior-king,  king  of  the 
people  :  nom.  sg.  (Ilro'SgSr),  2145 ; 
(Ongen^eow),  2964,  2971;  Hod- 
cyning  (Beowulf),  2580;  ace.  sg. 
J)e6d-cyning(Be6wulf), 3009;  gen. 
sg.  J>e6d-cyninges(Be6wulf),  2695 ! 
gen.  pi.  )'e6d-cyninga,  2. 

)>e6<len,  st.  m.,  lord  of  a  troop,  war- 
chief,  king;  ruler :  nom.  sg.,  129, 
365,  417,  1047,  1210,  1676,  etc.; 
Hoden,  2337, 281 1 ;  ace.  sg.  l^eoden, 
34, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 28S4, 
3080;  Hoden,  2789;  dat.  sg.  I^eod- 
ne,  345.  1526,  1993.  2573,  2710, 
etc.;  J'e6den,  2033;  gen.  sg.  heod- 
nes,  798,  911,  1086,  1628,  183S, 
2175;  Hodnes,  2657;  nom.  pi. 
t>e6dnas,  3071. 

I>e6tlen-le^s,  adj.,  7vithout  chief  or 
king  :  nom.  pi.  Jjcoden  -  lease, 
1 104. 

)»o6<l-{'X!stre6n,  st.  n.,  people' s- 
jcwel,  precious  treasure :  instr.  pi. 


|>e6d  - ge  - stre6num,   44;    gen.  pi 
be6d-ge-stre6na,  1219. 

J>e6dlg,  adj.,  appertaining  to  a  J>e6d : 
in  comp.  el-Jieddig. 

Jjeod-scaija,  w.  ra.,foe  of  the  people, 
general  foe  :  nom.  sg.  t>e6d-scea5a 
{the  dragon),  2279,  2689. 

]>e6d-J>red,  st.  f.  ni.,  popular  misery, 
general  distress  :  dat.  pi.  wi^  l^eod- 
J>reaum,  178. 

|>e6f,  St.  m.,  thief:  gen.  sg.  t>e6fes 
crafte,  2221. 

}>e6n,  St.  v.:  \)  to  grotu,  ripen, 
thrive:  pret.  sg.  weor^mynduni 
Hh  {grew  in  glory),  8.  —  2)  to 
thrive  in,  succeed :  pret.  sg.  huru 
hat  on  lande  lyt  manna  hah  {that 
throve  to  few),  2837.  See  Note, 
1.  901. 

ge-ljeon,  to  grow,  thrive;  increase 
in  power  and  influence:  imper. 
ge-beoh  tela,  12 19;  inf.  lof-da'dum 
sceal  .  .  .  man  ge^eon,  25 ;  [jat  hat 
Jjeodnes  beam  ge-heon  scolde,  911. 

on-J>e6n?  to  begin,  undertake,  w. 
gen.:  pret.  he  ^as  rer  onKih,  901. 
See  Note,  1.  901. 

]>e6n  (for  J>e6n'an),  w.  v.,  to  op- 
press, restrain  :  inf.  nas  se  folc- 
cyning  ymb-sittendra  cenig  |)3ra  |'e 
mec  .  .  .  dorste  egesan  heon  {thai 
durst  oppress  me  with  terror),  27^7 

J»e6stor,  adj.,  dark,  gloomy :  instr. 
pi.  I'eostrum  ge-^oncum,  2333. 

}>icgan,  St.  v.  w.  ace,  to  seize,  attain, 
eat,  appropriate  :  inf.  t^at  he  (Gren- 
del)  mS  m8ste  manna  cynnes  bic- 
gean  ofer  1>S  niht,  737  ;  symbel 
{licgan  {take  the  meal,  enjoy  the 
feast),  lOil ;  pret.  pi.  ^at  hie  me 
hegon,  563;  jjaer  we  medu  hSgun, 
2634. 

ge-l'icgan,  w.  ace,  to  grasp,  take: 
pret.  sg.  (symbel  and  sele-ful,  ful) 
ge-jjeah,  619,  629  ;    Bedwulf  ge 


GLOSSARY. 


331 


)>ah  ful  on  flette,  1025  ;  pret.  pi. 
(medo-ful  manig)  ge-ljoegon,  1015. 

|>ider,  J»yder,  adv.,  thither :  I'yder, 
3087,  379,  2971. 

)>ihtig,  )»yhtig,  adj.,  doughty,  vigor- 
ous, firm  :  ace.  sg.  neut.  sweord 
.  .  .  ecgum  I'yhtig,  1559.  —  Comp. 
hyge-lnhtig. 

pincan.     See  |>yncan. 

J>ing,  St.  n. :  i)  thing :  gen.  pi.  asnige 
Hnga  {ullo  modo),  792,  2375,  2906. 
—  2)  affair,  contest,  controversy  : 
nom.  sg.  me  wear^  Grendles  I'ing 
. . .  undyrne  cft'S  (  GrendePs  doings 
became  known  to  me),  409. —  3) 
judgment,  issue,  judicial  assem- 
bly {!)  :  ace.  sg.  seeal  .  .  .  Sna  ge- 
hegan  fjing  wiS  J'yrse  {shall  bring 
the  matter  alone  to  an  issue  against 
the  giant :  see  began),  426. 

ge-)?ing,st.n.:  i)  terms,  covenant: 
ace.  pi.  ge-hingo,  1086.  —  2)  fate, 
providence,  issue :  gen.  sg.  ge- 
Hnges,  398,  710;  (ge-Hngea,  MS.), 

525- 
ge-J>ingan,  st.  v.,  to  grow,  mature, 

thrive  (Dietrich,  Haupt  IX.,  430)  : 

pret.  part,  cwen  mode  ge-bungen 

(^mature  -  minded,     high  -  spirited, 

queen),  625.     See  ^vel-]>ungen. 

ge-}>ingan  (see  ge-J»ing),  w.  v.: 

1)  to  conclude  a  treaty:  \v.  refl. 
dat.,  etiter  into  a  treaty :  pres.  sg. 
III.  gif  him  honne  HreSrie  to 
bofum  Geata  ge-Hnge5  {if  H.  en- 
ters into  a  treaty  (seeks  aid  at?) 
with  the  court  of  the  Gedtas,  refer- 
ring to  the  old  German  custom  of 
princes  entering  the  service  or  suite 
of  a  foreign  king),  1838.     Leo. — 

2)  to  prepare,  appoint :  pret.  part, 
wiste  [at]  ham  ahlaecan  .  .  .  hilde 
ge-Hnged,  648;  hraSe  was  .  .  . 
m^ce  ge-Hnged,  1939. 

)>lnglan,  w.  r. :    i)  to  speak  in  an 


assembly,  make  an  address :  inf. 
ne  h^rde  ic  snotor-licor  on  swi 
geongum  feore  guman  J'ingian  (7 
never  heard  a  man  so  young  speak 
so  wisely),  1844.  —  2)  to  compound, 
settle,  lay  aside:  inf.  ne  wolde  feorh- 
bealo  .  .  .  feo  hingian  {would  not 
compou7td  the  life-bale  for  money), 
156;  so,  pret.  sg.  hi  faehSe  fed 
Hngode,  470. 

Jjihan.     See  J^eon. 

J>in,  possess,  pron.,  thy,  thine,  267, 

346,  353,  367.  459.  etc. 

ge-J>olit,  St.  m.,  thought,  plan  :  ace. 
sg.  Sn-fealdne  ge-l>oht,  256;  fast- 
rcedne  ge-)'oht,  611. 

}>oIian,  \v.  V.  vv.  ace. :  1)  to  endure, 
bear :  inf.  (inwid-sorge)  J^olian, 
833;  pres.  sg.  III.  I'rea-nyd  bola^, 
284 ;  pret.  sg.  I^olode  ^ry'Sswy'S, 
131. —  2)  to  hold  out,  stand,  sur- 
vive: pres.  sg.  (intrans.)  Ijenden 
Hs  sweord  J'oIaS  {as  long  as  this 
sraiord  holds  out),  2500;  pret.  sg. 
(se6  eeg)  l?olode  asr  fela  hand-ge- 
mota,  1526. 

ge-)'olian:  \)  to  suffer,  bear,  en- 
dure :  gerund,  to  ge-)'olianne,l420; 
pret.  sg.earfo'S-lice  brage  ge-}>olode 
.  .  .,  J^it  he  .  .  .  dream  geh^rde 
{bore  ill  that  he  heard  the  souna 
of  joy),  87  ;  torn  ge-Jjolode  {bore 
the  misery),  14"/.  —  2)  to  have  pa- 
tience, wait:  inf.  l«r  he  longe 
seeal  on  l^as  waldendes  waere  ge- 
bolian,  31 10. 

J»on  (Goth,  han)  =  tu7?i,  then,  now, 
504;  after  J^on  {after  that),  725; 
■XX  \>oxi  dag  ewome  {ere  day  came), 
732  ;  no  bon  lange  {it  was  not 
long  till  then),  24,24;  nas  t>S  long 
to  ]pon  {it  was  not  long  till  then), 
2592,  2846 ;  was  him  se  man  t8 
bon  leof  \>aX . . .  {the  man  was  to  thai 
degree  dear  to  him  that .  .  .),  1877. 


332 


GLOSSARY. 


I^onne:    i)   adv.,  there,  then,   nrw, 

377.  435.  525.  "OS.  HS^,  1485. 
1672,  1823,  3052,  3098(?).  — 2) 
conj.,  if,  when,  while  :  a)  vv.  indie, 
573.  881,  935,  1034,  1041,  1043, 
1 144,  1286,  1327,  1328,  1375,  etc.; 
ViX  ic  gum-cystuin  godne  funde 
beaga  bryttan,  breac  bonne  moste 
{that  I  found  a  good  ring-giver  \ 
and  enjoyed  him  whilst  I  cotdd'), 
1488.  b)  w.  subj.,  23,  1 180,  3065; 
bonne  .  .  .  bonne  {then  . .  .  when), 
484-85,  2447-48  ;  gif  bonne  ... 
bonne  (;/  then  .  .  .  then),  1 105- 
1 107.  c)  than  after  comparatives, 
44,  248,  469,  505,  534,  679,  1 140, 
1 183,  etc.;  a  comparative  must  be 
supplied,  1.  70,  before  bone  :  bat  be 
.  .  .  hStan  wolde  medo-arn  micel 
men  ge-wyrcean  bone  yldo  beam 
sefre  ge-frunon  {a  great  mead- 
house  (greater)  than  men  had  ever 
known). 

l>racu,  St.  f.,  strength,  boldness:  in 
comp.  mod-bracu  ;  =  impetus  in 
ecg-bvncu. 

J>rag,  bl.  f.,  period  of  time,  time : 
nom.  sg.  ba  bine  sio  brag  be-cwom 
{when  the  [battle] -//o?<r  befell  him ), 
2884;  3iCC.sg.\>xage  {for  a  time), 
87;  longe  (lange)  brage,  54,  114. 
—  Comp.  earfo'5-brag. 

ge-Jiriie,  st.  n.,  viiiltitude,  crowd : 
in  comp.  searo-ge-brac. 

Jjrec-'wiidu,  si.  m.,  {might-rvood), 
spear  (cf.  magen-wudu)  :  ace.  sg., 
1247. 

)»r('ji,  St.  III.  r,  misery,  distress:  in 
comp.  beod-biea,  |>rea-nedla,  -n^d. 

J>re<l-nertla,  w.  m.,  crushing  dis- 
tress, misery :  dat.  sg.  for  brea- 
n^dlan,  2225. 

I>re4-iiyd,  si.  f.,  oppression,  distress  : 
ace.  sg.  brea-n5>d,  284 ;  dat.  pi. 
brea-n^dum,  833. 


J»reAt,  St.  m.,  troop,  band :  dat.  sg 
on  bam  breate,  2407  ;  dat.  pi 
scea^ena  breatum,4. — Comp.  iren- 
Ireat. 

)>re6tian,  w.  v.  w.  ace,  to  press,  rp- 
press  :  pret.  \A.  mec  .  .  .  breatedon, 
560. 

Jjreot-teoffa,  num.  adj.  w.  m.,  thir- 
teenth :  nom.  sg.  breot-teo'Sa  secg, 
2407. 

]>re6,  num.  (neut.),  three :  ace.  brio 
wicg,  2175  ;  breo  bund  wintra, 
2279. 

}>rid<la,  num.  adj.  w.  m.,  third:  instv. 
briddan  si'Se,  2689. 

ge-}>ring,  st.  n.,  eddy,  whirlpool, 
fr?«//.- ace.  onholmage-bring,2i  33. 

J>ringan,  st.  v.,  to  press :  pret.  sg. 
vvergendra  to  lyt  brong  ymbe  \>e6- 
den  {too  few  defenders  pressed 
round  the  prince),  2884;  pret.  pi. 
sy'SiSan  Hre'Slingas  to  hagan  brun- 
gon  {after  the  Hrelhlingis  had 
pressed  into  the  hedge),  296 1. 

for-bringan,  to  press  out;  rescue, 
protect :  inf.  bat  he  ne  mehte  . . .  ba 
wea-lSfe  vvige  for-bringan  beodnes 
begne  {that  he  could  not  rescue  the 
wretched  remiintit  from  the  king's 
thane  by  war),  1085. 

ge-bringan,/tf press :  pret. sg.  ceol 
up  gebrang  {the  ship  shot  up,  i.e. 
on  the  shore  in  landing),  1913. 

J>ritig,  num.,  thirty  (neut.  subst  )  : 
ace.  sg.  w.  partitive  gen. :  britig  beg- 
na,  123;  gen.  biittiges  (XXXliges, 
MS.)  manna,  379. 

J>rist-hydig,  adj.,  bold-minded,  val- 
orous :  nom.  sg.  bioden  brist-hydig 
(Beowulf),  281 1. 

)>ro\%'ian,  w.   v.  w.   ace,   to  suffer, 

endure  :  inf.  (hat,  gnorn)  l-rowian, 

2606,    2659 ;  pret.    sg.    browade, 

1590,  1722;   browode,  2595. 

Jjrycy,  St.  f.,  abundance,  multitude, 


GLOSSARY. 


333 


excellence,  power  :  instr.  pi.  >>ry'5um 
{excellently,  extremely ;  excellent 
in  strength}),  494. 

l^rylSf-iiru,  st.  n.,  excellent  house, 
royal /itjllacc.sg.  (of  Heorot\  658. 

Jjryfflic,  adj.,  excellent,  chosen  : 
nom.  sg.  bry"5-lic  begna  heap,  400, 
1628;  superl.  ace.  pi.  ^ryS-licost, 
2870. 

J>ryi5'-swyS,  St.  n.7,  great  pain{l)  : 
aee.,  131,  737  [?  adj.,  very  power- 
ful, exceeding  strong\ . 

)>ry3'-'word,  st.  n.,  bold  speech,  choice 
discourse  :  nova,  sg.,  644.  (Great 
store  was  set  by  good  table-talk  : 
of.  Lachmann's  Nibelunge,  161 2; 
Rigsmal,  29,  7,  in  Mobius,  p.  79  b, 
22.) 

Jjrj'^iii,  St.  m. :  I )  poiver,  might, force : 
nom.  sg.  y"5a  brym,  1919;  instr.  pi. 
=  adv.  Jjrymmum  {powerfully'), 
235.  —  2)  glory,  renown  :  ace.  sg. 
biym,  2.  —  Comp.  hyge-brym. 

]>rym-lic,  adj.,  pozverful,  mighty  : 
num.  sg.  brec-wudu  brym-lic  {the 
mighty  spear),  1247. 

J>u,  pron.,  thou,  366,  407,  445,  etc.; 
ace.  sg.  Jjec  (poetic),  94S,  2152, 
etc.;  be,  417,  426,  517,  etc.-;  after 
compar.  saelran  l^e  {a  better  one 
than  thee),  1851.     See  ge. 

luiMca,  w.  m.     See  af- Jmiica. 

ge-)»iiiigen.    See  ge-J>iiiguu,  st.  v. 

J>urfan,  pret.-pres.  v.,  to  need :  pres. 
sg.  II.  no  bu  ne  bearft  .  .  .  sorgian 
{medest  not  care),  450;  so,  445, 
1675;  III.  ne  Ijearf  .  .  .  onsittan 
{need  not  fear),  596;  so,  2007, 
2742;  pres.  subj.  hat  he  .  .  .  secean 
burfe,  2496;  pret.  sg.  l^orfte,  157, 
1027,  1072,  2875,  2996;  pi.  nealles 
Hetware  hremge  l^orfton  (i.e.  vve- 
san)  fe'Se-vviges  {needed  not  boast 
of  their  foot-fight) ,  2365 . 

ge-J>ureD.     See  )>weran. 


J>urh,  prep.  w.  ace.  signifying  mo- 
tion through,  hence:  I.  local, 
through,  throughout :  \v6d  J^S  (mrh 
|jone  wiil-rec  {went  then  through 
the  battle-reek),  2662. — II.  causal : 
I )  on  account  of,  for  the  sake  of 
owing  to  :  \>\\x\\  sliSiie  ntS  {through 
fierce  hostility,  heathenism),  1S4; 
hurh  holdne  hige  {from  friendli- 
ness), 267;  so,  Jjurh  rflmne  sefan, 
278;  burh  sTdne  sefan,  1727;  eo- 
we'5  Jjurh  egsan  uncdSne  ntS 
{shows  unheard-of  hostility  by  the 
terror  he  causes),  276;  so,  1102, 
1336,  2046.  2)  by  means  of 
through  :  hea'So-r^es  for-nam  mihtig 
mere-deor  burh  mine  hand,  558; 
burh  anes  criift,  700;  so,  941, 
1694,  1696,  1980,  2406,  3069. 

>us,  adv.,  so,  thus,  238,  337,  430. 

)>uiiian,  w.  v.,  to  din,  sound  forth  : 
pret.  sg.  sund-wudu  J'unede,  1907. 

}>usend,  num.,  thousand:  i)  fem. 
ace.  ic  \>e  Jjflsenda  begna  bringe  to 
helpe,  1830. —  2)  neut.  with  meas- 
ure of  value  (sceat)  omitted:  ace. 
seofon  bflsendo,  2196;  gen.  hund- 
bflsenda  landes  and  locenra  beaga 
( 100,000  sceattas'  worth  of  land  a  mi 
rings),  2995.  —  3)  uninflected  :  ace. 
bdsend  wintra,  305 1. 

]>W8ere,  adj.,  affable,  mild :  in  comp 
man-^wsere. 

ge-Jjwsere,  adj., gentle, m ild :  nom 
pi.  ge-bwxre,  1231. 

ge  -  Jjweran,  st.  v.,  to  forge,  strike: 
pret.  part,  heoru  .  .  .  hamere  ge- 
buren  (for  ge-|>woren)  {hammer- 
forged  S'luord),  1 286. 

J^yhtig.     See  J>ihtig. 

ge-J>yld  (see  Jjolian),  st.  f . :  i) 
patience,  endurance :  ace.  sg 
ge-byld,  1396.  —  2)  steadfastness  . 
instr.  pi.  =  adv. :  ge-byldum  {stead 
fastly,  patiently),  1706. 


334 


GLOSSARY. 


|>yle,  St.  ill.,  spokesman,  leader  of  the 
conversation  at  court :  nom.  Sg., 
"66,  1457. 

l»yncaii,  J>inoean,  w.  v.  \v.  dat.  of 
pers.,  to  seem,  appear  :  pies.  sg. 
III.  Hnce'S  him  to  lytel  {it  seems 
to  him  too  lit  tie),  1749;  ne  l)ynce^' 
me  gerysiie,  I'.at  we  {it  seemet/i  to 
me  not  Jit  that  we  . . .),  2654;  pres. 
pi.  hy  .  .  .  wyrSe  lnncea'5  eorla  ge- 
aehtlan  {they  seem  worthy  contend- 
ers 701  th{?)  earls;  or,  worthy 
warriors),  368;  pres.  subj.  swa 
him  ge-met  l>iiice,  688;  inf.  Hn- 
cean,  1342;  pret.  sg.  h><lhte,  2462, 
3058 ;  no  his  lif-gedal  sar-lic  K'lite 
secga  ainigum  {^lis  death  seemed 
painful  to  none  of  men),  S43; 
pret.  pi.  \>-xx  him  fold-wegas  fagere 
I'Qhton,  867. 

o  f  -  b  i  n  c  a  n ,  to  displease,  offend  : 
inf.  mag  )ias  I'onne  of-ljyncan  J>e6- 
den  (dat.)  lleaSo-beardna  and 
hegna  gehwam  bara  leoda,  2033. 

|>yrs,  St.  m.,  giant:  dat.  .sg.  wiN 
byrse  (Grendel),  426. 

|>ys-lic,  adj  ,  such,  of  such  a  nature  : 
nom.  sg.  fern,  hys-licu  I'carf,  2638. 

|>5'-     See  J>at. 

J»5'wan  (M.H.G.  diuhen,  O.II.fi. 
dflhan),  w.  v.,  to  crush,  oppress: 
inf.  gif  bee  ymb-sittend  egesan  V^- 
wat!  {if  thy  neighbors  oppress  thee 
-with  dread),  182S. 

Y^&tr\\,si.i., darkness:  dat.  pi.  in 
b^strum,  87. 

ge-J>5'^ve,  adj.,  customary,  usual: 
nom.  sg.  swi  him  ge-b^we  ne  was 
{as  was  not  his  custom),  2333. 


U 


ufan,  s.d.v.,from  above,  1501;  above, 
330. 


ufera  (prop,  higher),  adj.,  later:  dat. 
pi.  ufaran  dogruni,  2201,  2393. 

ufor,  adv.,  higher,  2952. 

iihte,  w.  f.,  twilight  or  dawn :  dat. 
or  ace.  on  uhtan,  126. 

uht-floga,  w.  m.,  twilight  -flier, 
dawn-flier  (epithet  of  the  dragon)  : 
gen.  sg.  uht-flogan,  2761. 

uht-hlem,  st.  m.,  twilight-cry,  dawn- 
cry  :  ace.  sg.,  2008. 

uht-sceaffa,  \v.  m.,  twilight-  ot 
dawn-foe  :  nom.  sg.,  2272. 

iiiiibor,  St.  II.,  elnld,  uijaitt:  ace. 
sg.,  46;    dat.  sg.,  1188. 

un-bliUe,  adv.(?),  unblithely,  sor- 
rowfully, 130,  2269;  (adj.,  nom. 
pi.?),  3032. 

uii-byrnende,  pres.  part.,  unburn- 
ing,  withotit  burning,  2549. 

unc,  dat.  and  ace.  of  the  dual  wit, 
us  t7V0,  to  us  two,  1 784,  2 1 38,  2527  ; 
gen.  hwaSer . . .  uncer  twega  {which 
of  us  two),  2^23'  uncer  Grendles 
{of  us  two,  G.  and  me),  2003. 

uncer,  poss.  pron.,  of  us  two  :  nom. 
sg.  [uncer],  2002(?);  dat.  pi.  un- 
cran  eaferan,  1 186. 

aii-cfiij,  adj.:  1)  unknown:  num. 
sg.  stig  .  .  .  eldum  uncQS,  2215; 
ace.  sg.  neut.  uncfl"5  ge-lad  {un- 
kndwn  ways)  ,1411.  —  2)  unhea  rd- 
of,  barbarous,  evil:  ace.  sg.  un- 
cflSne  niS,  276;  gen.  sg.  un-cdSes 
{of  the  foe,  Grendel),  961. 

under,  I.  prep.  w.  dat.  and  ace. :  i) 
w.  dat.,  answering  (]aestion  where? 
=  under  (of  rest),  contrasted  with 
over  :  bSt  (was)  under  beorge, 
21 1 ;  h3  cwom  \Vealh|>e6  forS  gan 
under  gyldnum  beage  (  IV.  walked 
forth  under  a  golden  circlet,  i.e. 
decked  with),  1 164;  siSSan  he 
under  segne  sine  ealgode  {under 
his  banner),  1 205;  he  under  rande 
ge-cranc  {sank  under  his  shield), 


GLOSSARY. 


335 


12 lO;  under  wolcnum,  8,  1632; 
under  heofenum,  52,  505;  under 
roderum,  310;  under  helme,  342, 
404  ;  under  here  -  griman,  396, 
2050,  2606;  so,  711,  1 198,  1303, 
1929,  2204,  2416,  3061,  3104. — 
2)  vv.  ace. :  a)  answering  question 
whither?  =  tinder  (of  motion)  :  ^^ 
secg  wisode  under  Heorotes  hrof, 
403;  si'S'San  gefen-leoht  under  heo- 
fenes  hSdor  be-holen  weorSe'S, 
414;  under  sceadu  bregdan,  708; 
:le6n  under  fen-hleo'Su,  821 ;  hond 
Slegde  .  .  .  under  geapne  hrof, 
837 ;  teon  in  under  eoderas,  1038; 
so,  1361,  1746,  2129,  2541,  2554, 
2676,  2745 ;  so,  hafde  \>^  for-sfSod 
sunu  Ecg  -  heowes  under  gynne 
grund,  1552  (for-si5ian  requires 
ace.),  b)  after  verbs  of  venturing 
and  fighting,  with  ace.  of  object 
had  in  view :  he  under  hSrne  stSn 
. . .  Snage-ne'Sde  fr^cne  dcede,  888; 
ne  dorste  under  ^5a  ge-win  aldre 
ge-ne5an,  1470.  c)  indicating 
extent,  with  ace.  after  expressions 
of  limit,  etc.:  under  swegles  be- 
gong  (^as  far  as  the  sky  extends'), 
861,1774;  under  heofenes  hwealf 
(^as  far  as  heaven^ s  vault  reaches'), 
2016. 

II.  Adv.,  beneath,  below:  stig 
under  lag  («  path  lay  beneath,  i.e. 
tie  rock),  2214. 

undern-msel,  st.  n.,  midday:  ace. 
sg.,  1429. 

un-dyrne,  un-derne,  adj.,  without 
concealment,  plain,  clear :  nom. 
sg.,  127,  2001 ;  un-derne,  2912. 

un-dyrne,  &Av., plainly, evidently: 
un-dyrne  cft^,  150,  410. 

un-fager,  adj.,  unlovely,  hideous : 
nom.  sg.  leoht  un-fager,  728. 

un-faecne,  adj.,  without  malice,  sin- 
cere: nom.  sg.,  2069. 


un-fsege,  adj.,  not  death-doomed  01 
"fey":  nom.  sg.,  2292;  ace.  sg. 
un-faegne  eorl,  573. 

un-flitme,  adv.,  solemnly,  incontest- 
ably  :  Finn  Hengeste  elne  unflitme 
S'Sum  benemde  (^F.  S7uore  solemnly 
to  H.  with  oaths)  [if  an  adj.,  elne 
un-f.  =  unconquerable  in  valor\ 
1098. 

un-forht,  z.^y,  fearless,  bold :  nom. 
sg.,  2S7;  ace.  pi.  unforhte  (adv.?), 
444.     See  Note. 

un-froni,  adj.,  ttnfit,  unwarlike : 
nom.  sg.,  2189. 

un-frod,  adj.,  not  aged,  young:  dat 
sg.  guman  un-frodum,  2822. 

un-gedefelice,  adv.,  unjustly,  con- 
trary to  right  and  custotn,  2436. 

un-geniete,  adv.,  immeasurably, 
exceedingly,  2421,  2722,  2729. 

un-ge metes,  adv.  gen.  sg.,  the 
same,  1793. 

un-geS.ra,  adv.,  {tiot  old),  recently, 
lately,  933;  soon,  603. 

un-gifeffe,  adj.,  not  to  be  granted; 
refused:  nom.  sg.,  2922. 

un-gledw,  adj.,  regardless,  reckless: 
ace.  sg.  sweord  .  .  .  ecgum  un- 
gleaw  (of  a  sharp-edged  sword), 
2565. 

un-har,  adj.,  very  gray  :  nom.  sg., 
357;   {bald}). 

un-haelo,  st.  f.,  mischief,  destruction  : 
gen.  sg.  wiht  un-haelo  {the  demon 
of  destruction,  Grendel),  120. 

un-heore,  un-hyre,  adj.,  monstrous, 
horrible  :  nom.  sg.  m.,  weard  un- 
hiore  (the  dragon),  2414;  neut. 
wif  un-h^re  (Grendel's  mother), 
21 21;  nom.  pi.  neut.  hand-speru 
.  .  .  unheoru  (of  Grendel's  claws), 
988. 

iin-hlytme,  un-hlitme,  adv.  (of. 
A.S.  hlytm  =  lot ;  O.N.  hluti  =part, 
division),  undivided,  unseparated. 


836 


GLOSSARY. 


united,  1130   [unless  =  un-flitnie, 
1098].     See  Note. 

un-leof,  adj.,  hated :  ace.  pi.  seah 
on  un-Jeofe,  2864. 

un-lifigende,  pres.  part.,  unliving, 
lifeless:  nom.  sg.  un-lifigende, 
468;  ace.  sg.  un-lyfigendne,  1309; 
dat.  sg.  un-lifgendum,  1390;  gen. 
sg.  un-lyfigendes^  745 

un-lytel,  adj.,  not  little,  vety  large  : 
nom.  sg.  dugu'5  un-lytel  (a  great 
band  0/ warriors}  or  grecit  joy7), 
498 ;  dom  un-lytel  {no  little  glory) , 
886;  ace.  sg.  torn  un-lytel  (very 
great  shame,  misery),  834. 

un-niurnlice)  adv.,  unpityingly, 
without  sorrowing,  449,  1 75 7. 

unnau,  pret.-pres.  v.,  to  grant,  give  ; 
wish,  will:  pret.-pres.  sg.  I.  ic  ^e 
an  tela  sine-gestreona,  1226;  weak 
pret.  sg.  I.  (15e  ic  switSor  l)at  I'u 
hine  selfne  ge-seon  moste,  961; 
III.  he  ne  fi'Se  j'iit  .  .  .  {lie granted 
not  that .  .  .),  503;  him  god  (15e 
bat  ...  he  hyne  sylfne  ge-\vrac 
{God granted  to  him  that  he  avenged 
himself),  2875;  j^eah  he  (I5e  vvel 
{though  he  well  would),  2856. 

g  e  -  u  n  n  a  n ,  to  grant,  perm  it :  in  f . 
gif  he  (Is  ge-unnan  wile  J^at  we 
hine  .  .  .  gretan  moton,  346  ;  me 
ge-GSe  ylda  waldend,  ^at  ic  .  .  . 
ge-seah  hangian  {the  Ruler  of  men 
permitted  me  to  see  hanging .  .  .), 
Ib62. 

un-nyt,  adj.,  useless :  nom.  sg.,  413, 

3170- 

un-riht,  st.  n.,  unright,  injustice, 
7vrong:  acc.sg.  unriht,  1255,  2740; 
instr.  sg.  un-rihte  {unjustly,  wrong- 
ly), 3060. 

un-rim,  st.  n.,  immense  number : 
nom.  sg.,  1239,  3136;  ace.  sg., 
2625. 


un-rinie,  adj.,  countless,  measure- 
less :  noni.sg.  gold  un-itme,  3013. 

un-rOt,  adj.,  sorro'udng :   nom.  pi. 

un-rote,  3149. 
iin-siiyttiMi,  St.  f. ,  lack  of  ivisdom : 
(lat.  pi.   for  his   un-snyttrum   {for 
his  unwisdom),  1735. 

un-softe,  adv.,  unsoftly,  with  vio- 
lence {hardly}),  2141  ;  scarcely, 
1656. 

uu-swyiffe,  adv.,  not  strongly  or 
powerfully  :  compar.  (ecg)  bat 
unswi'Sor  J)onne  his  l>i6d-cyning 
I'earfe  hafde  {the  sword  bit  less 
sharply  than  the  prince  cf  the 
people  needed),  2579;  fyr  unswi- 
Nor  weoll,  2882. 

uii-synuig,  adj.,  guiltless,  sinless  : 
ace.  sg.  un-synnigne,  2090. 

un-synnuiii,  adv.  instr.  pi.,  guilt- 
lessly, 1073. 

un-taele,  adj.,  blameless :  ace.  pi. 
un-t^le,  1866. 

iiu-tyder,  st.  m.,  evil  race,  moni<er. 
nom.  pi.  un-tydras,  iii.  [Cf.  Ger. 
un-mensch.] 

un-waclic,  adj.,  that  cannot  be 
shaken  ;  firm,  strong :  ace.  sg.  Sd 
.  .  .  un-wSclicne,  3139. 

un-Avearnuni,  adv.  instr.  pi.,  ui2a- 
wares,  suddenly ;  {unresistingly}), 
742. 

iin-wrecen,  pret.  part.,  unavenged, 
2444. 

ap,  adv.,  up,  upward,  224,  519, 1374, 
1620,  1913,  1921,  2894;  (of  the 
voice),  bd  was  .  .  .  wop  up  Shafen, 
T28;  so,  783. 

up-lang,  adj.,  upright,  erect :  nom. 
sg.,  760. 

iippe  (adj., fife,  fiffe),  adv.,  «/^oe^^,  566. 

iip-i'iht,  adj.,  upright,  erect:  nom. 
sg.,  2093. 

uton.    See  wuton. 


GLOSSARI. 


337 


u 


flff-genge,  adj.,  transitory,  evanes- 
cent, ready  to  depart,  {Jledl)  :  h^r 
was  Asc-here  .  .  .  feorh  fiS-genge, 
2124. 

iaSy  pers.  pron.  dat.  and  ace.  of  we 
'see  we),  us,  to  us,  1822,  2636, 
i643,  2921,  3002,  3079  ;  ace. 
(poetic),  fisic,  2639,  2641,  2642; 
—  gen.  ftra:  fire  asg-hvvilc  (each  of 
us),  1387;   fiser,  2075. 

fiser,  possess,  pron. :  nom.  sg.  (ire 
man-drihten,  2648 ;  dat.  sg.  (issum 
hl&forde,  2635 ;  gen.  sg.  neut.  ftsses 
tynnes,  2814  ;  dat.  pi.  (irum  .  .  . 
bSm  (to  us  both,  two)  (for  unc 
bSm),  2660. 

fit,  adv.,  out,  215,  537,  664,  1293, 
1584,  2082,  2558,  3131. 

utan,  adv.,  from  zvithout,  without, 

775.  1032,  1504,  2335. 

ut-fus,  adj.,  ready  to  go  :  nom.  sg. 
hringed-stefna  isig  and  dt-ffis,  33. 

ut-Aveard,  adj.,  outward,  outside, 
free :  nom.  sg.  eoten  (Grendel) 
was  (It-weard,  762. 

fitan-weard,  adj.,  without,  out- 
ward, from  without :  ace.  sg. 
hlaew. . .  ealne  (Itan-vveardne,  2298. 

W 

*Avacan,  st.  v.,  to  awake,  arise,  origi- 
nate: pret.  sg.  I'anon  (from  Cain) 
woe  fela  geo-sceaft-gasta,  1266; 
so,  1961;  pi.  I'Sm  feower  beam 
...  in  worold  wocon,  60. 

*on-wacan:  i)  to  awake  (intrans.): 
pret.  sg.  J>S  se  wyrm  on-w6c  {7vhen 
the  drake  awoke),  2288.  —  2)  to  be 
borti :  pret.  sg.  him  on-w6c  heah 
Healfdene,  56;  pi.  on-wocon,  iii. 

uraclan,  w.  v.,  to  watch  :  imper.  sg. 
waca  wiS  wriSum !  661. 


w^adan,  st.  v.,  (cf.  wade,  waddle) 

to  traverse ;  stride,  go  :  pret.  sg. 
wod  burh  bone  wal-rec,  2662;  wod 
under  vvolcnum  {stalked  beneath 
the  clouds),  715. 

ge-wadan,  to  attain  by  moving, 
come  to,  reach :  pret.  part.  o'5  ^at 
.  .wunden-stefna  ge-waden  hafde, 
hat  I'a  ITSende  land  ge-sSvvon  (///< 
the  ship  had  gone  so  far  that  the 
sailors  saw  land),  220. 

on-wadan,  \v.  ace,  to  invade,  be- 
fall:  pret.  sg.  hine  fyren  on- 
wod(?),  916. 

hurh-wadan,  to  penetrate,  pierce  : 
pret.  sg.  hat  swurd  hurh-wod  wrat- 
licne  wyrm,  891 ;  so,  1568. 

w^ag,  St.  m.,  7uall:  dat.  sg.  on  wage, 
1663;  dat.  pi.  after  wagum  (along 
the  walls),  996. 

Trala,  w.  m.,  boss :  nom.  pi.  walan, 
1032  (cf.  Bouterwek  in  Haupt  XL, 
85  seqq.). 

w^alda,  w.  m.,  wielder,  ruler  :  in 
comp.  an-,  eal-walda. 

Ttrald-STvaUu,  st.  f.,  forest-path  : 
dat.  pi.  after  wald-swa'Sum  (^along 
the  wood-paths),  1404. 

w^am,  w^om,  st.  m.,  spot,  blot,  sin  : 
ace.  sg.  him  be-beorgan  ne  con 
wom  (cannot  protect  himself  from 
evil  or  from  the  evil  strange  orders, 
etc. ;  wom  =  wogum  ?  =  ctookedl), 
1748;   instr.  pi.  wommum,  3074. 

■wan,  won,  adj.,  watt,  lurid  dark: 
nom.  sg,  ^i5-geblond  .  .  .  won  (the 
darkivaves),  12)1  S'y  sewonnahrefn 
(the  black  raven),  3025;  wonna 
l?g  (lurid flame),  31 16;  dat.  sg. 
f.  on  wanre  niht,  703;  nom.  pi. 
neut.  scadu-helma  ge-sceapu  .  .  . 
wan,  652. 

wang,  St.  m.,  mead, field;  place:  ace. 
sg.  wang,  93,  225;  wong,  1414, 
2410,  3074;   dat.  sg.  wange,  2004; 


338 


GLOSSARY. 


wonge,  2243, 3040;  ace.  pi.  wongas, 
2463.  —  Comp. :  freoSo-,  grund-, 
medo-,  sae-wang. 

wang-stede,  st.  m.,  (locus  campes- 
tris),  spot,  place :  dat.  sg.  vvong- 
stede,  2787. 

wan-hyd  (fur  hygd),  st.  f.,  heedless- 
ness, recklessness :  dat.  pi.  for  his 
won-h^dum,  434. 

wanian,  vv.  v. :  i )  intrans.,  to  de- 
crease, wane :  inf.  \>%  \>2X  sweord 
ongan  .  .  .  wanian,  1608.  —  2)  w. 
ace,  to  cause  to  wane  or  lessen  : 
pret.  sg.  he  to  lange  leode  mine 
wanode,  1338. 

g  e  -  vv  a  n  i  a  n ,  /o  decrease,  diminish  : 
pret.  part,  is  min  flet-werod  .  .  . 
ge-wanod,  477. 

wan-saellg,adj.,  unhappy,  wretched: 
nom.  sg.  won-saelig  wer  (Grendel), 
105. 

wan-sceaft,  st.  f.,  misery,  want: 
ace.  sg.  won-sceaft,  120. 

warian,  w.  v.  vv.  ace,  to  occupy, 
guard,  possess  :  pres.  sg.  III.  \>xt 
he  has(5en  gold  waraS  {where  he 
guards  heathen  gold),  2278;  pi. 
III.  hie  (Grendel  and  his  mother) 
d^gel  land  vvarigeaS,  1359;  pret. 
sg.  (Grendel)  goldsele  warode, 
1254;  (Cain)  westen  warode,  1266. 

waroU,  St.  m.,  shore :  dat.  sg.  to 
warotSe,  234;  ace.  pi.  wide  waro- 
"Sas,  1966. 

waru,  St.  f.,  inhabitants,  (collec- 
tive) population  :  in  comp.  land- 
waru. 

vth,  interj.,  woe  !  wS  biS  bam  |>e  .  .  . 
{'woe  to  him  that  .  .  .),  183. 

wftUu,  St.  f.,  way,  journey :  in 
comp.  gamen-wa'Su. 

vv&nlan,  w.  v.,  to  weep,  whine,  howl, 
w.  ace. :  inf.  geh^rdon  .  .  .  sar  \va- 
nigean  hellehaftan  {they  heard  the 
hell- fastened  one   lamenting    his 


pain),  788;    pret.   sg    fwinode], 

3i52(?). 

wat.     See  witan. 

^vaccan,  w.  v.,  to  watch  :  pret.  part 
waccende,  709,  2842;  ace.  sg.  m. 
waccendne  wer,  1269.  See  ^a- 
cian. 

w^iienan,  w.  v.,  to  lie  awake,  come 
forth  :  inf.,  85. 

wad,  St.  n.,  (the  moving)  sea,  ocean : 
nom.  wado  vveallentfe,  546;  wadu 
weallcndu,  58 1;  gen.  pi.  wada, 
508. 

wafre,  adj.,  ivavering  (like  flame), 
ghostlike,  without  distinct  bodily 
form  :  nom.  sg.  wjil-gaest  wafre  (of 
Grendel's  mother),  1332;  — flick- 
ering, expiring:  nom.  sg.  wafre 
mod,  1151;  him  was  geomor  sefa, 
wafre  and  wal-fOs,  2421. 

be-Aviignan,  w.  v.,  to  offer  :  pret. 
part,  him  was  .  .  .  freond-laSu  wor- 
dum  be-wagned,  1 194. 

wiil,  St.  n.,  battle,  slaughter,  the  slain 
in  battle  :  ace.  sg.  wal,  12 13, 3028; 
blodig  wal,  448;  o'SSe  on  wal 
crunge  {or  in  battle,  among  the 
slain,  fall),  636;  dat.  sg.  sume 
on  wale  erungon  {some  fell  in  the 
slaughter),  1 1 14 ;  dat.  sg.  in 
Fr  .  .  .  es  wale  (proper  name  in 
MS.  destroyed),  1071 ;  nom.  pi. 
walu,  1043. 

will-bed,  St.  n.,  slaughter-bed,  death- 
bed:  dat.  Sg.  on  wal-bedde,  965. 

w^iil-bend,  st.  f.,  death-bond :  aec. 
sg.  ur  pi.  wal-bende  .  .  .  hand-ge- 
wriSene,  1937. 

wal-Mcat,  adj.,  deadly,  mortal, 
cruel:  ace.  sg.  wunde  wal-blcate, 
2726. 

M^al-dedff,  st.  m.,  death  in  battle : 
nom.  sg.,  696. 

%val-dre6r,  st.  m.,  battle-gore  :  instr. 
sg.  wal-dre6re,  1632. 


GLOSSARY. 


339 


wal-fah,    adj.,    slaughter  -  stained, 

blood-stainea  :  ace.  sg.  wal-fSgne 
winter,  1 1 29. 

wal-faehar.,  St.  f.,  deadly  feud :  gen. 
pi.  wal-fsehSa,  2029. 

wal-feall,  St.  m.,  (/«//  of  the  slain), 
death,  destruction  :  dat.  sg.  to  wal- 
fealle,  171 2. 

wiil-fus,  adj.,  ready  for  death,  fore- 
boding death  :  nom.  sg.,  2421. 

wal-fyllo,  St.  i. , fill  of  slaughter :  dat. 
sg.  n^id  \>xrQ  vval-fuUe"  (i.e.  the 
thirty  men  nightly  slaughtered  at 
Heorot  by  Grendel),  125;  wal- 
fylla?  3155. 

wiil-fyr,  st.  n. :  l)  deadly  fire  : 
instr.  sg.  wal-fyre  (of  the  fire-spew- 
ing dragon),  2583.  —  2)  corpse- 
consuming  fire,  funeral  pyre  :  gen. 
pi.  vval-fyra  nicest,  11 20. 

wiil-gaest,  st.  m.,  deadly  sprite  (of 
Grendel  and  his  mother)  :  nom. 
sg.  wal-gcest,  1332;  ace.  sg.  )ione 
wal-gsest,  1996. 

wal-hlem,  st.  m.,  death-stroke  :  ace. 
sg.  wal-hlem  bone,  1996. 

W'iilm,  st.  m.,fiood,  whelming  water; 
nom.  sg.  ^aere  human  walm,  2547 ; 
gen.  sg.  has  walmes  {of  the  surf), 
2136.  —  Comp.  cear-walm. 

wal-niac,  st.  m.,  deadly  hostility  : 
nom.  sg.,  3001 ;  dat.  sg.  after  wal- 
nl^e,  85;  nom.  pi.  wal-niSas, 
2066. 

wal-r&p,  St.  xn.,  flood-fetter,  i.e.  ice  : 
ace.  pi.  wal-rSpas,  161 1 ;  (cf.  wall, 
wel,  vf^Vi  — well,  flood :  lea.x  sceal 
on  wale  mid  sceote  scrilSan,  Gnom. 
Cott.  39). 

wal-raes,  st.  m.,  deadly  onslaught  : 
nom.  sg.,  2948;  dat.  sg.  wal-nese, 
825,  2532. 

will-rest,  st.  f.,  death-bed.  ace.  sg. 
wal-reste,  2903. 

wal-rec,    st.    m.,    deadly   reek    or 


smoke  :  ace.  sg.  w8d  \>^  l^urh  t>one 
wal-ree,  2662. 

wal-redf,  st,  n.,  booty  of  the  slain, 
battle-plunder :  ace.  sg.,  1206. 

wal-reow^,  adj.,  bold  in  battle  :  nom. 
sg.,  630. 

wal-sceaft,  st.  m.,  deadly  shaft, 
spear:  ace.  pi.  wal-sceaftas,  398. 

wal-seax,  st.  n.,  deadly  knife,  war- 
knife  :  instr.  sg.  wall-seaxe,  2704. 

'vval-stenge,  st.  m.,  battle-spear  :  dat. 
sg.  on  |)am  wal-stenge,  1639. 

wal-st5w,  St.  f.,  battle-field:  dat. 
sg.  wal-stowe,  2052,  2985. 

^vastm,  St.  va.,  growth,  form, figure : 
dat.  sg.  on  weres  wastmum  {in 
man's  form),  1353. 

water,  st.  n.,  water  :  nom.  sg.,  93, 
1417.  1515.  1632;  ace.  sg.  water, 
1365,  1620;  deop  water  {the  deep), 
509,  1905;  ofer  wid  water  {over 
the  high  sea),  2^1^;  dat.  sg.  after 
watere  {along  the  Grendel-sea), 
1426;  under  watere  {at  the  bottom 
of  the  sea),  1657;  instr.  watere, 
2723;  watre,  2855;  gen.  sg.  ofer 
wateres  hrycg  {over  the  surface  of 
the  sea),  ^ji;  on  wateres  ceht,  5 1 6 ; 
burh  wateres  wylm  {through  the 
sea-wave),  1694;  gen.  =  instr.  wa- 
teres weorpan  {to  sprinkle  with 
water),  2792. 

•water-egesa,  st.  m.,  water-terror, 
i.e.  the  fearful  sea  :  ace.  sg.,  1261 

'tvater-yij,  st.  f.,  water-wave,  bil- 
low :  dat.  pi.  water-^5um,  2243. 

%vaed,  St.  f.,  {weeds),  garment:  in 
eomp.  here-,  hilde-wged. 

ge-w3ede,  st.  n.,  clothing,  Gs^ec\z\\y 
battle  -  equipments  :  ace.  pi.  ge- 
wcedu,  292.  —  Comp.  eorl-gewaede. 

Tvaeg,  St.  m.,  wave :   ace.  ?g.  wseg, 

3133- 
waeg-bora,    w.    m.,    wave-bearer, 
swimmer   (bearing  or    propelling 


340 


GLOSSARY. 


the  waves  before  him) :  nom.  sg. 
wundorlic  wseg-bora  (of  a  sea- 
monster),  1 44 1. 

waeg-flota,  w.  m.,  sea-sailer,  ship  : 
ace.  sg.  weg-flotan,  1908. 

waeg-holm,  st.  m.,  /he  wave-filled 
sea  :  ace.  sg.  ofer  waeg-holm,  217. 

waege,  st.  n.,  cu/>,  can  :  ace.  sg.  fated 
weege,  2254,  2283. — Comp. :  ealo-, 
115-w3ege. 

waeg-liffend,  pres.  part.,  sea-farer  : 
dat.  pi.  wffig-liSendum  (et  liSen- 
dum,  MS.),  3160. 

waeg-sweord,  st.  n.,  heavy  sword : 
ace.  sg.,  1490. 

waen,  st.  m.,  wain,  wagon  :  ace.  sg. 
on  wsen,  3135. 

w^aepen,  st.  n.,  weapon ;  sword  : 
nom.  sg.,  1 661 ;  ace.  sg.  wsepen, 
686,  1574,  2520,  2688  ;  instr. 
waepne,  1665,  2966;  gen.  waepnes, 
1468  ;  ace.  pi.  wsepen,  292  ;  dat. 
pi.  wa;pnum,  250,  331,  2039,2396. 
—  Comp.:  hilde-,  sige-wsepen. 

U'aepned  -  man,  st.  m.,  warrior, 
man  :  dat.  sg.  waepned-men,  1285. 

\>'ser,  St.  f.,  covenant,  treaty :  ace. 
sg.  wsere,  i  loi ; — protection,  care  : 
daf.  sg.  on  frean  (on  ))as  walden- 
des)  woere  (^into  God's  protection'), 
27,3110.  —  Comp.:  frio'So-waer. 

waesma,  w.  m.,  fierce  strength,  war- 
strength  :  in  comp.  here-waesma, 
678. 

we,  pers.  pron.,  we,  942,  959,  1327, 
1653,  1 819,  1820,  etc. 

web,  St.  n.,  woven  work,  tapestry  : 
nom.  pi.  web,  996. 

webbe,  w.  f .,  webster,  female  weaver: 
in  comp.  freoSu-webbe. 

weecan,  w^eccean,  w.  v.  w.  ace.,  to 
wake,  rouse;  recall :  inf.  wlg-^jealu 
weecan  (/o  stir  up  strife),  2047  ; 
nalles  hearpan  sw^g  (sceal)  wigend 
weeeean   {the  sound  of  the  harp 


shall  not  wake  up  the  warriors)^ 
3025  ;  ongunnon  j^S  .  .  .  basl-f^a 
nncst  wigend  weecan  {^the  warriors 
then  began  to  start  the  mightiest  of 
funeral  pyres'),  3145  ;  pret.  sg. 
wehte  hine  watre  {roused him  with 
water,  i.e.  Wiglaf  recalled  Beowulf 
to  consciousness),  2S55. 

1 6  -  w  e  c  c  a  n ,  to  stir  up,  rouse  :  pret 
pi.  hfl  Y^  folc  mid  him  {with  one 
another),  fceh^e  to-wehton,  2949. 

wed,  St.  n.,  (cf.  wed-ding),  pledge  : 
dat.  sg.  hyldo  t6  wedde  {as  a  pledge 
of  his  favor),  2999. 

■weder,  st.  n.,  weather:  ace.  ])1. 
wuldor-torhtan  weder,  1137;  gen. 
pi.  wedera  cealdost,  546. 

ge-wef,  st.  n.,  woof,  weaving:  ace. 
pi.  wig-speda  ge-wiofu  {the  woof 
of  war -speed:  the  battle  -  woof 
woven  for  weal  or  woe  by  the  Wal- 
kyries;   cf.  Njals-saga,  158),  698. 

^veg,  St.  m.,  way  :  ace.  sg.  on  weg 
{a'way,off),  264,  764,  845,  1431, 
2097;  gyf  J'u  on  weg  cymest  {if 
thou  contest  off  safe,  i.e.  from  the 
battle  with  Grendel's  mother), 
1383.  —  Comp.:  feor-,  fold-,  for'5-, 
wid-weg. 

wegan,  st.  v.  w.  ace.,  to  bear,  wear, 
bring,  possess  :  subj.  pres.  nSh  hwS 
sweord  wege  (/  have  none  that 
may  bear  Uie  sword),  2253;  inf. 
nalles  (sceal)  eorl  wegan  mdSSum 
to  ge-myndum  {no  earl  shallwear 
a  memorial  jeiuel),  3016;  pret. 
ind.  he  ha  fratvve  wag  .  .  .  ofer  ^5a 
ful  {bore  the  jewels  over  the  goblet 
of  the  'cjves),  1208;  wal-seaxe  . . . 
hat  he  on  byrnan  wag,  2705  ; 
heortan  sorge  wag  {bore  heart's 
sorrow);  so,  152,  1778,  1932,2781. 

a  t  -  w  e  g  n  n  =  auferre,  to  carry  off : 
syiS"!San  HSma  at-wag  lo  >sere 
byrhtan     byrig     Brosinga     mene 


GLOSSARY. 


341 


{since  H.  bore  from  the  bright  city 
the  B rosing- collar^,  II99- 

ge-wegan  (O.N.  wega),  to  fight  : 
inf.  ^e  he  wi5  ham  \v}Tme  ge-wegan 
sceolde,  2401. 

wel,  adv.:  i)  -well:  wel  biS  l^am  be 
. .  .  {well  for  him  that  .  .  . !),  1 86; 
se  \>e  wel  J'cnce'S  (he  that  well 
thinketh,  judgeth),  289  ;  so,  640, 
1046,  1822,  1834,  1952,  2602  ; 
well,  2163,  2813.  —  2)  very,  very 
much :  Geat  ungemetes  wel  .  .  . 
restan  lyste  (the  Geat  longed  sorely 
to  rest),  1793.  —  3)  indeed,  to  be 
sure,  2571,  2856. 

wela^  w.  m.,  wealth,  goods,  posses- 
sions :  in  comp.  ser-,  burg-,  hord-, 
mS515um-wela. 

wel-h'W'j'lc,  indef.  pron.,  =  quivis, 
any  you  please,  any  (each,  all)  : 
gen-  pi.  wel-hv\7lcra  v\alna,  1345; 
w.  partitive  gen. :  nom.  sg.  witena 
wel-hwylc,  266;  — substantively: 
ace.  neut.  wel-hwylc,  875. 

^^'elig,  adj.,  wealthy,  rich  :  ace.  sg. 
wic-stede  weligne  Waegmundinga, 
2608. 

wel-J>ungen,  pres.  part.,  well-thriv- 
en (in  mind) ,  mature,  high-minded: 
nom.  sg.  Hygd  (was)  swiSe  geong, 
wis,  wel->ungen,  1928. 

wenian,  w.  v.,  to  accustom,  attract, 
honor  :  subj.  pret.  bat  .  .  .  Fole- 
waldan  sunu  .  .  .  Hengestes  heap 
hriiigum  wenede  {sh.  honor),  1092. 

be-(b i-) wenian, /(5 entertain,  care 
for,  attend  :  pret.  sg.  mag  bas  bonne 
of-bynean  beoden  Hea^o-beardna 
.  .  .  bonne  he  mid  faemnan  on  flet 
gae'S,  drj'ht-bearn  Dena  dugu'Sa 
bi-wenede  (may  well  displease  the 
prince  of  the  H.  .  .  .  when  he  with 
the  woman  goes  into  the  hall,  that 
a  noble  scion  of  the  Danes  should 
entertain,  bear  wine  to,  the  knights. 


cf.  494  seqq.;  or,  a  noble  scion  of 
the  Danes  should  attetid  on  her'i), 
2036;  pret.  part.  nom.  pi.  wieron 
her  tela  willum  be-wenede,  1822. 

■wendan,  w.  v.,  to  turn :  pres.  sg. 
III.  him  eal  worold  wendeS  on 
willan  (all  the  world  turns  at  his 
will),  1740. 

ge-wendan,w.  ace:  \)  to  turn, 
turn  round :  pret.  sg.  wicg  ge- 
wende  (turned  his  horse),  315. — 
2)  to  turn  (intrans.),  chattge  :  inf. 
w^  biS  bam  be  sceal  .  .  .  frofre  ne 
wSnan,  wihte  ge-wendan  (woe  to 
him  that  shall  have  no  hope,  shall 
not  change  at  all),  186. 

o  n  -  w  e  n  d  a  n ,  to  avert,  set  aside  : 
i)  w.  ace.:  inf.  ne  mihte  snolor 
haleS  wean  on-wendan,  191. — 
2)  intrans. :  sibb  sefre  ne  mag  wiht 
on-wendan  bain  be  wel  benceS  (in, 
to,  him  that  is  well  thinking  friend- 
ship can  not  be  set  aside),  2602. 

^ver,  St.  m.,  man,  hero :  nom.  sg 
(Grendel),  105;  ace. sg.  wer  (Beo- 
wulf), 1269,  3174;  gen.  sg.  on 
weres  wastmum  (in  man's  form), 
1353  ;  nom.  pi.  weras,  216,  1223, 
1234,  1441,  1651;  dat.  pi.  werura, 
1257;  gen.  pi.  wera,  120,  994, 
1732,  3001;    (MS.  weora),  2948. 

wered,  st.  n.,  (as  adj.  =  sweet),  a 
sort  of  beer  (probably  without  hops 
or  such  ingredients)  :  ace.  sg.  scii 
wered,  496. 

were-feohte,  f.,  defensive  fight,  fight 
in  self-defence :  dat.  pi.  for  were- 
fyhtum  (fere  fyhtum,  MS.),  457. 

werhUo,  st.  f.,  curs(,  outlazvry,  icn- 
demnation  :  ace.  sg.  bu  in  helle 
seealt  werh"So  dre6gan,  590. 

werian,  to  defend,  protect:  w.  vb., 
pres.  sg.  III.  beaduserfid  ...  bat 
mine  breost  wercS,  453;  inf.  wit 
unc  wits  hron-fixas  werian  button. 


342 


GLOSSARY, 


541  ;  pres.  part.  w.  gen.  pi.  wer- 
gendra  tu  lyt  {too  ftnu  defenders'), 
2S83  ;  pret.  ind.  wal-reaf  weiede 
{guarded  the  battle-spoil),  1206; 
se  hwita  helm  hafelan  werede  {the 
shining  helm  protected  his  head'), 
1449;  pi.  hafelan  weredon,  1328; 
pret.  part.  nom.  pi.  ge  .  .  .  hyrnum 
werede  {ye  .  .  .  corselet-clad),  238, 

2530- 
ij  e  -  vv  e  r  i  a  n ,  /"(?  protect,  defend:  pret. 

pi.  bat  hie  .  .  .  leoda  land-geweorc 
lai^um  be-\veredon  scuccum  and 
scynnum  {that  they  the  people's 
land-7iiork  from  foes,  from  mon- 
sters and  demons,  might  defend), 

939- 

vverlg,  adj.,  accursed,  outlawed: 
gen.  sg.  wergan  gastes  (Grendel), 
133;   (of  the  devil),  1748. 

werod,  weorod,  st.  n.,  band  of 
men,  warrior-  troop  :  nom.  sg. 
werod,  652;  weorod,  290,  2015, 
3031;  ace.  sg.  werod,  319;  dat. 
instr.  sg.  weorode,  1012,  2347  ; 
werede,  121 6;  gen.  sg.  werodes, 
259;  gen.  pi.  wereda,  2187;  weo- 
roda,  60. — Comp.:  eorl-,  flet-werod. 

\ver-J»e6d,  st.  f.,  people,  humanity : 
dat.  sg.  ofer  wer-l'code,  900. 

wesan,  v.,  to  be :  pres.  sg.  1.  ic  eom, 
335.  407;  II.  hu  eart,  352,  506; 
III.  is,  256,  272,  316,  343,  375, 
473,  etc. ;  nu  is  Hnes  magenes 
blaed  Sne  h.\v\\c{the prime  [fame?'\ 
of  thy  powers  lastcth  now  for  a 
while),  1762;  ys,  291 1, 30CX),  3085 ; 
pi.  I.  we  synt,  260,  342;  II.  syn- 
don,  237,  393;  III.  syndon,  257, 
361,  1231;  synt,  364;  sint,  38S; 
subj.  pres.  sie,  435,  683,  etc.; 
s^,  1832,  etc.  ;  sig,  1779,  etc.  ; 
imper.  sg.  II.  wes,  269  (cf.  was- 
sail, wes  hael),  407,  1171,  1220, 
1225,  etc.;  inf.  wesan,  272,  1329, 


i860,  2709,  etc.  The  inf.  wesan 
must  sometimes  be  supjilied  :  neal- 
les  netware  hremge  ))orfton  (i.e. 
wesan)  feSe-wtges,  2364;  so,  2498, 
2660,  618,  1858;  pres.  part,  we- 
sende,  46 ;  dat.  sg.  wesendum, 
1188;  pret.  sg.  I.,  III.  was,  II,  12, 
18,  36,  49,  53,  etc.;  was  on  sunde 
{was  a-swimming),  1619;  so,  848, 
85o(?).  970,  981,  1293;  progres- 
sive, was secgende  (for  sccde),  3029 ; 
II.  wajre,  1479,  etc.;  pi.  wpsron, 
233.  536,  544,  etc.  ;  waeran  (w. 
reflex,  him),  2476 ;  pret.  subj. 
wsere,  173,  203,  594,  946,  etc.; 
progressive,  myndgiend  waere  (for 
myndgie),  1 106. —  Contracted  neg. 
forms:  nis  =  ne -1- is,  249,  1373, 
etc.;  nas  =  ne -1- was,  134,  1300, 
1922,2193,  etc.  (cf.  uncontracted : 
ne  was,  890,  1472);  nceron  =  ne 
-f  wseron,  2658 ;  nrcre  =  ne  -1-  wicre, 
861,  1 168.     See  cniht-wesende. 

weg.    See  ^'seg. 

■wen,  St.  f.,  expectation,  hope  :  nom. 
sg-,  735. 1874,  2324;  nu  is  leodum 
vvSn  orleg-hwTle  (gen.)  {now  the 
people  have  weening  of  a  time  of 
strife),  291 1;  acc.  sg.  bas  ic  w§n 
habbe  {as  I  hope,  expect),  383; 
so,  bas  |)e  ic  [wen]  hafo,  3001 ; 
w8n  ic  talige,  1846;  dat.  pi.  bega 
on  wenum  {in  expectation  of  both, 
i.e.  the  death  and  the  return  of 
Beowulf),  2896.     See  6r-wena. 

^venan,  w.  v.,  to  ween,  expect,  hope  : 
1)  absolutely:  pres.  sg.  I.  bas  ic 
wene  (as  I  hope),  272;  swS  ic  t'e 
wene  to  {as  I  hope  thou  will :  Beo- 
wulf hopes  lirOtigSr  will  now  suffer 
no  more  pain),  1397-  —  2)  w.  gen. 
or  acc.  pres.  sg.  I.  honne  wene  ic 
to  be  wyrsan  ge-binges,  525  ;  ic 
basr  heaSu-f^res  hStes  wSne,  2523; 
III.    secce    ne    wSne'J^    t8    GSr 


GLOSSARY. 


343 


Denum  {7veeneth  not  of  contest 
with  tke  Gar-Danes),  6oi  ;  inf. 
(beorhtre  bote)  wenan  {to  expect, 
count  on,  a  brilliant  [?fl  lighter 
penalty'\  atonement),  157;  pret.  pi. 
\>^%  ne  vv^ndon  xx  witan  Scyldinga, 
t)at  .  .  .  (the  wise  men  of  the  Scyl- 
dings  wee  tied  not  of  this  before, 
that ..  .)>779;  biit  hig  l-asaiSelinges 
eft  ne  w^ndon  hat  he  .  .  .  sScean 
come  {that  they  looked  not  for  the 
atheling  again  that  he  .  .  .  zvould 
come  to  seek  .  .  .),  1598.  —  3)  w. 
ace.  and  inf. :  pret.  sg.  wende, 
934.  — 4)  w.  depend,  clause  :  pres. 
sg.  I.  wSne  ic  hat  .  .  .,  11 85;  wSn' 
ic  hat . . .,  338, 442 ;  pret.  sg.  wende, 
2330;   pi.  wendon,  938,  1605. 

wepan,  st.  v.,  to  weep :  pret.  sg. 
[we6p],  3i52(?). 

werig,  adj.,  weary,  exhausted,  w. 
gen. :  nom.  sg.  si'Ses  werig  {weary 
from  the  journey,  xvay-weary'), 
579;  dat.  sg.  slSes  wergum,  1795; 
—  w.  instr. :  ace.  pi.  wundum  werge 
{wound-weary) ,  2938.  —  Comp. : 
dea'5-,  fyl-,  gflS-wgrig. 

ge-werigean,  w.  v.,  to  weary,  ex- 
haust;  pret.  part,  ge-wergad,  2853. 

■werig-mod,  adj.,  weary  -  minded 
{animo  defessus)  :   nom.  sg.,  845, 

^1544- 

TPeste,  z.d,].,  waste,  uninhabited :  ace. 
sg.  win-sele  westne,  2457. 

westen,  st.  n.,  waste,  wilderness  : 
ace.  sg.  westen,  1266. 

w  e  s  t  e  11 ,  St.  f.,  waste,  wilderness :  dat. 
sg.  on  hsere  westenne,  2299. 

weal,  St.  m. :  i)  -..vall,  rampart: 
dat.  instr.  sg.  wealle,  786,  892, 
3163;  gen.  sg.  wealles,  2308. — 
2)  elevated  sea-shore :  dat.  sg.  of 
wealle,  229;  ace.  pi.  windige  weal- 
las,572, 1225. —  3)  wall  of  a  build- 
ing :  arc  "sp  wilS  bas  recedes  weal, 


326;  dat.  sg.  be  wealle,  1574; 
hence,  the  inner  and  outer  rock- 
walls  of  the  dragon's  lair  (cf 
Ileyne's  essay:  Halle  Heorot,  p. 
59):  dat.  sg.,  2308,  2527,  2717, 
2760,  3061,  3104;  gen.  sg.  wealles, 
2324.  —  Comp. :  bord-,  ear's-,  sae-, 
scyld-weal. 

ge-wealc,  st.  n.,  rolling:  ace.  sg. 
ofer  ^5a  ge-wealc,  464. 

g  e  -  weald,  st.  n.,  power,  might :  ace. 
sg.  on  feonda  ge-weald  {into  the 
poiver  of  his  foes),  809,  904;  so, 
16S5  ;  geweald  Sgan,  habban, 
a-beodan  (w.  gen.  of  object  =  to 
present)  =  to  have  po%ver  over,  79, 
655,  765,  951,  1088,  i6n,  1728. 
See  on- weald. 

•wealdan,  st.  v.,  to  wield,  govern, 
rule  over,  prevail :  l)  absolutely 
or  with  depend,  clause  :  inf.  gif  he 
wealdan  mot  {if  he  may  prevail), 
442;  hser  he  .  .  .  wealdan  moste 
swi  him  Wyrd  ne  ge-scraf  {if 
\^where?^  he  was  to  prevail,  as 
Weird  had  not  destined  for  him), 
2575;  pres.  part,  waldend  {God), 
1694;  dat.  wealdende,  2330;  gen. 
waldendes,  2293,  2858,  31 10. — 
2)  with  instr.  or  dat. :  inf.  J>im 
waepnum  wealdan  {to  wield,  pre- 
vail with,  the  weapons),  2039; 
Geatum  wealdan  {to  rule  the  Ged- 
tas),  2391;  beah-hordum  wealdan 
{to  rule  over,  control,  the  treasure 
of  rings),  2828;  vval-stowe  weal- 
dan {to  ho  lit  the  field  of  battle), 
2985;  pret.  sg.  weold,  465,  1058, 
2380,  2596;  henden  wordum  we61d 
wine  Scyldinga  {while  the  friend 
of  the  S.  ruled  the  G.),  30;  pi. 
weoldon,  2052.  —  3)  with  gen.: 
pres.  sg.  I.  benden  ic  wealde  widan 
rices,  i860;  pres.  part,  wuldrei 
wealdend  (waldend),  17, 183, 1753; 


344 


GLOSSARY. 


ylda  waldend,  1662;  waldend  fira, 
2742;  sigora  waldend,  2876  (des- 
ignations of  God) ;  pret.  sg.  vveold, 

703.  1771- 

g  e  -  w  e  a  1  d  a  n ,  to  wield,  have  power 
over,  arrange :  \ )  vv.  ace. :  pret. 
sg.  hSlig  god  ge-N^eold  wig-sigor, 
1555.  —  2)  w.  dai. :  pret.  cyning 
ge-weold  his  ge-witte  {the  king 
possessed  his  senses),  2704.  —  3)  \v. 
gen. :  inf.  he  ne  mihte  no  .  .  . 
waepna  ge-wealdan,  1510. 

ge-wealden,  pret.  part.,  subject, 
subjected :  ace.  pi.  gedeS  him  swS 
gewealdene  worolde  daelas,  1733. 

\vreallan,  st.  v.:  \)  to  toss,  be  agi- 
tated {pi  the  sea)  :  pres.  part.  noni. 
pi.  wadu  weallende  (weallendu), 
546,  581 ;  nom.  sg.  brim  weallende, 
848;  pret.  ind.  we61,  515,  850, 
1 132;  weoll,  2139.  —  2)  figura- 
tively (of  emotions),  /<?  be  agitated: 
pres.  pi.  III.  syS^an  Ingelde  weal- 
'laS  wal-ni5as  {deadly  hate  thus 
agitates  Ittgeld),  2066;  pres.  part, 
weallende,  2465 ;  pret.  sg.  hre'Ser 
inne  weoll  {his  heart  was  moved 
within  hini),  21 14;  hre^er  ae'Sme 
weoll  {his  breast  [the  dragon's] 
siuelled  from  breathing,  snorting), 
2594;  breost  innan  weoll  heostrum 
ge-honcum,  2332;  so,  weoll,  2600, 
2715,  2SS3. 

weall-clif,  st.  n.,  sea-iliff :  ace.  sg. 
ufer  weall-clif,  3133. 

weallian,  w.  v.,  to  luander,  rove 
about :  pres.  part,  in  comp.  heoro- 
weallende,  2782. 

wcard,  st.  m.,  warden,  guardian  ; 
o-tuner  :  nom,  sg.  weard  Scyldinga 
{the  Scyldings'  warden  of  the 
march),  229;  weard,  286,  224O; 
se  weard,  sSwele  hyrde,  1742;  the 
king  IS  called  beah-horda  weard, 
922;    rices    weard,    1391;     folces 


weard,  2514;  the  dragon  is  called 
weard, 306 1 ;  weard  un-hi6re,24i4; 
beorges  weard,  2581;  ace.  sg. 
weard, 669;  (dragon),  2842;  beor- 
ges weard  (dragon),  2525,  3067. 
—  Comp.:  bit-,  eSel-,  gold-,  hea- 
fod-,  hord-,  h^S-,  land-,  ren-,  sele-, 
yrfe-weard. 

weard,  st.  m.,  possession  (Dietrich 
in  HauptXI.,415)  :  in  comp.eofS- 
weard,  2335. 

weard,  st.  f.,  watch,  ward :  ace.  sg. 
wearde  healdan,  319;  wearde  heold, 
305.  — Comp.  seg- weard. 

w^card,  adj.,  -ward :  in  comp.  and-, 
innan-,  (it-weard,  1288,  etc. 

weardian,  w.  v.  w.  ace. :  i )  to  watch, 
guard,  keep  :  inf.  he  his  folme  for- 
18t  t8  lif-wra-Se,  last  weardian 
{Grendel  left  his  hand  behind  as 
a  life-saver,  to  guard  his  track 
[Kemble]),  972;  pret.  sg.  him  sio 
swiSre  swa'Se  weardade  hand  on 
Iliorte  {his  rignt  hand  kept  guard 
for  him  in  II.,  i.e.  showed  that  he 
had  been  there),  2099;  sg.  for  pi. 
hyrde  ic  l-at  l^ain  fratwum  feower 
mearas  lungre  gelice  l^t  weardode 
( /  heard  that  four  horses,  quite 
(dike,  followed  in  the  traces  of  the 
armor),  2165.  —  2)  to  hold, possess, 
inhabit :  pret.  sg.  f ifel-cynnes  card 
.  .  .  weardode  {dwelt  in  the  abode 
of  the  sea-fiends),  105;  raced  wear- 
dode un-rim  eorla  {an  immense 
number  of  earls  held  the  hall), 
1 238 ;  pi.  haer  we  gesunde  sal  wear- 
dodon,  2076. 

wearh,  st.  m.,  the  accursed  one , 
wolf :  in  comp.  heoro-wearg,  1268. 

wearn,  st.  f . :  l)  resistance,  refusal, 
366. — 2)  warning!,  resistance}. 
See  un-wearnum,  742. 

weaxan,  st.  v.,  to  wax,  grow  :  pres, 
sg.  III.  8S  \>aX  him  on  innan  ofer- 


GLOSSARY. 


845 


hygda  del  weaxe'S  {till  within  him 
pride  7iii:xeth),  1 742;  inf.  weaxan, 
3116;   piet.  sg.  weox,  8. 

gt-\vea.\z.n,  to grcno  tip :  pret.  ;g. 
oS  hat  seo  geogoS  ge-weox,  66 

ge- weaxan  io ,  to  grow  to  or  for 
something :  pret.  sg.  ne  ge-weox 
he  him  to  willan  {grew  not /or  their 
benefit),  1712. 

veeA,  w.  m.,  woe,  evil,  mi' fortune  : 
nom.  sg.,  937;  ace.  sg.  wean,  191, 
423,  1207,  1992,  2293,  293S;  gen. 
pi.  weana,  148,  934,  1 151,  1397. 

wed-laf,  St.  f.,  wretched  remnant : 
ace.  pi.  \>^  wea-lSfe  {the  wretched 
remnant,  i.e.  Finn's  almost  anni- 
hilated band),  1085,  1099. 

vred-spel,  st.  n.,  woe-spell,  evil  tid- 
ings :  dat.  sg.  wea-spel'c,  13 16. 

ge-Tveoldum.     See  ge-wild. 

vveorc,  st.  n. :  i)  work,  labor,  deed : 
ace.  sg.,  74;  {war-deed),  1657; 
instr.  sg.  weorce,  1570;  dat.  pi. 
weorcum,  2097;  wordum  ne  (and) 
worcum,  l  lOl,  1S34;  gen.  pi.  wor- 
da  and  worca,  289. —  2)  work, 
trouble,  suffering  :  ace.  sg.  bas  ge- 
winnes  vveorc  (misery  on  account 
of  this  strife'),  1722;  dat.  pi.  adv. 
weorcum  {\iith  labor),  1639. — 
Comp.:  bi'ido-,  ellen-,  hea  5o-,  niht- 
weorc. 

■[e-weo'C,  St.  n. :  i)  work,  deed, 
labor :  njm.  ace.  sg.,  455,  1563, 
1682,  2718,  2775;  gen.  sg.  ge- 
weorces,  2712.  Comp. :  jer-,  fyrn-, 
gflS-,  hond-,  ni5-ge-weorc.  —  2) 
fortification,  rampart :  in  comp. 
land-geweorc,  939. 

•veorce,  adj.,  painful,  bitter  :  nom. 
sg.,  141 9. 

w^eorSf,  St.  n.,  precious  object,  valu- 
able :  dat.  sg.  weor'Se,  2497. 

weorff,  adj.,  dear,  precious  :  nom. 
sg.    weorS    Denum    a'Seling    {/he 


atheling  dear  to  the  Dines,  Beo- 
wulf), 1815;  compar.  nom.  sg.  bat 
he  sySSan  was  .  .  .  maSme  by 
weor'Sra  {more  honored  from,  the 
jeioel),  1903;  cf.  wyrUe. 

\veor3'an,  st.  v. :  i)  to  become  :  j)res. 
sg.  III.  beholen  weor'Se"5  {is  con- 
cealed), 414;  underne  weor^eS 
{becomes  kjtowtt),  2914;  so,  pi.  III. 
weor^'aS,  2067;  wurSa^,  282;  inf. 
weor'San,  3 1 79 ;  wur'San,  808;  pret. 
sg.  I.,  III.  wear'5,  6,  77,  149,  409, 
555.  754,  768,  819,  824,  etc.;  pi. 
wurdon,  228;  subj.  pret.  wurde, 
2732.  —  2)  inf.  to  frofre  weorSan 
{to  become  a  help),  1708;  pret.  sg. 
wear'S  he  HeaSolafe  to  hand-bo- 
nan,  460;  so,  wear  5,  906,  1262; 
ne  wear'S  Ileremod  swS  (i.e.  t8 
frofre)  eaforum  Ecgwelan,  1710; 
pi.  wurdon,  2204;  subj.  pret.  sg. 
II.  wurde,  588.  —  3)  pret.  sg.  hat 
he  on  fylle  wear'S  {that  he  came 
to  a  fall),  1545. —  4)  to  happen, 
befall :  inf.  unc  sceal  weorSan  . .  . 
swS  unc  Wyrd  ge-teo'S  ( it  shall  be- 
fall us  two  as  Fate  decrees),  2527; 
hurh  hwat  his  worulde  gedal  weor- 
'San sceolde,  3069;  pret.  sg.  hS 
hffir  sona  wearS  ed-hwyrft  eoriuni 
{there  was  soon  a  renerval  to  the 
ea  rls,  i.e.  of  the  former  perils),  1 28 1 . 

ge-weorSan:  \)to  become:  pret.  sg. 
ge-wearS,  3062;  pret.  part,  cearu 
was  geniwod  ge-worden  {care  was 
renewed),  1305;  swa  fis  ge-wor- 
den is,  3079.  —  2)  to  finish  ;  com- 
pletel:  inf.  bat  \>n  .  .  .  lete  .SO.'S- 
Dene  sylfe  ge-weorSan  gfiSe  wiS 
Gvendel  {that  thou  wouldst  let  the 
S.  D.  put  an  end  to  their  war  with 
Grendel),  1997.  —  3)  impersonally 
with  ace,  to  agree,  decide :  pret. 
sg.  ba  bas  monige  ge-wearS  bat 
.  .  .  {since  many  agreed  that  .  .  .), 


346 


GLOSSARY. 


'599;  pret.  part,  hafa^  \>'ds  ge- 
worden  wine  Scyldinga,  rices  hyr- 
de,  and  bat  reed  talaS  hat  he  .  .  . 
{therefore  hatk  it  so  appeared {'i') 
aJiisal'le  to  the  friend  of  the  S., 
the  guardian  of  the  realm,  and  he 
counts  it  a  gain  that  .  .  .)>  2027. 

woorff-fnl,  adj.,  glorious,  full  of 
'uiorth  :  num.  sg.  weor S  -  fuUost, 
3100. 

weorljian,  \v.  v.,  to  honor,  adorn  : 
pret.  sg.  |)a;r  ic  . . .  ^ine  leode  weor- 
■Sode  weorcum  {there  honored  I 
thy  people  by  my  deeds'),  2097;  subj. 
pret.  (i>at  he)  at  feoh-gyftum  .  .  . 
Dene  weorSode  {that  he  -would 
honor  the  Danes  at,  by,  treasure- 
giving),  109 1. 

ge-weortSian,  ge-uurSian,  to 
deck,  ornament :  pret.  part,  hire 
sy'S'San  was  after  lieah-l'ege  breost 
ge-weuriiod,  2177;  wa-pnum  ge- 
vveor^ad,  250;  since  ge-weorSad, 
1451;  so,  ge-vvuriNad,  331,  1039, 
1646;  wide  ge-weorSad  {known, 
honored,  afar),  i960. 

woorff-licc,  adv.,  worthily,  nobly  : 
superb  weor'5-Ucost,  3163. 

Aveorff  iiiyiKl,st.  f.  n.,  dignity, honor, 
glory :  nom.  sg.,  65;  ace.  sg.  ge- 
seah  {'a  eaid  sweord  .  .  .,  wigeiia 
weorSmynd  {saw  an  ancient  sword 
there,  the  glory  of  warriors),  1560; 
dat.  instr.  pb  weorS-myndum,  8; 
to  worS-myndum,  1187;  gen.  pi. 
wei>r"S-mynda  da^b  •753- 

iveorffung,  si.  f ,  ornament :  in 
comp.  bre6st-,  him,  hcoriN-,  bring-, 
wig-weor'(Sung. 

weorod.     See  werod. 

weorpau,  st.  v.:  i)  to  thnra.',  cast 
away,  w.  ace. :  pret.  sg.  wearp  |'a 
wunden-miel  wrattum  gebuiiden 
yrre  oretta,  lat  hit  on  eoriNan  lag 
{the  wrathful  warrior  threw  the 


ornamented  sword,  that  it  lay  on 
the  earth),  1532. —  2)  to  throro 
around  or  about,  w.  instr. :  pret.sg. 
beorges  weard  .  .  .  wearp  wal-f^'» 
{threw  death-fire  around),  2583 
—  3)  to  ihraiv  upon  :  inf.  he  bine 
eft  ongan  wateres  (instr.  gen.) . 
weorpan  {began  to  cast  water  upon 
him  again),  2792. 

for-weorpan,  w.  ace,  to  castaway, 
squander :  subj.  pret.  I^at  be  ge- 
nunga  giiS-gewaedu  \vra?ie  for- 
wurpe  {that  he  squandered  useless- 
ly the  battle-weeds,  i.e.  gave  them 
to  the  unworthy),  2S73. 

ofer-weorpan,  to  stumble:  pret. 
sg.  ofer- wearp  |>S  .  .  .  vvigena 
strengest,  1544. 

weotian,  w.  v.,  to  provide  with,  ad- 
just{l):  pret.  part.  ace.  pb  wal- 
bende  weotode,  1937. 

be- weotian,  be -wit  ian,  w.  V.  w. 
ace,  to  regard,  observe,  care  for  : 
pres.  pb  III.  be-witia\\  1 136;  pret. 
sg.  begn  .  .  .  se  he  .  .  .  ealle  be- 
vveotede  jjegnes  bearfe  {-who  would 
attend  to  all  the  needs  of  a  thane), 
1797;  draca  se  be  .  . .  hord  be- 
weotode  {the  drake  that  guarded  a 
treasure),  2213; — tor  carry  out, 
undertake  :  pres.  pb  III.  \>^. .  .oft 
be-witigaS  sorh-fulne  slS  on  segl- 
r.ide,  1429. 

nicg,  si.  n.,  steed,  riding  -  horse  : 
nom.  sg.,  1401 ;  ace.  sg.  wicg,  315 ; 
dat.  instr.  sg.  wicge,  234;  on  wicge, 
286;  ace.  pb  wicg,  2175;  gen.  pb 
wicga,  1046. 

ge-%\'iclor,  st.  n.,  storm,  tempest: 
ace.  pi.  la.N  ge-\\idru  {loathly 
weather),  1376. 

wiff,  l>rep.  w.  dat.  and  ace,  with 
fundamental  meanings  of  division 
and  opposition  :  1 )  w.  dat.,  against, 
with{\x\  hostile  sense), from:  \>Si  wiS 


GLOSSARY. 


347 


gode  wunnon,  113;  Sna  (wan)  wiS 
eallum,  145;  ymb  feorh  sacan,  la'5 
\vi"5  laSuni,  440;  so,  426,  439,  550, 
2372, 2521, 2522,  2561,  2840, 3005; 
^at  him  holt-wudu  .  .  .  helpan  ne 
meahte,  lind  \vi"5  Itge,  2342 ;  hwat 
.  .  .  selest  vvsere  wi^  fser-gryrum  10 
ge-frenimanne,  174;  J^at  him  gast- 
bona  geoce  gefremede  wiS  l^eod- 
)>reaum,  178;  \vi^  rihte  wan  (^s/rove 
against  right),  144  ;  hafde  .  . .  sele 
Hro'Sgares  ge-nered  wi'S  ni'Se  {had 
saved  H.'s  hall  from  strife),  82S; 
(him  dyrne  langa'S  .  .  .)  beorn  \vi5 
blode  {the  hero  longeth  secretly 
contrary  to  his  blood,  i.e.  H.  feels 
a  secret  longing  for  the  non-re- 
lated Beowulf),  18S1;  sundur  ge- 
daelan  lif  wi'S  lice  {to  sunder  soitl 
from  body),  2424;  streamas  wun- 
don  sund  wi^  sande  {the  currents 
rolled  the  sea  against  the  sand), 
213;  lig-^Sum  forborn  bord  wi5 
ronde  (rond,  MS.)  {with  waves  of 
flame  burnt  the  shield  against,  as 
far  as,  the  rim),  2674  ;  holm 
storme  weol,  won  wi'5  winde  {the 
sea  surged,  wrestled  with  the  wind ) , 
1 1 33;  so,  hiora  in  anum  weol!  sefa 
wi5  sorgum  {in  one  of  them  sttrged 
the  soul  with  sorrow  \^against  ?, 
Heyne]),  2601  ;  Yix  hire  wi5 
healse  heard  grapode  {that  the 
sharp  sword  bit  against  her  neck), 
1567.  —  2)  w.  ace:  a)  against, 
towards:  wan  wiS  Hro'SgSr  {fought 
against  H.),  152;  wiS  feonda  ge- 
hwone,  294 ;  wi 5  wrS5  werod,  319; 
so,  540,  1998,  2535  ;  hine  halig 
god  fis  on-sende  wi5  Grendles 
gryre,  384;  >at  ic  wi5  l^one  gdS- 
flogan  g)'lp  ofer-sitte  {that  I  re- 
frain from  boastful  speech  against 
the  battle-flier),  2529;  ne  wolde 
wi'5  manna  ge-hwone  .  .  .  feorh- 


bealo  feorran  {would  not  cease  his 
life-plottiti^  against  any  of  the 
men;  ox,zuithdraw  life-bale  from, 
etc.  ?  ox, peace  would  not  have  with 
any  man  .  .  . ,  mortal  bale  'with- 
draw!, Kemble),  155;  ic  ha  leode 
wSt  ge  wi5  feond  ge  wi5  frednd 
faste  geworhte  {towards  foe  and 
friend),  1865;  he61d  heah-lufan 
wi5  haleSa  brego  {cherished  high 
love  towards  the  prince  of  heroes), 
^955 >  wi5  ord  and  wiS  ecge  in- 
gang  forstod  {prevented  entrance 
to  spear-point  and  sword-edge), 
1550.  b)  against,  on,  upon,  in  : 
setton  side  scyldas  .  .  .  wi'5  has  re- 
cedes weal  {against  the  wall  of 
the  hall),  326;  wi5  eorNan  faSm 
(eardodon)  {in  the  bosom  of  the 
earth),  3050;  wi'5  earm  ge-sat  {sat 
on,  against,  his  arm),  750;  so, 
sti5-mod  ge-stod  wi5  steapne  rund, 
2567  ;  [wis  duiu  healle  code] 
{went  to  the  door  of  the  hall) ,  389; 
wi5  Hrefna-wudu  {over  against, 
near,  H.),  2926;  wi^  his  sylfes 
sunu  setl  ge-taehte  {showed  me  to 
a  seat  with,  near,  beside,  his  own 
son),  2014.  c)  towards,  with  (of 
contracting  parties):  hat  hie  heal- 
fre  ge-\veald  wi5  Eotena  beam 
agan  moston  {that  they  porver 
over  half  the  hall  with  the  Eolcns' 
sons  were  to  possess),  1089;  hen- 
den  he  wi5  wulf  wal  reafode 
{whilst  with  the  wolf  he  7vas  rob- 
bing the  slain),  3028.  —  3)  Alter- 
nately with  dat.  and  a.cc.,  against  : 
nu  wi5  Grendel  sceal,  wi^  ham 
aglaecan,  Sna  gehegan  Mng  vviS 
h  y  r  s  e ,  424-4  26 ;  —  with,  beside  : 
ge-sat  hS  wi'5  sylfne  .  .  .,  maeg  wi3 
nicxge,  1978-79. 
wiUer-gyld,  st.  n.,  compensation 
nom.  sg.,  2052,  [proper  name?]. 


348 


GLOSSARY. 


uiiJer-riihtes,  adv.,  opposite,  in 
front  of,  3040. 

wiffre,  St.  n.,  resistance :  gen.  sg. 
witNres  ne  trflwode,  2954. 

wig-AveorUuug,  st.  f.,  idol-worship, 
idolatry,  sacrifice  to  idols  :  acc.  pi. 
-vveorSunga,  176. 

wiht,  St.  f . :  l)  'luight,  creature, 
demon  :  nom.  sg.  wiht  unha;lo  i^the 
demon  of  destruction,  Grendel), 
1 20  ;  acc.  sg.  syllicran  wiht  (the 
dragon),  3039. —  2)  thing,  some- 
thing, aught :  noin.  sg.  \v.  negative, 
ne  hine  wiht  dweleS  {nor  does 
aught  check  him^,  1736;  him  wiht 
ne  speow  {it  helped  him  naught), 
2855;  acc.  sg.  ne  him  J>as  wyrmes 
wig  for  wiht  dyde  {nor  did  he 
count  the  worm''s  luarring  for 
aught),  2349  ;  ne  meahte  ic  .  .  . 
wiht  gewyrcan  (/  could  not  do 
aught  .  .  .),  1661;  —  w.  partitive 
gen. : .  n8  ...  wiht  swylcra  ^earo- 
ni^a,  581 ; — the  acc.  sg.  —  adv. 
Hke  Germ,  jiicht :  ne  hie  hfiru 
wine-drihten  wiht  ne  logon  {did 
not  blame  their  friendly  lord 
aught) ,  863 ;  so,  ne  wiht  =  naught, 
in  no  wise,  1084,  2602,  2858;  no 
wiht,  541  ;  instr.  sg.  wihte  (/;/ 
aught,  in  any  way),  1992;  ne  .  .  . 
wihte  {by  no  means),  186,  2278, 
2688;  wihte  ne,  1515,  1996,  2465, 
2924.  —  Comp.  :  a-wiht  (aht  = 
aught),  al-wiht,  o-wiht. 

wil-cuma,  w.  m.,  one  welcome  (qui 
gratus  advenit)  :  nom.  pi.  wil- 
cuman  Denigea  leodum  {welcome 
to  the  people  of  the  Danes),  388;  so, 
him  (the  lord  of  the  Danes)  wil-cu- 
nian,  394;  wil-cuman  Wedera  leo- 
dum {welcome  to  the  Gedtas),  1S95. 

ge-wild,  St.  f.,  free-will  1  dat.  pi. 
nealles  mid  ge-weoldum  {sponte, 
voluntarily,  Bugge),  2223. 


wil-deor  (ftr  wild-de6r),  st.  n.,  wila 
beast :  acc.  pi.  wil-deoi,  1431. 

wil-gesiff,  St.  m.,  chosen  or  willing 
companion  :  nom.  pi.  -ge-siSas,  23. 

W'il-geofa,  w.  m.,  ready  giver  (=  voti 
largitor :  princely  designation),/oj/- 
giver? :  nom.  sg.  wil-geofa  Wedra 
leoda,  2901. 

willa,  w.  m. :  l)  will,  wish,  desire, 
sake  :  nom.  sg.  627,  825 ;  acc.  sg. 
willan,  636,  1740,  2308,  2410  ; 
instr.  sg.  anes  willan  {for  the  sake 
of  one),  3078;  so,  2590;  d.nt.  sg. 
to  willan,  1 187,  1 71 2;  instr.  pi. 
jvillum  {accorditig  to  wish),  1822; 
sylfes  wyllum,  2224,  2640;  gen.  pi. 
wilna,  1345.  —  2)  desirable  thing, 
valuable  :  gen.  pi.  wilna,  661 ,  95 1 . 

willan,  aux.  v.,  will :  in  pres.  also 
shall  (when  the  future  action  is 
depend,  on  one's  free  will)  :  pres. 
sg.  I.  wille  ic  S-secgan  {/will  set 
forth,  tell  out),  344;  so,  351,  427; 
ic  to  sx  wille  {I  will  to  sea),  318; 
wylle,  94S,  2149,  2513;  .sg.  II.  W 
wylt,  1853;  sg.  III.  he  wile,  346, 
446,  1050,  1 182,  1833;  vvyle,  2865; 
wille,  442,  1004,  1 1 85,  1395;  JEr 
he  in  wille  {ere  he  will  in,  i.e.  go 
or  flee  into  the  fearful  sea),  1372; 
wylle,  2767;  pi.  I.  we  .  .  .  wylla^, 
1 8 19;  pret.  sg.  I.,  III.  vvolde,  68, 
154,  200,  646,  665,  739,  756,  797, 
88 1,  etc.;  no  ic  fram  him  wolde 
(i.e.  fleotan),  543;  so,  swS  he  hira 
md  wolde  (i.e.  S-cwellan),  1056; 
pret.  pi.  woldon,  482,  2637,  3173; 
subj.  pret.,  2730.  —  Forms  con- 
tracted w.  negative :  pres.  sg.  I. 
nelle  (=  ne  -f  wille,  /  will  not, 
nolo),  680,  2525(?);  pret.  sg.  III. 
nolde  (=  ne  -f  wolde),  792,  804, 
813, 1524 ;  w.  omitted  inf.  |'S  metod 
nolde,  707,  968;  pret.  subj.  no'de, 
2519- 


GLOSSARY. 


349 


wllnlan,  w.  v.,  to  long  for,  beseech  : 
inf.  vvel  biS  j^am  be  niot  ...  to 
faSer  faSmuni  freoSo  wilnian  {well 
for  him  that  may  beseech  protection 
in  the  Father'' s  arms),  1 88. 

wil-siS,  St.  m.,  chosen  journey :  ace. 
sg.  wil-siS,  216. 

ge-Tvin,  St.  n. :  i)  strife,  struggle, 
enmity,  conflict:  ace.  sg.,  878; 
I'S  hie  ge-win  drugon  {endured 
strife),  799;  under  ^5a  ge-win 
{under  the  tumult  of  the  waves'), 
1470;  gen.  sg.  J^as  ge-winnes  weorc 
{misery  for  this  strife),  1722. — 
2)  suffering,  oppression  :  nom.  sg., 
133,  191;  ace.  sg.  eald  ge-win, 
1782.  —  Comp. :  fyrn-,  ^5-ge-win. 

Avin-arn,  st.  n.,  hall  of  hospitality, 
hall,  wine-hall:  gen.  sg.  win-arnes, 

655- 
■wind,  St.  m.,  wind,  storm  :  nom.  sg., 

547.  1375.  1908;  dat.  instr.  sg. 
winde,  217;   wiS  winde,  1 1 33. 

windan,  st.  v. :  i)  intrans.,  to  wind, 
whirl:  pret.  sg.  wand  to  wolcnum 
wa)-fyra  nisest,  11 20.  —  2)  w.  ace., 
to  t'lvist,  wind,  curl :  pret.  pi.  strea- 
mas  vvundon  sund  wi5  sande,  212; 
pret.  part,  wunden  gold  {twisted, 
spirally-twined,  gold  ) ,  1 1 94,  3135; 
instr.  pi.  wundnum  (wundum,  MS.) 
golde,  1383. 

at-windan,^  wrest  one's  self  from, 
escape :  pret.  sg.  se  I'am  fednde  at- 
wand,  143. 

be-windan,^  wind  with  or  round, 
clasp,  surround,  envelop  (invol- 
vere)  :  pret.  sg.  he  hit  (the  sword) 
mundumbe-wand,  1462;  pret.  part. 
wirum  be-wunden  {wound  'with 
wires')  1032;  feorh  .  .  .  flsesce  be- 
wunden  (^esh-enclosed),  2425; 
gSr  .  .  .  mundum  be-wunden  {a 
spear  grasped  with  the  hands), 
3023;    id-manna   gold  galdre  be- 


wunden  {spell -  encircled  gold), 
3053;  (astah  .  .  .)  leg  wope  be- 
wunden  {uprose  the  fame  mingled 
with  a  lament),  3147. 

ge- windan,  to  ivrithe,  get  loose, 
escape :  inf.  widre  ge-windan  {to 
flee  further),  764;  pret.  sg.  on 
fleam  ge-wand,  1002. 

o  n  -  w  i  n  d  a  n ,  to  unwind,  loosen  : 
pres.  sg.  (Jjonne  fader)  on-winded 
wal-rapas,  161 1. 

win-dag,  st.  m.,  day  of  struggle  or 
suffering :  dat.  pi.  on  J>yssum  win- 
dagum  {in  these  days,  of  sorroiu, 
i.e.  of  earthly  existence),  1063. 

wind-bland  (blond),  st.  n.,  wind- 
roar  :  nom.  sg.,  3147. 

wind-gereste,  f.,  resting-place  of 
the  winds  :  ace.  sg.,  2457. 

windig,  adj.,  windy :  ace.  pi.  win- 
dige  (weallas,  nassas),  572,  1359; 
windige  weallas  (wind  geard  weal- 
las,  MS.),  1225. 

Avine,  St.  m.,  friend,  protector,  es- 
pecially the  beloved  ruler  :  nom. 
Sg.  wine  Scyldinga,  le6f  land-fru- 
ma  (Scyld),  30;  wine  Scyldinga 
(HroSgar),  148,  1184.  As  voca- 
tive: min  wine,  2048;  vnne  min, 
Beowulf  (HunferS),  457,  530, 
1705;  ace.  Sg. holdne  wine  (HrotS- 
gir),376;  wine  Deniga,  Scyldinga, 
350,  2027;  dat.  Sg.  wine  Scyldinga, 
170;  gen.  sg.  wines  (Beowulf), 
3097;  ace.  pi.  wine,  21 ;  dat.  pi. 
Denum  eallum,  winum  Scyldinga, 
1419;  gen.  pi.  winigea  leasum, 
1665  ;  winia  bealdor,  2568.  — 
Comp. :  frea-,  freo-,  gold-,  gflS-, 
maeg-wine. 

wine-dryhten,    st.    m.,    (dominus 

amicus),  friendly  lord,  lord  and 

friend:  ace.  sg.  wine-drihten,  863, 

1605;    wine-dryhten,  2723,  3177; 

dat.  sg.  wine-drihtne,  360. 


nr)0 


GLOSSARY. 


wlne-geOmor,  adj.,  friend-mourn- 
ing:  nom.  sg.,  2240. 

wiue-leAs,  zd].,  friendless:  dat.  sg. 
wine-leasum,  2614. 

wine-maeg,  st.  m.,  dear  kinsman  : 
nom.  pi.  wine-mSgas,  65. 

g  e  -  'winna,  w.  m.,  striver,  strugglcr, 
foe  :  comp.  eald-,  ealdor-gewinna. 

winnan,  st.  v.,  to  struggle,  fight: 
pret.  sg.  III.  wan  Sna  wiS  eallum, 
144;  Grendel  wan  .  .  .  wiS  lIioS- 
gSr,  151 ;  holm  .  .  .  won  wiJS  winde 
(Jhe  sea  fought  -with  the  wind :  cf. 
wan  wind  endi  water,  Ileliand, 
2244),  1 133;  II.  eart  \>w  se  Beo- 
wulf, se  )p&  wi5  Brecan  wunne, 
506;  pi.  wiS  gode  wunnon,  113; 
J>aer  hS  graman  wunnon  (juhere 
the  foes  fought),  778. 

win-reced,  st.  n.,  wine-hall,  guest- 
hall,  house  for  entertaining  guests : 
ace.  sg.,  715,  994. 

Avin-sele,  st.  m.,  the  same,  wine- 
hall:  nom.  sg.,  772;  dat.  sg.  wtn- 
sele,   696   (cf.    Heliand    Glossary, 

369  [364])- 

■winter,  st.  m.  n. :  i)  7uinter:  nom. 
sg-.  1 133.  "37;  ace.  sg.  winter, 
1 1 29;  gen.  sg.  wintres,  516. — 
2)  year  (counted  by  winters) : 
aco.  pi  fiftig  wintru  (neut.),  2210; 
instr.  pi  wintrum,  1725,  21 15, 
2278;  gen.  pi.  wintra,  147,  264, 
1928,  2279,  2734,  3051. 

\A  Intre,  adj.,  so  many  winters  (old)  : 
in  comp.  syfan-wintre. 

g  e  -  vvislice,  adv.,  certainly,  un- 
doubtedly: superl.  gewislicost,i35i. 

wist,  St.  f.,  fundamental  meaning  — 
existentia,  hence  :  l )  good  condi- 
tion, happiness,  abundance  :  dat. 
sg.  wuna'S  he  on  wiste,  1 736.  — 
2)  food,  subsistence,  booty  :  dat.  sg. 
|)i  was  after  wiste  w6p  up  fl-hafen 
(a  cry  was  then  uplifted  after  the 


meal,  i.e.  Grendel's  meal  of  thirty 

men),  128. 
wist-fyllo,  St.  f.,  fulness  or  fill  of 
food,  rich  meal :  gen.  sg.  wist-fylle, 

735- 
wit,  St.  n.,  (wit),   understanding: 
nom.  sg.,  590.  —  Comp. :  fyr-,  in- 

wit. 

g  e  -  w  i  t ,  St.  n. :  i )  consciousness  : 
dat.  sg.  ge-weold  his  ge-witte, 
2704.  —  2)  heart,  breast:  dat.  sg. 
fyr  unswiNor  weoll  {the fire  surged 
less  strongly  from  the  dragon's 
breast),  2883. 

w^it,  pers.  pron.  dual  of  we,  we  t~vo, 

535.  537.  539,  540,  544,  "87,  etc. 
See  uuc,  iincer. 

Avita,  ^'eota,  w.  m.,  counsellor, 
royal  adviser  ;  pi.,  the  king's  ccun-^ 
ci I  of  nobles :  nom.pl.  witan,  779; 
gen.  pi.  witena,  157,  266,  937  ; 
weotena,  1099.  —  Comp.  :  fyrn-, 
rftn-wita. 

witan,  pret.-pres.  v.,  to  wot,  knotv . 
i)  w.  depend,  clause:  pres.  sg.  I., 
III.  wit,  1332,  2657;  ic  on  Hige- 
lace  wat  ))at  he  .  .  .  (/  know  as  to 
II.,  that  ^<f  .  .  .),  1831;  so,  god 
wSt  on  mec  J^at  .  .  .  (^God  knows 
of  me,  that  .  .  .),  2651  ;  sg.  II.  \>w 
wast,  272;  weak  pret.  sg.  I.,  III. 
wiste,  822;  wisse,  2340,  2726;  pi. 
wiston,  799,  1605  ;  subj.  pres.  I. 
gif  ic  wiste,  2520.  —  2)  w.  ace.  and 
inf.:  pres.  sg.  I.  ic  wSt,  1864. — 

3)  w.  object,  predicative  part,  or 
adj.:  pret.  sg.  III.  to  has  he  win- 
reced  .  .  .  gearwost  wisse,  fattum 
fShne,  716;  so,  1310;  wiste  \>2xa 
ahloecan  hilde  ge-)'inged,  647.  — 

4)  w.  ace,  to  know:  inf.  witan, 
252,  288  ;  pret.  sg.  wisse,  169  ; 
wiste  his  lingrage-weald  on  grameg 
grdpum,  765;  pi.  II.  wisson,  246; 
wiston,  181. 


GLOSSARY. 


351 


nlt=  M  ■'t-  ■wi.i,  I  know  not :  i)ellip- 
tically  with  hwilc,  indef.  pronoun 
=  some  or  other :  scea'Sa  ic  nSt 
hwilc.  —  2)  w.  gen.  and  depend, 
clause :  nSt  he  ^Sra  goda,  hat  he 
me  on-gean  slea,  682. 

ge-witan,  io  know,  perceive  :  inf. 
bas  he  hie  gewis-licost  ge-witan 
meahton,  1351. 

be-  witian .    See  b  e  -  weotian . 

witig,  adj.,  wise,  sagacious:  nom. 
sg.  witig  god,  686,  1057  ;  witig 
drihten  (God),  1555;  vvittigdrihten, 
1842. 

ge -wit tig,  adj.,  conscious:    nom. 

sg-  3095- 

ge-vvitnlan,  w.  v.,  to  chastise, pun- 
ish :  wommum  gewitnad  {punished 
with  plagues'),  3074. 

wic,  St.  n.,  dwelling,  house  :  ace.  sg. 
wic,  822,  2590 ;  — often  in  pi.  be- 
cause houses  of  nobles  were  com- 
plex: dat.wicum,  1305,1613,3084; 
gen.  wica,  125,  11 26. 

g  e  -  wican,  st.  v.,  to  soften,  give  ivay, 
yield  (here  chiefly  of  swords)  :  pret. 
sg.  ge-w3c,  25  78,  2630. 

wic-stede,  st.  m.,  dwelling-place : 
nom.  sg.  2463;  ace.  sg.  wTc-stede, 
2608. 

wid,  adj.,  tvide,  extended :  I )  space  : 
ace.  sg.  neut.  ofer  wid  water,  2474 ; 
gen.  sg.  widan  rices,  i860;  ace.  pi. 
wide  si^as,  waro'Sas,  878,  1966.  — 
2)  temporal :  ace.  sg.  widan  feorh 
(ace.  of  time),  2015;  dat.  sg.  to 
widan  feore,  934. 

wide,  adv.,  "widely,  afar,  18,  74,  79, 
266,  1404,  1589,  i960,  etc.;  wide 
cfl'5  {widelv,  universally,  known), 
2136,  2924  ;  so,  underne  wide, 
2914;  wide  geond  eorSan  {over 
the  whole  earth,  tvidely),  3100  ;  — 
modifier  of  superl. :  wreccena  wide 
mserost  {the  most  famous  of  wan- 


derers,   exiles),    899.  —  Compar 
widre,  764. 

wid-cuU,  adj.,  widely  known,  very 
celebrated:  nom.  sg.  neut.,  1257; 
ace.  sg.  m.  wid-cft"5ne  man  (Beo- 
wulf), 1490  ;  wid-cfl5ne  wean, 
1992;  wId-cflSes  (HroSgSr),  1043. 

■wide-ferhij,  st.  m.  n.,  {long  life), 
great  length  of  time :  ace.  sg.  as 
ace.  of  time  :  wtde-ferh'S  {down  to 
distant  times,  always),  703,  938; 
ealne  wIde-ferhS,  1223. 

wid-floga,  w.  m.,  wide-flier  (of  the 
dragon)  :  nom.  sg.,  2831 ;  ace.  sg. 
wid-flogan,  2347. 

wid-scofen,  pret.  part.,  wide-spread} 
causing  fear  far  and  wide  ?  937. 

vvid-weg,  st.  m.,  wide  tvay,  long 
jotirney  :  ace.  pi.  wid-wegas,  841, 
^1705. 

wif,  St.  n.,  woman,  lady,  wife  :  nom. 
sg.  freo-lic  wif  (Queen  Wealh- 
beow),  616  ;  wif  un-h^re  (Gren- 
del's  mother),  2121 ;  ace.  sg.  driht- 
lice  wif  (Finn's  wife),  1159;  instr. 
sg.  mid  1>^  wife  (HroSgar's  daugh- 
ter, Freawaru),  2029;  dat.  sg.  bam 
wife  (Wealhjpeow),  640;  gen.  sg. 
wifes  (as  opposed  to  man),  1285; 
gen.  pi.  wera  and  wifa,  994.  — 
Comp. :  aglaec-,  mere-wif. 

wif-lufe,  w.  f.,  wife-love,  love  for  a 
wife,  woman's  love  :  nom.  pi.  wif- 
lufan,  2066. 

wig,  St.  m. :  i)  war,  battle:  nom. 
sg.,  23,  1081,  2317,  2873;  acc.sg., 
686,  1084,  1248 ;  dat.  sg.  wige, 
1338,2630;  as  instr.,  1085;  (wigge, 
MS.),  1657,  1771 ;  gen.  sg.  wiges, 
65,  887,  1269.  —  2)  valor,  warlike 
prowess :  nom.  sg  was  his  mod- 
sefa  manegum  ge-c^'Sed,  wig  and 
wisdom,  350;  wig,  1043;  wig  .  . . 
eafoS  and  ellen,  2349 ;  gen.  sg 
wiges,  2324.  —  Comp.  f8^e-wig. 


352 


GLOSSARY. 


wiga,  \\ .m.,warrior, fighter :  nom. 
sg.,  630;  dat.  pi.  vvigum,  2396; 
gen.  pi.  wigena,  1544,  1560,  31 16. 
—  Comp. :  asc-,  byrn-,  gSr-,  ^^-, 
lind-,  rand-,  scyld-wiga. 

wigan,  St.  v.,  to  fight :  pres.  sg.  III. 
wigeS,  600;  inf.,  2510. 

wigend,  pres.  ^mxi.,  fighter,  war- 
rior: nom.  sg.,  3100;  nom.  pi. 
wigend,  1126,  1815,  3145;  acc.pl. 
wigend,  3025;  gen.  pi.  wigendra, 
429,  900, 1973,  2338.— Comp.  gar- 
wigend. 

wTg-bealu,  st.  n.,  war-bale,  evil  con- 
test :  ace.  sg.,  2047. 

wig-bil,  St.  n.,  war-bill,  battle-sword: 
nom.  sg.,  1608. 

wig-bord,  st.  n.,  war-board  or 
shield :  ace.  sg.,  2340. 

wig-craft,  St.  m.,  war-power  :  ace. 
sg-,  2954. 

wig-crtiftig,  adj.,  vigorous  in  fight, 
strong  in  war:  ace.  sg.  wlg- 
craftigne  (of  the  sword  Hrunting), 
1812. 

ivig-freca,  vv.  m.,  war-rvolf,  war- 
hero :  ace.  sg.  wig-frecan,  2497; 
nom.  pi.  wig-frecan,  1213. 

wtg-fruma,  w.  m.,  war-chief  or 
Icing  :  nom.  sg.,  665 ;  ace.  sg.  wlg- 
fruman,  2262. 

wig-geatwe,  st.  f.  pi.,  war-orna- 
ments, war  -  gear :  dat.  pi.  on 
wig-geatwum  (-getawum,  MS.), 
368. 

wig-ge-weorffad,  pret.  part.,  war- 
honored,  distinguished  in  war, 
1784?     .See  Note. 

wiggryre,  st.  m.,  war-horror  or 
terror:  nom.  sg.,  1285. 

wig-hete,  St.  m.,  war-hate,  hostility : 
nom.  Sg.,  2121. 

wig-heafola,  w.  m.,  war  head-piece, 
helmet  :  ace.  sg.  wig-heafolan, 
3662.  —  Leo. 


wig-hedp,  St.  m.,  war-band :  nom 

sg-,  447- 

wig-hryre, st.  m.,%var-ruin, slaugh- 
ter, carnage:  aec.  sg.,  1620. 

wig-sigor,  St.  m.,  war-victory  :  ace. 

sg-,  1555- 

Avig-sped,  St.  f,  ?,  war'Speed,  success 
in  war  :  gen.  pi.  wig-speda,  698. 

Avin,  St.  n.,  wine:  ace.  sg.,  1163, 
1234;  instr.  wine,  1468. 

A\"ir,  St.  n.,  wire,  spiral  ornament  of 
wire:  instr.  pi.  wirum,  1032;  gen. 
pi.  wira,  2414. 

wis,  adj.,  wise,  experienced,  discreet : 
nom.  sg.  m.  wis  (?'«  his  mind,  con- 
scions'),  3095;  f.  wis,  1928;  in  w. 
form,  se  wisa,  1401,  1699,  2330; 
ace.  sg.  J^one  wisan,  1319 ;  gen.  pi. 
wisra,  1414;  w.  gen.  nom.  sg.  wis 
wordcwida  {wise  of  speech),  1846. 

wisa,  w.  ni.,  guide,  leader  :  nom.  sg. 
werodes  wtsa,  259. — Comp. :  brim-, 
here-,  hilde-wlsa. 

wiscte.     See  wj'scan. 

wis-doin,  St.  m.,  wisdom,  experi- 
ence :  nom.  sg.,  350;  instr.  sg.  wls- 
dome,  i960. 

wise,  w.  f.,  fashion,  wise,  custom  : 
aec.  sg.  (instr.)  ealde  wisan  {after 
ancient  custom),  1866. 

w^is-fiist,  adj.,  wise,  sagaciotts  (sa- 
pientia  firmus)  :  nom.  sg.  f.,  627. 

wns-hycgende,  pres.  part.,  wise- 
thinking,  wise,  2717. 

w^isian,  w.  v.,  to  guide  or  lead  to, 
direct,  poitit  out :  l)  w.  ace:  inf. 
hean  wong  wisian,  2410;  pret.  sg. 
secg  wlsade  land-gemyroii,  208.  — 
2)  w.  dat. :  pres.  sg.  L  ie  eow 
wisige  (/  shall  guide  you),  292, 
3104;  pret.  sg.  se  bcem  hea^o- 
rincinn  hider  wlsade,  370;  sona 
him  sele-hegn  .  .  .  forS  wisade  {the 
hall-thane  led  him  thither  forth- 
with, i.e.  to  his  couch),  1796;  stlg 


GLOSSAEY. 


353 


wisode  gumum  at-gadere,  320 ;  so, 
1664.  —  3)  w.  prep.? :  pret.  sg.  hS 
secg  vvisode  under  Heorotes  hrof 
{when  the  warrior  showed  them 
the  way  under  Heorotes  roof,  [but 
under  H.'s  hrof  depends  rather  on 
snyredon  atsomne]),  402. 

witan,  St.  v.,  properly  to  look  at ;  to 
look  at  with  censure,  to  blame,  re- 
proach,  accuse,  w.  dat.  of  pers.  and 
ace.  of  thing:  inf.  {ox-\>z.xa.  me 
wlian  ne  J^earf  waldend  fira  mor- 
tSor-bealo  maga,  2742. 

at-wltan,  to  blame,  censure  (of. 
'twit),  w.  ace.  of  thing:  pret.pl. 
at-witon  weana  dael,  1151. 

g  e  -  w  1 1  a  n  ,  properly  spectare  ali- 
quo  ;  to  go  (most  general  verb  of 
motion) :  i)  with  inf.  after  verbs 
of  motion  :  pret.  sg.  hanon  eft  ge- 
wit  ...  to  ham  faran,  123;  so, 
2570;  pi.  banon  eft  gewiton  .  .  . 
mearum  ridan,  854.  Sometimes 
with  reflex,  dat. :  pres.  sg.  him  \>% 
Scyld  ge-wSt  .  .  .  firan  on  frean 
ware,  26;  gewSt  him  .  .  .  ridan, 
234;  so,  1964;  pi.  ge-witon,  301. 
—  2)  associated  with  general  infin- 
itives of  motion  and  aim  :  imper.  pi. 
ge-wita'S  forS  beran  wsepen  and 
gewjedu,  291;  pret.  sg.  ge-\vat  ^d 
neosian  hean  hflses,  115;  he  \>z. 
fSg  ge-wit  .  .  .  man-dream  fleon, 
1264;  nySer  eft  gewat  dennes  nio- 
sian,.3045;  so,  1275,  2402,  2820. 
So,  with  reflex,  dat. :  him  eft  ge- 
wit  .  .  .  himes  niosan,  2388;  so, 
2950 ;  pi.  ge-witon,  1 1 26.  —  3)  with- 
out inf.  and  with  prep,  or  adv. : 
pres.  sg.  III.  bser  firgen-stream 
under  nassa  genipu  niSer  ge-wite^, 
1361  ;  ge-wite'S  on  sealman,  2461 ; 
inf.  on  flodes  aeht  feor  ge-witan, 
42;  pret.  sg.  ge-wit,  217;  him  ge- 
wit,    1237,    1904;    of  life,  ealdre 


ge-wit  {died),  2472,  2625;  fyrst 
for'S  ge-wat  {time  went  on),  210; 
him  ge-wat  (it  of  healle,  663;  ge- 
wit  him  ham,  1602;  pret.  part.  dat. 
sg.  me  for'S-ge-witenum  {me  de- 
functo,  I  dead),  I480. 

6  S  -  w  1 1  a  n,  to  blame,  censtire,  re- 
proach: inf.  ne  J'orfte  him  ba  lean 
65-wltan  mon  on  middan-gearde, 
2997. 

wlanc,  wlonc,  adj.,  proud,  exult- 
ing:  nom.  sg.  wlanc,  341 ;  w.  instr. 
sese  wlanc  {proud of,  extdting  in, 
her  prey,  meal),  1333;  wlonc, 
331;  w.  gen.  maSm-ashta  wlonc 
{proud  of  the  treasures),  2834; 
gen.  sg.  wlonces,  2954.  —  Comp. 
gold-wlanc. 

Tclatian,  w.  v.,  to  look  or  gaze  out, 
forth :  piet.  sg.  se  J'e  ser  .  .  .  feor 
wlatode,  191 7. 

■wlenco,  St.  f.,  pride,  heroism  :  dat. 
sg.  vvlenco,  338,  1207 ;  wlence,  508. 

wllte,  St.  Ta.,form,  nobte  form,  look, 
beauty  :  nom.  sg.,  250. 

wlite-beorht,  adj.,  beauteous,  bril- 
liant in  aspect:  ace.  sg.  wlite- 
beorhtne  wang,  93. 

wlitc-seon,  st.  n.  f.,  sight,  spectacle: 
ace.  sg.,  1 65 1. 

n'litig,  adj.,  beautiful,  glorious,  fair 
in  form  :  ace.  sg.  wlitig  (sweord), 
1663. 

■wlStan,  St.  v.,  to  see,  look, gaze  :  pret 
sg.  he  after  recede  wlit  {looked 
along  the  hall),  1573;  pret.  pi. 
on  holm  wliton  {looked on  the  sea), 
1593;  whtan  on  Wlglif,  2855. 

geond-wlitan,  w.  ace,  to  exam- 
ine, look  throttgh,  scan  :  inf.  write 
giond-wlitan,  2772. 

wdh  -  bogen,  pret.  part.,  {bent 
crooked),  crooked,  twisted:  nom. 
sg.  wyrm  woh-bogen,  2828. 

■wolcen,  St.  n.  m.,  cloud  (cf.  welkin); 


354 


GLOSSARY. 


dat.  pi.  under  wolcnum  (^under  the 
clouds,  on  earth),  8, 652,  715, 1 77 1 ; 
t8  wolcnum,  11 20,  1375. 

wollen-toAr,  adj.,  tear-flowing,  -with 
flowing  tears  •  nom.   pi.    vvoUen- 
teare,  3033. 

worn.    See  warn. 

won.     See  %van. 

wore.     See  w^eorc. 

w^ord,  St.  n. :  l)  word,  speech  :  noni. 
sg.,  2818;  ace.  sg.  bat  word,  655, 
2047;  word,  315,  341,  390,  871, 
2552;  instr.  sg.  worde,  2157;  gen. 
sg.  wordes,  2792;  nom.  pi.  ha 
word,  640;  word,  613;  ace.  pi. 
word  (of  an  alliterative  song), 
871 ;  instr.pl.  wordum,  176,  366, 
627,  875,  iioi,  1 173,  1194,  1319, 
181 2,  etc.;  ge-saga  him  wordum 
(^tell  them  in  words,  expressly), 
388.  The  instr.  wordum  accom- 
panies biddan,  I'ancian,  be-wag- 
nan,  secgan,  hergan,  to  empha- 
size the  verb,  176,  627,  1 194,  2796, 
3177;  gen.  pi.  worda,  289,  398, 
2247,  2263(?),  3031.— 2)  com- 
mand, order  :  gen.  sg.  his  wordes 
ge weald  habban  (^to  rule,  reign), 
79;  so,  instr.  pi.  wordum  weokl, 
30.  —  Comp. :  beot-,  gylp-,  me'»>el-, 
hry'S-word. 

vpord-cvi^ide,  st.  m.,  (^zcord-utter- 
a nee),  speech  :  ace.  pi.  word-cwy- 
das,  1842;  dat.  pi.  word-cwydum, 
2754;   gen.  pi.  word-cwida,  1846. 

•ivord-gid,  st.  m.,  speech,  saying: 
ace.  sg.  word-gyd,  3174. 

word-hord,  st.  n.,  word-hoard, 
treasury  of  speech,  mouth  :  ace.  sg. 
word-hord  on-leae  {unlocked  his 
word-hoard,  opened  his  mouth, 
spoke),  259. 

word-riht,  st.  n.,  right  speech,  suit- 
able word :  gen.  pi.  Wigldf  ma'Se- 
lode  word-rihta  fela,  2632. 


w^orff-mynd.     See  %veor9-niynd. 
worUig  (for  w^eorffig),  st.  m.,  pal- 
ace, estate,  court :  ace.  sg.  on  wor- 

■Sig  {into  the  palace),  1973. 

worn,  St.  n.,  multitude,  number: 
ace.  Sg.  worn  eall  {very  many), 
3095;  "^rnXx^woxn  {many  years), 
264 ;  J'onne  he  wintrum  frod  worn 
ge-munde  {when  he  old  in  yean 
thought  of  their  number),  21 15. 
Used  with  fela  to  strengthen  the 
meaning :  nom.  ace.  sg.  worn  fela, 
1 784 ;  hwat  \>\\  worn  fela . . .  sprtece 
{how  very  much  thou  hast  spoken  !), 
530;  so,  eal-fela  eaid-gesegena 
worn,  871 ;  gen.  pi.  worna  fela, 
2004,  2543. 

w^oruld,  -worold,  st.  f.,  humanity, 
world,  earth  :  nom.  sg.  eal  worold, 
1739;  ace.  sg.  in  worold  (wacan) 
{to  be  born,  come  into  the  'world), 
60;  worold  oflaetan,  of-gifan  {die), 
1184,1682;  gen.  sg.  worolde,  951, 
1081,  1388,  1733;  worulde,  2344; 
his  worulde  ge-dSl  {his  separation 
from  the  world,  death),  3069; 
worolde  brQcan  {to  enjoy  life,  live), 
1063;   worlde,  2712. 

worold-ar,  st.  f.,  worldly  honor  or 
dignity  :  ace.  sg.  worold-ire,  i  7. 

woruld-candcl,  st.  f.,  world-candle, 
sun  :  nom.  sg.,  1966. 

worold-cyning,  st.  m.,  world  king, 
mighty  king:  nom.  sg.,  3182; 
gen.  pi.  worold-cyninga,  1685. 

woriild-endc,  st.  m.,  tvorWs  end : 
ace.  sg.,  3084. 

worold-raeden,  st.  f.,  usual  course, 
fate  of  the  -world,  customary  fate  : 
dat.  sg.  worold-roedenne,  1143? 

\vOp,  St.  m.,  {whoop),  cry  of  grief, 
lament:  nom.  sg.,  128;  ace.  sg. 
w8p,  786;   instr.  sg.  wope,  3147. 

wracu,st.  i., persecution,  vengeance, 
revenge :   nom.    sg.   wracu    (MS 


GLOSSARY. 


355 


uncertain),  2614;    ace.  sg.  wrace, 
2337.  —  Comp. :  gyrn-,  n^d-wracu. 

wralg^u,  St.  f.,  protection,  safety  :  in 
comp.  lif-wra'Su. 

wrS.ar,  adj.,  wroth,  furious,  hostile  : 
ace.  sg.  neut.  wra'S,  319;  dat.  sg. 
wri^um,  661,  709;  gen.  pi.  wrS- 
•Sra,  1620. 

wrS'Se ,  adv.,  contemptibly,  disgrace- 
fully, 2873. 

wralj-lice,    adv.,    wrathfully,   hos- 

'  tilely  (in  battle),  3063. 

■wrasn,  St.  f .,  circlet  of  gold  for  the 
head,  diadem,  crown :  in  comp. 
frea-wrSsn. 

wrac-lS.st,  st.  m.,  exile-step,  exile, 
banishment:  ace.  sg.  wrae-lSstas 
trad  {trod  exile-steps,  wandered 
in  exile'),  1353. 

wrac-macg,  st.  m.,  exile,  otitcast  : 
nom.  pi.  wrac-macgas,  2380. 

wrac-si3',  st.  m.,  exile-journey,  ban- 
ishment, exile,  persecution  :  ace. 
sg.,  2293;   dat.  sg.  -stSum,  338. 

wrat,  St.  f.,  ornament,  jewel :  ace. 
pi.  vvrate  (wrsece,  MS.),  2772, 
3061 ;  instr.  pi.  vviattum,  1532; 
gen.  pi.  wratta,  2414. 

wrat-lic,  adj . :  i )  artistic,  orna- 
mental;  valuable:  ace.  sg.  wrat- 
licne  wundur  -  mSS'Sum,  2174; 
wrat-lic  wseg-sweord,  1490;  wig- 
bord  wrat-lic,  2340.  —  2)  won- 
drous, strange  :  ace.  sg.  wrat-licne 
wyrm  [from  its  rings  or  spots?], 
892;   vvlite-seon  wrat-lic,  1651. 

WTaec,  St.  f.,  persecution;  hence, 
wretchedness,  misery :  nom.  sg., 
170;   ace.  Sg.  wrase,  3079. 

wrecan,  st.  v.  w.  ace. :  i)  to  press, 
force :  pret.  part.  Jjaer  was  Ongen- 
beo  ...  on  bid  wrecen,  2963.  — 
2)  to  drive  out,  expel :  pret.  sg. 
ferh  ellen  wrae,  2707.  —  3)  to 
wreak  or  utter  :  gid,  spel  wrecan 


{to  utter  words  or  songs') ;  subj.  pres. 
sg.  111.  he  gyd  wrece,  2447;  inf. 
wrecan  spel  ge-rade,  874;  word- 
gyd  wrecan,  3174;  pret.  sg.  gyd 
after  wrac,  2155;  pres.  part.  J^xt 
was  .  .  .  gid  wrecen,  1066. — 4)  to 
avenge,  punish  :  subj.  pres.  YiX  he 
his  freond  wrece,  1386;  inf.  wolde 
hire  masg  wrecan,  1340;  so,  1279, 
1547;  pres.  part,  wrecend  {an 
avenger),  1257;  pret.  sg.  wrac 
Wedera  niS,  423;  so,  1334,  1670. 

S- wrecan,  to  tell,  recount:  pret. 
sg.  ic  Hsgid  be  he  &-wrac  {I  have 
told  this  tale  for  thee),  1725;  so, 
2109. 

for-wrecan,w.  ace.,  to  drive  away, 
expel;  carry  away:  inf.  \>^  las 
him  ^J^a  brym  wudu  wyn-suman 
for-wrecan  meahte  {lest  the  force 
of  the  luaves  might  carry  aivay  the 
witisotne  ship),  1920;  pret.  sg.  he 
hine  feor  for-wrac  .  .  .  man-eynne 
fram,  109. 

ge- wrecan,  w.  ace,  to  avenge, 
wreak  vengeance  upon,  punish  : 
pret.  sg.  ge-wrac,  107,  2006;  he 
ge-wrac  (i.e.  hit,  this)  eealdum 
eear-sTSum,  2396;  he  hine  sylfne 
ge-wrac  {avenged himself),  2876; 
pi.  ge-wrsecan,  2480;  pret.  part, 
ge-wrecen,  3063. 

wrecca,  w.  m.,  {wretch),  exile,  ad- 
venturer, wandering  soldier,  hero: 
nom.  sg.  wrecca  (Hengest),  1138; 
gen.  pi.  wreccena  wide  maerost 
(Sigemund),  899. 

WT&oiS^Vi-\a\.t,z.^).,wreathe7i-hilted, 
with  twisted  hilt :  nom.  sg.,  1699. 

wridian,  w.  v.,  to  flourish,  spring 
up  :  pret.  sg.  III.  wrida'5,  1742. 

wriffa,  w.  m.,  band :  in  comp.  beag- 
wriSa  {bracelet'),  2019. 

wrixl,  St.  n.,  exchange,  change: 
instr.  sg.  wyrsan  wrixle  {in  a  worst 


856 


GLOSSAHV. 


way,    with     a    worse    exchange^, 
2970. 
ge-wrixle,    st.    n.,    exchange,   ar- 
rangement, bargain  :  uom.  sg.  ne 
was  ^at  ge-wrixle  til  {it  zvas  not  a 
good  arrangement,  trade),  1305. 
wrixlan,    w.  v.,   to  exchange:  inf. 
wordum     wrixlan     {to     exchange 
words,  converse),  366;   875  {tell). 
wriffan,  st.  v.  w.  ace.  •.   i)  to  bind, 
fasten,   wreathe   together:   inf.    ic 
hine  (him,  MS.)  ...  on  wal-bedde 
wrfSan  hohte,  965.  —  2)  to  bind  up 
(a   wounded  person,  a   wound) : 
pret.  pi.  ha  wseron  monige  be  his 
mseg   wri-Son,   2983.     See  hand- 
gewriijen. 
writan,  st.  v.,  to  ittcise,  engrave  : 
pret.  part,  on  ham  (hilte)  was  or 
writen    fyrn-gewinnes    {on    which 
was   engraved  the  origin    of  an 
ancient  struggle),  1689. 
for-wrltan,  to  cut  to  pieces  or  in 
two  :  pret.  sg.  for-wrat  Wedra  helm 
wyrm  on  middan,  2706. 
wrOlit,  St.  m.  f.,  blame,  accusation, 
crime;  here  strife,  contest,  hostility: 
noni.  sg.,  2288,  2474,  2914. 
wudu,  St.  m.,  wood :    i)   material, 
timber:    noni.    pi.    wudu,    1365; 
hence,  the  wooden  spear :  ace.  pi. 
wudu,  398.  —  2)  forest,  wood:  ace. 
Sg.  wudu,  1417.  —  3)  wooden  ship : 
nom.  sg.  298;   ace.  sg.  wudu,  216, 
1920. — Comp. :  bael-,  bord-,gamen-, 
heal-,    holt-,    niagen-,  see-,  sund-, 
hrec-wudu. 
wudurec,    st.    m.,    wood-reek    or 
smoke  :  nom.  sg.,  3145. 
'    wuldor,    St.  n.,    glory:    nom.   sg. 
kyninga  wuldor  {God),  666;  gen. 
sg.    wuldres    wealdend,    17,    183, 
1753;  wuldres  hyrde,  932,  (desig- 
nations of  God). 
wuldor-cynlng,st.  m.,king  of  glory. 


God.  dat.  sg.  v,-uldur-eyninge,  2796 
\vuldor-torht,  •  adj.,   glory  -  bright, 
brilliant,  clear :  ace.  pi.  wuUlor- 
torhtan  weder,  11 37. 
■\vulf,  St.  m.,  wolf:  ace.  sg.,  3028. 
wulf-hliff,  St.  n.,  wolf-slope,  wolfs 
retreat,  slope   whereunder  wolves 
house  :  ace.  pi.  wulf-hleoSu,  1359. 
■\viind,    St.    f.,    wound:    nom.    sg., 
2712,  2977;    ace.  sg.  wunde,  2532, 
2907;  ace.  sg.  wunde,  2726;   instr. 
pi.  wundum,  1114,  2831,  2938. — ■ 
Comp.  feorh-wund. 
^vund,   adj.,   wounded,  sore :   nom. 
sg.,  2747;    dat.  sg.  wundum,  2754; 
nom.  pi.  wunde,  565,  1076. 
Avunden-feax,    adj.,   curly-haired 
(of  a  horse's  mane):  noni.sg.,  1401. 
>vuiiden-heals,  adj.,   with   twisted 
or  curved  neck  or  prow  :  nom.  sg. 
wudu  wunden-hals  {the  ship),  298. 
\>'unden-heorde?,  curly-haired  f : 

nom.  sg.  f.,  3153. 

^'unden-mael,    adj.,     damascened, 

etched,  with  wavy  ornaments{'i)  : 

nom.  sg.  neut.,  1532  (of  a  sword). 

wuin\<in-s,tefna^\y  .m.jcut^ed prow, 

ship  :  nom.  sg.,  220. 
^vundo^,  st.  n. :  i)  wonder,  wonder- 
work:  lUHii.  Sg.,  772,  1725;   wun- 
dur,  3063;   ace.  sg.  wundor,  841; 
wunder,  932;   wundur,  2760,  3033, 
3104;  dat.  sg.  wundre,  932;   instr. 
pi.  wundrum  {wondrously) ,  1453, 
2688;    gen.  pi.  wundra,   1608. — 
2)  portent,  monster  :  gen.  pi.  wun- 
dra, 1 5 10.  —  Comp.:  hand-,  ntS-, 
searo-wundor. 
wundor-bebod,   st.  n.,   wondrous 
command,   strange  order:    instr. 
pi.  -bebodum,  1748. 
wundor-de&S,  st.  m.,  wonder-death, 
strange  death  :  instr.  sg.  wundor 
deaSe,  3038. 
wundor-fat,    st.   n.,    wonder  vat. 


GLOSSARY. 


35T 


strange  vessel :  dat.  pi.  of  wundor- 
fatum  (^frofH  wondrous  vessels), 
1 163. 

vrundor-lic,  adj.,  wonderlike,  re- 
markable:  nom.  sg.,  1441. 

WTindor-ma3'3'uni,  st.  m.,  wonder- 
jewel,  wonderful  treasure  :  ace. 
sg.,  2174. 

TTundor-smiiJ,  st.m.,  wonder-smith, 
skilled  smith,  worker  of  marvellous 
things  :  gen.  pi.  wundor-smifSa  ge- 
weorc  (the  ancient  giant's  sword), 
1682. 

wrundor-seon,  st.  f.,  wondrous 
sight:  gen.  pi.  wunder-siona,  996. 

wunian,  w.  v. :  i)  to  stand,  exist, 
remain  :  pres.  sg.  III.  J^enden  J>aer 
wuna'S  on  heah-stede  hflsa  selest 
(aj  long  as  the  best  of  houses  stands 
there  on  the  high  place),  284 ; 
wuna^  he  on  wiste  {lives  in  plenty), 
1736;  inf.  on  sele  wunian  (^to  re- 
main in  the  hall),  3129;  pret.  sg. 
wunode  mid  Finne  (^remained with 
F.),  1 129.  —  2)  w.  ace.  or  dat., /o 
dwell  in,  to  inhabit,  to  possess :  pres. 
sg.  III.  wuna'5  wal-reste  {holds  his 
death-bed),  2903;  inf.  water-egesan 
wunian  scolde  .  .  .,  streamas,  1261; 
wicum  wunian,  3084 ;  w.  prep. : 
pres.  sg.  Higeiac  W-x  at  him  wu- 
na'S, 1924. 

ge-wunian,  w.  ace.:  i)  to  inhabit : 
inf.  ge-[wunian],  2276.  —  2)  to 
remain  with,  stand  by  :  subj.  pres. 
\>2X  hine  on  ylde  eft  ge-wunigen 
wil-ge-sl^as,  22. 

wurUan.    See  veeorffan. 

i^uton,  V.  from  witan,  used  as  interj., 
let  us  go !  up  !  w.  inf. :  wutun 
gangan  t6  {let  us  go  to  him .') ,  2649 ; 
uton  hra'Se  f&ran!  1391;  uton  nu 
Sfstan,  3102. 

wylf,  St.  f,,  she-wolf:  in  comp. 
brim-wylf. 


vrylm,  st.  m.,  surge,  surf,  billow. 
nom.  sg.  flodes  wylm,  1 765 ;  dat. 
wintres  wylme  {with  winter^s 
flood),  516;  ace.  sg.  )>urh  wateres 
wylm,  1694;  ace.  pi.  heortan  wyl- 
mas,  2508. — Comp. :  breost-,  brim-, 
byrne-,  cear-,  f^r-,  hea'So-,  holm-, 
sae-,  sorh-vvylm.     See  walm. 

wyn,  St.  f.,  pleasantness,  pleasure, 
joy,  enjoyment :  ace.  sg.  mseste . . . 
worolde  wynne  {the  highest  earthly 
joy),  108 1;  eorSan  wynne  {earth- 
joy,  the  delightful  earth),  1731  ; 
heofenes  wynne  {heaven''s  joy,  the 
rising  sun),  1802;  hearpan  wynne 
{harp -joy,  the  pleasant  harp), 
2108;  J'at  he  .  .  .  ge-drogen  hafde 
eor^an  wynne  {that  he  had  had 
his  earthly  joy),  2728  ;  dat.  sg. 
vveorod  was  on  wynne,  2015;  instr. 
pi.  magenes  W7nnum  {in  joy  of 
strength),  1 7 1 7 ;  so,  1 888. — Comp. : 
^■Sel-,  hord-,  lif-,  lyft-,  symbel-wyn. 

■wyn-leds,  adj.,  joyless :  ace.  sg. 
wyn-leasne  wudu,  1417;  wyn-leas 
wie,  822. 

^vyn-sum,  adj.,  winsotne,  pleasant : 
ace.  sg.  wudu  wyn-suman  {the 
ship),  1920;  nom.  pi.  word  wasron 
wyn-sume,  613. 

wyrcan,  v.  iireg. :  i)  to  do,  effect, 
w.  ace:  inf.  (wundor)  wyrcan, 
931 .  —  1)  to  make,  create,  w.  ace. : 
pret.  sg.  hat  se  al-mihtiga  eor^an 
worh[te],  92;  swS  hine  {the  hel- 
met) worhte  waepna  smi"5,  1453. — 
3)  to  gain,  win,  acquire,  w.  gen. : 
subj.  pres.  wyrce,  se  J?e  m8te,  domes 
aer  dea«e,  1388. 

be-wyrcan,  to  gird,  surround: 
pret.  pi.  bronda  betost  wealle  be- 
vvorhton,  3163. 

ge-wyrcan:  i)  intrans.,  to  act,  be- 
have :  inf.  sw3  sceal  geong  guma 
gSde  gewyrcean  ...  on  fader  wine, 


358 


GLOSSARY. 


\>SX  .  .  .  (a  young  man  shall  so  act  \ 
■with  benefits  towards  his  father's  j 
friends  (hat.  . .),  20.  —  2)  w.  ace, 
to  do,  make,  effect,  perform  :  inf. 
ne  meahte  ic  at  hilde  mid  Hrun- 
tinge  wiht  ge-\vyrcan,  l66i  ; 
sweorde  ne  meahte  on  |'am  aglre- 
can  .  .  .  wunde  ge-« yicean,  2907 ; 
pret.  sg.  ge-worhte,  636,  1579, 
2713;  pret.  part.  ace.  ic  |'&  leode 
wSt  .  .  .  faste  ge-\voihte.  1865. — 
3)  /<?  make,  construct :  inf.  (medo- 
arn)  ge-wyrcean,  69;  (wig-bord) 
ge-wyrcean,  2338  ;  (hlaew)  ge- 
wyrcean,  2S03;  pret.  pi.  II.  ge- 
worhton,  3097;  III.  ge-worliton, 
3158;  pret.  part.  ge-\vorht,  1697. 
—  4)  to  win,  acquire  :  pres.  sg.  ic 
me  mid  Hruntinge  d3m  ge-wyrce, 
1492. 

Wyrd,  St.  f.,  IVeird  (one  of  the 
Norns,  guide  of  human  destiny; 
mostly  weakened  down  =  fate, 
providence)  :  nom.  sg.,  455,  477, 
572,  735,  1206,  2421,  2527,  2575, 
2815;  ace.  sg.  wyrd,  1057,  1234; 
gen.  pi.  wyrda,  3031.  (Cf.  Weird 
Si.sters  of  Macbeth.) 

wyrdaii,  w.  v.,  to  ruin,  kill,  de- 
stroy: pret.  sg.  he  tS  lange  leode 
mine  wanode  and  wyrde,  1338. 

a -wyrd  an,  w.  v.,  to  destroy,  kill  : 
pret.  part. :  aSeling  monig  wun- 
dum  a-wyrded,  1 114. 

wyrlflPe,  adj.,  noble ;  worthy,  honored, 
valued :  ace.  sg.  ni.  wyrvSne  (ge- 
don)  (/o  esteem  worthy'),  2186; 
nom.  pi.  wyrtie,  368;  compar.  noni. 
sg.  rices  wyrfJra  {worthier  of  rule), 
862.  —  Comp.  fyrd-wyiiNe.  See 
weorff. 

vvyrgen,  st.  f.,  throttler  [cf.  sphinx], 
she-wolf:  in  comp.  grund-wyr- 
gen. 


ge-wyrht,  st.  n.,  work ;  desert :  in 
comp.  eald-gewyrht,  2658. 

wyrm,  st.  m.,  worm,  dragon,  drake : 
nom.  sg.,  898,  2288,  2344,  2568, 
2630,  2670.  2746,  2828;  ace.  sg. 
wyrm,  887,  892,  2706,  3040,  3133; 
dat.  sg.  wyrnie,  2308,  25  20;  gen. 
wyrmes,  2317,  2349,  2760,  2772, 
2903;  ace.  pi.  wyrmas,  1431. 

wyrm-cyn,  st.  m.,  worm-kin,  race 
of  reptiles,  dragons  :  gen.  sg.  wyrm- 
cynnes  fela,  1426. 

^vyrn^-fah,  adj.,  dragon-ornament- 
ed, snake -adorned  (ornamented 
with  figures  of  dragons,  snakes, 
etc. :  cf.  Dietrich  in  Germania  X., 
278)  :  nom.  sg.  sweord  .  .  .  wreo- 
•Sen-hilt  and  wyrm-fah,  1699. 

wyrin-hord,  st.  n.,  dragon-hoard : 
gen.  pi.  wyrm-horda,  2223. 

for-wyrnan,  w.  v.,  to  refuse,  re- 
ject: subj.  pres.  II.  J>at  \>\i  me  no 
for-wyrne,  hat  ...  {that  thou  re- 
fuse me  not  that  .  .  .),  429;  pret, 
sg.  he  ne  for-wyrnde  worold-rse- 
denue,  1143. 

ge-\vyrpan,  w.  v.  reflex.,  to  refresh 
one's  self,  recover:  pret.  sg.  he  hyne 
ge-wyrpte,  2977. 

wyrpe,  st.  m.,  change :  ace.  sg. 
after  wea-spelle  wyrpe  ge-fremman 
{after  the  woe-spell  to  bring  about 
a  change  of  things),  1316. 

^vyrsa,  compar.  adj.,  worse :  ace. 
sg.  neut.  hat  wyrse,  1740;  instr. 
sg.  wyrsan  wrixle,  2970;  gen.  sg. 
wyrsan  gebinges,  525;  nom.  ace. 
pi.  wyrsan  wTg-frecan,  1213,  2497. 

wyrt,  St.  f.,  \_-wort'\,  root :  instr.  pi. 
wudu  wyrtum  fast,  1365. 

wjsean,  w.  v.,  to  wish,  desire  :  pret. 
Sg.  wiscte  (rihde,  MS.)  has  yldan 
{wished  to  delay  that  or  for  tkii 
reason,  2440,  i6o5(?).     See  Note. 


GLOSSARY. 


359 


yfel,  St.  n.,  evil :  gen.  pi.  yfla,  2095. 

yldan,  w.  v.,  to  delay,  put  off :  inf. 
ne  J'at  se  aglaeca  yldan  hShte,  740; 
weard  wine-geomor  wiscte  Jias  yl- 
dan, Jjat  he  lytel  fac  long-gestreona 
brflcan  moste,  2240. 

ylde,  St.  m.  pi.,  men  :  dat.  pi.  yldum, 
77,706,2118;  gen.pl.  ylda,  150, 
606,  1662.     See  elde. 

yldest.    See  eald. 

yldo,  St.  f.,  age  {senectus),  old  age  : 
nom.  sg.,  1737,  1887;  atol  yldo, 
1767;  dat.  sg.  on  ylde,  22.-2)  age 
(aetas),  time,  era  :  gen.  sg.  yldo 
beam,  70.     See  eldo. 

yldra.    See  eald. 

ylf,  St.  f .,  elf  {incubus,  alp) :  nom. 
pi.  ylfe,  112. 

ymb,  prep.  w.  ace. :  i)  local,  around, 
about,  at,  upon  :  ynib  hine  {around, 
■with,  him),  399.  With  prep,  post- 
poned :  hine  ymb,  690 ;  ymb  bront- 
ne  ford  {around  the  seas,  on  the 
high  sea),  568;  ymb  \>^  gif-healle 
{around  the  gift-hall,  throne-hall), 
839;  ymb  l>as  helmes  hr8f  {around 
the  helm's  roof,  croivn),  103 1.  — 
2)  temporal,  about,  after:  ymb  Sn- 
tid  SSres  dogores  {about  the  same 
time  the  next  day),  219;  ymb  Sne 
niht  -{after  a  night),  I35-  — 3) 
causal,  about,  on  account  of,  for, 
owing  to :  (frinan)  ymb  ^inne  si5 
{on  account  of,  concerning},  thy 
Journey),  353;  hwat  l^u  .  .  .  ymb 
Brecan  sprsece  {hast  spoken  about 
i5.),  531;  50,1596,3174;  nSymb 
his  lif  ceara^  {careth  not  for  his 
life),  1537;  so,  450;  ymb  feorh 
sacan,  439;  sundor-nytte  behe61d 
ymb  aldor  Dena,  669;  ymb  sund 
{about  the  swimming,  the  prize  for 
swimming),  507. 


ymbe,  I.  prep.  w.  ace.  =  ymb:  i) 
local,  2884,  31 71;  hlsew  oft  ymbe 
hwearf  (prep,  postponed),  2297. 
2)  causal,  2071,  2619.  —  II.  adv., 
around :  him  .  .  .  ymbe,  2598. 

ynib-sitteud,  pres.  part.,  neighbor  ■ 
gen.  pi.  ymb-sittendra,  9. 

ymbe-sittend,  the  same:  nom. 
pi.  ymbe-sittend,  1828;  gen.  pi. 
ymbe-sittendra,  2735. 

yppe,  w.  f.,  high  seat,  dais,  throne  ■ 
dat.  sg.  code  ...  to  yppan,  1816. 

yrfe,  st.  n.,  bequest,  legacy  :  nom.  sg., 
3052. 

yrfe-lS.f,  st.  f.,  sword  left  as  a  be- 
quest:  ace.  sg.  yrfe-lafe,  1054; 
instr.  sg.  yrfe-lafe,  1904. 

yrfe-w^eard,  st.  m.,  heir,  son  :  nom. 
sg.,  2732;  gen.  sg.  yrfe-weardes, 
2454.     (-as,  MS.) 

yrmSo,  st.  f.,  misery,  shame,  wretch- 
edness :  ace.  sg.  yrmSe,  1260,  2006. 

yrre,  st.  n.,  anger,  ire,  excitement  : 
ace.  sg.  godes  yrre,  712;  dat.  sg, 
on  yrre,  2093. 

yrre,  adj.,  angry,  irate,  furious . 
nom.  sg.  yrre  oretta  (Beowulf), 
1533;  begn  yrre  (the  same),  1576; 
gast  yrre  (Grendel),  2074;  nom. 
pi.  yrre,  770.     See  eorre. 

yrringa,  adv.,  angrily, fiercely,  1 566, 
2965. 

yrre-m5d,  adj.,  wrathful-minded, 
wild :  nom.  sg.,  727. 

ys,  he  is.     See  wesan. 


fS  (O.H.G.  unda),  st.  f.,  wave; sea: 
nom.  pi.  ^Sa,  548;  ace.  pi.  ^5e, 
46,  1 133,  1910;  dat.  pi.  ^^um,  210, 
421,  534,  1438,  1908;  f^am  weal- 
Ian  {to  surge  with  waves),  515, 
2694;   gen.  pi.  ^«a,  464,  849,  1209, 


360 


GLOSSARY. 


1470,  1919.  —  Coinp:  flod-,  llg-, 
water-^S. 

^ffan,  \v.  v.,  to  ravage,  devastate,  de- 
stroy :  pret.  sg.  ^ 5de  eotena  cyn, 
421  (cf.  l^ende  =  depopulalitig, 
Boswoith,  from  ^Ifric's  Glossary; 
pret.  ySde,  Wanderer,  85). 

Jffe.    See  eAffe. 

Jffc-lice,  adv.,  easily  :  ^5e-lice  he 
eft  S-stod  {he  easily  arose  after- 
7vards),  1557. 

J'iJ-gebland,  st.  n.,  mingling  or 
surging  waters,  water  -  tumult  : 
nom.  sg.  -geblond,  1374,  1594; 
nom.  pi.  -gebland,  162 1. 

J'ff-gewin,  St.  n.,  strife  with  the  sea, 
wave-struggle,  rushing  of  water  : 
dat.  sg.  ^S-gewinne,  2413;  gen. 
sg.  -gewinnes,  1435. 


^ff-iad,  St.    f.,   water •jou\'ney,  sea 
voyage  :  nom.  pi.  5^'5-lSde,  228. 

^ff-laf,  St.  f.,  water-leaving,  what  is 
left  by  the  water  {undarum  reli- 
quiae^, shore  :  dat.  sg.  be  5'5-lSfe, 
566. 

^ff-lida,  w.  m.,wave-traverser,ship: 
ace.  sg.  ^5-lidan,  198. 

S'ff-naca,  w.  m.,  sea-boat :  ace.  sg. 
[^?)-]nacan,  1904. 

^ac-gesene.    See  eff-ges^ne. 

^TTan,  w.  V.  \v.  ace,  to  show :  pret. 
sg.  an-s^n  ^wde  {showed  itself,  ap- 
peared), 2835.  S^^  edwaii,  e6- 
\ean. 

ge-^wan,  w.  ace.  of  thing,  dat.  of 
pers.,  to  lay  before,  offer:  inf., 
2150. 


GLOSSARY   TO   FINNSBURH. 


ftbreoan,  st.  v.,  to  shatter  :  part,  his 
byrne  ibrocen  waere  {hisbyrniewas 
shattered). 

anynian,  st.  v.,  to  take,  take  away. 

bfin-helm,  st.  m.,  bone-helmet ;  skull, 
\_shield,  Bosw.]. 

biiriih-)>elu,  st.  f.,  castle-Jloor. 

celoil,  part,  (adj.?),  ^^^/^t/,  i.e.  boat- 
shaped  or  hollow. 

dagian,  w.  v.,  to  dawn  :  ne  bis  ne 
dagia"S  eastan  {this  is  not  dawning 
from  the  east). 

deor-mOd,  adj.,  brave  in  mood  : 
deor-mod  hale^. 

drlht-gesiKT,  st.  m.,  companion, 
associate. 

edstan,  adv.,  from  the  east. 

eorff-bCiend,  st.  m.,  earth-dweller, 
man. 


f er,  St.  m.,  fear,  terror. 

fyren,  a.d).,  flaming,  afire  :  nom.  f. 
swylce  eal  Finns -buruh  f^renu 
waeie  {as  if  all  Finnsburh  were 
afire). 

gehlyn,  st.  n.,  noise,  tumult. 

gellan,  st.  v.,  to  sing  (i.e.  ring  or 
resound) :  pres.  sg.  gylleS  gneg- 
hama  {the  gray  garment  [byrnie] 
rings) ;    {tlie  gray  -i'olf  yclU'th  ?) . 

genesan,  st.  v.,  to  survive,  recover 
from :  pret.  pi.  hS  wtgend  hyra 
wunda  genteson  {the  warriors  were 
recovering  from  their  wounds). 

gold-hladen,  adj.,  laden  with  gold 
(wearing  heavy  gold  ornaments). 

gra^g-haina,  w.  m.,  gray  garment, 
mail-coat ;   {wolfl  —  Brooke). 

gfiff-wudu,  St.  m.,  war-wood,  spear 


GLOSSARY. 


361 


hag-steald,  st.  m.,  one  who  lives  in 

his  lorcfs  house,  a  house-carl. 
heaffo-geong,  z.dj^.,  young  in  war, 
here-sceorp,  st.  n.,  war-dress,  coat 

of  mail. 
hleoSrian,  w.  v.,  to  speak,  exclaim  : 

pret.  sg.  hleo^rode  .  .  .  cyning  {the 

prince  exclaimed). 
hracAV,  st.  n.,  corpse. 
hrOr,   adj.,  strong:   here-sceorpum 

hror  (^strong  [though  it  was]   as 

armor,  Bosw.). 
lac  (laU?)?  ior  ^ficor,  Jlutterittg ? 
onc^veffan,  st.  v.,  to  answer  :  pres. 

sg.  scyld  scefte  oncwyS  (^the  shield 

answers  the  spear'). 
K.  nwacnian,  w.  v.,  to  awake,  arouse 

one's  self :  imper.  pi.  onvvacnigea^ 

.  .  .,   wigend    mine    {awake,   my 

warriors  I). 
sceft  (sceaft),  st.  m.,  spear,  shaft. 
sealo-brun,  adj.,  dusky-brown. 
eige-beorn,  st.  m.,  victorious  hero, 

valiant  warrior. 
swaiflfer  (swi  hwaSer),  pron.,  wAjVA 

of  two,  which. 


swan,  St.  m.,  swain,  youth;  war- 
rior. 

sweart,  adj.,  swart,  black. 

swet,  adj.,  sweet:  ace.  m.  swStne 
medo  .  .  .  forgyldan  {requite  the 
sweet  mead,  i.e.  repay,  by  prowess 
in  battle,  the  bounty  of  their  chief). 

swurd-leoma,  w.  m.,  sword-flame, 
flashing  of  swords. 

J>yrl,  a.d].,  pierced,  cloven. 

uiideaminga,  adv.,  without  con- 
cealntenl,  openly. 

^vand^ian,  w.  v.,  to  fly  about,  hover  : 
pret.  sg.  hrafn  wandrode  {the  raven 
hovered). 

waffol,  St.  m.,  the  full  moon  [Grein] ; 
[adj.,  wandering,  Bosw.]. 

vval-sliht  (-sleaht),  st.  m.,  cotnbat, 
deadly  struggle :  gen.  pi.  wal- 
slihta  gehlyn  (Jhe  din  of  combats) 

wea-daed,  st.  f.,  deed  of  woe:  nom. 
pi.  Srisa'S  weS-dseda. 

witian  (weotian),  w.  v.,  to  appoint, 
determine  :  part,  be  is  .  .  .  witod. 

wurfflSce  (weorUUce),  adv.,  wor- 
thily^ gallantly:  compar.wurS-ltcor. 

wag,  w^eg,  St.  m.,  way. 


ANNOUNCEMENTS 


BOOKS  ON 

ENGLISH  LITERATURE 


List  Mailing 

price  price 

Alexander's  Introduction  to  the  Poetry  of  Robert  Browning    $i.oo  ^i.io 

Athenaeum  Press  Series:  26  volumes  now  ready. 

Baldwin's  Inflections  and  Syntax  of  Malory's  Morted'Arthur      1.40  1.50 

Bellamy's  Twelve  English  Poets 75  .85 

Browne's  Shakspere's  Versification =     .        .25 

Corson's  Primer  of  English  Verse i.oo  i.io 

Emery's  Notes  on  English  Literature i.oo  i.io 

Garnett's  Selections  in  English  Prose  from  Elizabeth  to 

Victoria 1.50  1.65 

Gayley's  Classic  Myths  in  English  Literature 1.50  1.65 

Gayley  and  Scott's  Literary  Criticism 1.25  1.40 

Gummere's  Handbook  of  Poetics i.oo  i.io 

Hudson's  Classical  EngUsh  Reader i.oo  i.io 

Hudson's  Essays  on  English,  Studies  in  Shakespeare,  etc.        .25  .27 
Hudson's  Life,Art,  and  Characters  of  Shakespeare.   2  vols, 
retail,  cloth,  $4.00;  half  morocco,  $8.00 

Hudson's  Text-book  of  Poetry 1.25  1.40 

Hudson's  Text-book  of  Prose 1.25  1.40 

Kent's  Shakespeare  Note-Book 60  .70 

Lewis'  Beginnings  of  English  Literature 90  .95 

Minto's  Characteristics  of  the  English  Poets 1.50  1.65 

Minto's  Manual  of  English  Prose  Literature 1.50  1.65 

Painter's  Elementary  Guide  to  Literary  Criticism     .     .     .        .90  .95 

Phelps' Beginnings  of  the  English  Romantic  Movement    .      i.oo  i.io 
Saintsbury's  Loci  Critici.    Passages  Illustrative  of  Critical 

Theory  and  Practice  from  Aristotle  Downward      .     .      1.50  1.65 

Sherman's  Analytics  of  Literature 1.25  1.40 

Smith's  Synopsis  of  English  and  American  Literature  .     .        .80  .90 
Standard  English  Classics:  31  volumes  now  ready. 

Thayer's  Best  Elizabethan  Plays 1.25  1.40 

White's  Philosophy  of  American  Literature 30  .35 

White's  Philosophy  of  English  Literature i.oo  i.io 

Winchester's  Five  Short  Courses  of  Reading  in  English 

Literature 40  .45 


GINN    &    COMPANY    Publishers 


BOOKS   ON 
OLD  AND   MIDDLE   ENGLISH 


hist  Mailing 

price  price 

Cook's  First  Book  in  Old  English $1.50  $1.60 

Cook's  Exercises  in  Old  English ' 35  .40 

Cook's  Sievers'  Old-English  Grammar  (Third  Edition)      .      1.50  1.60 

Cook's  Phonological  Investigation  of  Old  English   .     .     .        .20  .22 

Cook  and  Tinker's  Translations  from  Old  English  Poetry       i.oo  1.05 
Library  of  Anglo-Saxon  Poetry 

Vol.  1.    Harrison  and  Sharp's  Beowulf  :  An  Anglo-Saxon 

Poem 1. 12  1.25 

Vol.  II.    Hunt's  Caedmon's  Exodus  and  Daniel    .     .     .        .60  .65 
Vol.  III.    Baskervill's    Andreas:     A     Legend    of 

St.  Andrew 25  .30 

Vol.  IV.    Crow's  Maldon  and  Brunnanburh      .     .     .     .        .60  .65 

Vol.  VI.    Kent's  Cynewulf s  Elene 60  .65 

Albion  Series  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  Middle  English  Poetry 

Vol.1.    Cook's  Christ  of  Cynewulf 1.50  1.65 

Vol.  II.    Mead's  The  Squyr  of  Lowe  Degre      ....      1.25  1.35 
Whitman's  Christ  of  Cynewulf   (Translated  into   English 

Prose) 40  .45 

Garnett's  Elene;  Judith  ;  Athelstan,  or  the  I*iglu  at  Brun- 
nanburh ;  Byrhtnoth,  or  the  Fight  at  Maldon,  and  the 

Dream  of  the  Rood  ;   Anglo-Saxon  Poems 90  i.oo 

Garnett's  Beowulf,  and  llie  Fight  at  Finnsburg     ....       1.00  i.io 

Hall's  Old  English  Idyls 40  -45 

Carpenter's  Chaucer's  Prologue  and  Knightes  Tale      .     .        .75  .85 

Carpenter's  Anglo-Saxon  Grammar  and  Reader 60  .70 

Lounsbury's  Chaucer's  Parlament  of  Foules 50  .55 

Perrin's  Ueber  Thomas  Castelford's  Chronik  von  England        .50  .55 
Baldwin's  Inflections  and  Syntaxof  Malory'sMorted'Arthur      1.40  1.50 
Kittredge's  Observations  on  the  Language  of  Chaucer's 
Troilus.     (Studies  and  Notes  in   Philology  and    Lit- 
erature)      4-00 


GINN    &    COMPANY    Publishers 


i 


This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 

^  3   V^'di 

APR  1  6  ^.969 


OCT    ^ 


\93C 


^nctA^r\^^. 


^i.A 


56 


^ 


AR  1  3  1931 
OCTS      liS^ 


jKHt^ 


^^ 


ftQ    21     '^^^ 


Form  L-9-15m-]l."?7 


siQU    WM  — 


JMI 


4fS& 


-"  ■''^76 
("ft.'  iW  52  7^ 


lURO 


It  0CT111< 
OCT  1211 


Ufik 


fiUTD  LD-UBI 

^-       JUN28W75 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRAR^ACIUTY 


AA      000  346  760    2 


3  1158  00784  3088 


D  o 


93 


=5      J 


1 


PLEASE  DO  NOT  REMOVE 
THIS  BOOK  CARD      I 


^  1    fp  j 


< 

i 


%OJI1VDJO^?' 


University  Research  Library 


■'J; 
0^* 


tt 


/?"? 


i"^ 


m 


